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    Alternator Efficiency: Equation 8

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    Josh'z Llames
    The document discusses alternator efficiency and losses. It provides equations to calculate efficiency as output power over input power. The main losses are rotational losses from friction and windage, electrical losses from field and armature windings, and losses from the exciter. Power developed in the armature per phase is calculated using generated EMF, terminal voltage, synchronous reactance, and the angle between EMF and voltage. Governors speed regulation is defined as the ratio of change in speed to change in load or frequency. The characteristic triangle relates changes in load or frequency to governors droop.

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    Alternator Efficiency: Equation 8

    Uploaded by

    Josh'z Llames
    20 views2 pages
    The document discusses alternator efficiency and losses. It provides equations to calculate efficiency as output power over input power. The main losses are rotational losses from friction and windage, electrical losses from field and armature windings, and losses from the exciter. Power developed in the armature per phase is calculated using generated EMF, terminal voltage, synchronous reactance, and the angle between EMF and voltage. Governors speed regulation is defined as the ratio of change in speed to change in load or frequency. The characteristic triangle relates changes in load or frequency to governors droop.

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    Speed Regulation

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    The document discusses alternator efficiency and losses. It provides equations to calculate efficiency as output power over input power. The main losses are rotational losses from friction and windage, electrical losses from field and armature windings, and losses from the exciter. Power developed in the armature per phase is calculated using generated EMF, terminal voltage, synchronous reactance, and the angle between EMF and voltage. Governors speed regulation is defined as the ratio of change in speed to change in load or frequency. The characteristic triangle relates changes in load or frequency to governors droop.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    20 views2 pages

    Alternator Efficiency: Equation 8

    Uploaded by

    Josh'z Llames
    The document discusses alternator efficiency and losses. It provides equations to calculate efficiency as output power over input power. The main losses are rotational losses from friction and windage, electrical losses from field and armature windings, and losses from the exciter. Power developed in the armature per phase is calculated using generated EMF, terminal voltage, synchronous reactance, and the angle between EMF and voltage. Governors speed regulation is defined as the ratio of change in speed to change in load or frequency. The characteristic triangle relates changes in load or frequency to governors droop.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 2

    ALTERNATOR EFFICIENCY

    𝑃𝑂𝑈𝑇
    % Eff = x 100
    𝑃𝐼𝑁

    𝑃𝑂𝑈𝑇
    % Eff = x 100 equation 8
    𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠

    Various Losses in Alternator

    1.) Rotational Losses


    a.) Friction and windage
    b.) Brush friction at the collector
    c.) Ventilation to cool the machine(if necessary)
    d.) Hysteresis & eddy currents in the stator
    2.) Electrical Losses
    a.) Field Winding
    b.) Armature winding
    c.) Brush contacts
    3.) Losses in the exciter used for field excitation
    4.) Stray-load losses (negligible for small alternators)

    Power Developed in the Armature Per Phase


    𝐸𝑔 𝑉∅ 𝐸𝑔 𝑉∅
    Pd = 𝑋𝑠
    sinδ Pd(max) = 𝑋𝑠
    equation 9

    Where:
    Pd = power developed per phase
    Pd(max) = maximum power developed (when δ = 900)
    Eg = generated emf per phase
    𝑉∅ = terminal voltage per phase
    XS = synchronous reactance per phase
    δ = angle between Eg and 𝑉∅

    Example # 6: A 13.2kV, 3Φ, WYE connected turbo alternator has synchronous reactance of 8Ω and
    negligible resistance per phase. When the field current is 10A, The open circuit voltage
    is 13.8kV. Determine the armature current when the alