DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES CE 401

MODULE 5
DESIGN OF ROOF TRUSSES

PREPARED BY
KRISHNENDU SIVADAS
ASST. PROFESSOR, UKFCET 1
MODULE 5 – ROOF TRUSSES

SYLLABUS : Prepared by KRISHNENDU SIVADAS

DESIGN OF ROOF TRUSSES- TYPES-DESIGN LOADS AND LOAD

COMBINATIONS - ASSESSMENT OF WIND LOADS- DESIGN OF
PURLINS. MOMENT RESISTANT/ECCENTRIC CONNECTIONS (IN
PLANE AND OUT OF PLANE)

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ROOF TRUSSES

Prepared by KRISHNENDU SIVADAS

 Trusses are triangular frame works in which the members are subjected to
essentially axial forces due to externally applied load.
 Large column free areas are required for auditoriums, assembly halls, workshops
etc.
 To get such column free area one of the commonly used roofing system is to
provide a set of steel roof trusses, interconnected with purlins which in turn
support Galvanized Iron sheets or Asbestos Cement sheets (GI or AC)
 The roof trusses are supported on walls or a series of columns.

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ROOF TRUSSES

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TYPES OF ROOF TRUSSES

• The choice of a particular types of roof largely depends upon the span.
• Another important factor is slope or pitch.

• Pitch of truss is defined as the height of truss to the span.

• A minimum pitch of 1/6 is to be maintained for GI sheet covering and 1/12 is to be
maintained for AC sheet covering
• The preferable pitches are ¼ if snow load is expected and 1/6 if snow load is not
expected.

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• King Post Truss:
• The king post-truss is mainly adopted for short spans.

• Queen Post Truss

• It is found suitable for spans upto 10 m.

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Fink Roof Trusses
• Fink roof truss is found to be economical and satisfactory for ordinary buildings.
• The fink roof trusses are made of steel.
• The lengths of compression members are small.
• Fink trusses are also called French roof truss.
• A fink truss is constructed by drawing perpendicular to and from the centre of the
top-left and right hand chords and extending until they meet the lower chord.
• The remaining two webs are members are drawn from these intersections to the
peak.
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Fan Roof Truss
 Fan roof trusses are form of fink trusses
 In fan trusses top chord is divided into small lengths, in order to provide supports
for purlins which would not come at joints in trusses.
 The web members do not intersect the top chord at right angles.
 These features of fan truss may be used with fink truss.

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Pratt Truss
• Pratt trusses are generally used for flatter roof.
• These are less economical than fink trusses.
• The vertical members are compression members and diagonal members are
tension members.
• The diagonal members are highly stressed at top because of their sharp
inclination.

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 Warren Truss
 The Warren trusses are generally used for flatter roofs.
 Since such roofs with corrugated roofing sheets may have leakage problems, built-
up tar and gravel roofing should be used for them.
 The usual span of these trusses is 10 m to 40 m.

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 North Light Roof Truss
 In factory buildings where considerably more light is desirable North light or saw-
tooth trusses are used.
 In this type the steep sides of the trusses will be glazed.
 These glazed panels are usually faced towards North to avoid the direct glare of the
sun, and are hence called North light roof trusses.

 Crescent Truss
 For large spans and where more head room is required, crescent truss is adopted.

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Truss Used for Large Spans
 These trusses are used for large spans such as railway sheds and auditoriums. In
general the lower chord of the truss is kept straight.

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COMPONENTS OF ROOF TRUSS

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Spacing of truss
 The distance between two consecutive trusses is called spacing of truss.
 The spacing of trusses is governed by the size of space to be covered by roof.
 As the spacing increases, the number of trusses may reduce but the cost of purlins
increase.
 Spacing :
 3 to 4.5 m up to 15 m span
 4.5 m to 6 m for 15-30 m span
 For spans more than 40 m, spacing of 12 to 15 m may be used with cross trusses
replacing purlins.

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Top Chord
 The uppermost line of members that extend from one support to the other
through the apex is called top chord. The top chord is also known as the upper
chord of the roof truss.
Bottom Chord
 The lowermost line of members of truss extending from one support to the other is
called bottom chord. The bottom chord is also known as lower chord of the root
truss.
Span
 The distance between the supporting end joints of a truss is called its span. When
supported on walls, the distance between the centres of bearings would be
considered as span. When framed into columns the distance between the column
faces may be regarded as the span. 18
Rise
 The rise of a roof truss is the vertical distance measured from the apex to the line
joining supports.
Pitch
 The ratio of the rise to the span is called the pitch of a roof truss.
 It is also expressed sometimes as the angle between the lower and the upper
chords.
 Roofs are pitched to facilitate drainage of water.
Bay
 The portion of a roof truss contained between any two consecutive trusses is called
as Bay
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PURLINS AND RAFTERS

 The purlins are horizontal beams spanning between the two adjacent trusses.
These are the structural members subjected to transverse loads and rest on the top
chords of root trusses. The purlins are meant to carry the loads of the roofing
material and to transfer it on the panel points.
 Rafters : The rafters are beams and rest on the purlins. The rafters support the
sheathing. They may support sub-purlins directly. These are called common rafters
to distinguish from principal rafter.

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 Sheathing The sheathing are coverings of boards or reinforced concrete. They
provide support for the roof covering.
 Ridge Line The ridge line is a line joining the vertices of the trusses. Eaves The
bottom edges of an inclined roof surface or a pitched roof is termed as eaves.
 Principal Rafter The top chord members are called principal rafters. They carry
compressive forces.

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ASSESSMENT OF WIND LOADS – IS 875 PART III

 BASIC WIND SPEED (Vb)

 Depends on location of building
 Page 53 Appendix A IS 875 PART III

 DESIGN WIND SPEED (Vd)

 Vd = k1 k2 k3 Vb
 Page 8,11,12

 DESIGN WIND PRESSURE (PZ)

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 Pz = 0.6 Vz2
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DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES CE 401

MODULE 5
DESIGN OF ROOF TRUSSES

PREPARED BY
KRISHNENDU SIVADAS
ASST. PROFESSOR, UKFCET 1
MODULE 5 – ROOF TRUSSES

SYLLABUS : Prepared by KRISHNENDU SIVADAS

DESIGN OF ROOF TRUSSES- TYPES-DESIGN LOADS AND LOAD

COMBINATIONS - ASSESSMENT OF WIND LOADS- DESIGN OF
PURLINS. MOMENT RESISTANT/ECCENTRIC CONNECTIONS (IN
PLANE AND OUT OF PLANE)

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ECCENTRIC BOLTED BRACKET CONNECTION

P
 BRACKET CONNECTION TYPE -1

 In-plane connections
 When the twisting moment is in the
plane of connection, the connection
may be termed as bracket connection
Type 1.

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 Consider a bracket connected to a column with ‘n’ no. of bolts.
 Each force is subjected to two forces here:
 F1 – direct shear force in each bolt
 F2 – Force due to moment P

F1 F1
𝑷 F2
 F1 =
𝒏 r r
 F2 is directly proportional to the radial distance ‘r’. F2 F1 F1
r F2
r
 F2 𝜶 𝒓
F2
 F2 = 𝐤 𝒓
 Total resisting torque about centre of rotation of
bolt group =σ F2 𝒓 = σ k r2 = 𝐤 σ r2 4
 Total moment = P x e
 P e= 𝐤 σ r2
P
Pe
 k= 2
σr
F1 F1
 F2 = 𝐤 𝒓 F2
Pe r r
 F2 = 2 𝒓 F2 F1 F1
σr
r F2
r
F2
 Resultant force = 𝑭𝟏 𝟐 + 𝑭𝟐 𝟐 + 2 F1F2 cos𝜽

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ECCENTRIC BOLTED BRACKET CONNECTION

P P
 BRACKET CONNECTION TYPE -2

 Out-of-plane connections
 When moment is in a plane
perpendicular to the plane of
connection, the bracket is termed as
bracket connection Type 2.

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 Bolts in Tension
Neutral axis Neutral axis Neutral axis

Bolts in Compression

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 Bolts in Tension
Neutral axis

h/7 Bolts in Compression

h = distance from bottom of bracket to centre of the top bolt

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 𝑷
 F1 =
𝒏

 F2 is directly proportional to the distance from line of rotation ‘y’.

 F2 𝜶 𝒚
 F2 = 𝐤 𝒚
 Total resisting torque about centre of rotation of bolt group =σ F2 𝒚 = σ ky 2 = 𝐤 σ y2

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 Total moment = M
 M= 𝐤 σ y2
M
 k=
෌ y2

 F2 = 𝐤 𝒓
M
 F2 = 𝒚
෌ y2

M
 Total tensile force = 2 𝛴𝒚
෌y

M
 Total tensile force = Total compressive force = 𝛴𝒚
෌ y2
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 M 𝟐𝒉
 Moment of compressive force = Total compressive force x 𝑦ത = 𝛴𝒚 x
෌ y2 𝟐𝟏

 External moment = Moment resisted by bolts in tension

+ moment resisted by bolts in compression
M𝛴𝒚 𝟐𝒉
 External moment Me = M + x
෌ y2 𝟐𝟏 𝑦ത =
𝟐 𝒉 𝟐𝒉
=
𝟑 𝟕 𝟐𝟏 h/7

M𝒆
 M= 𝛴𝒚
𝟏 + x 𝟐𝒉
෍ y2 𝟐𝟏

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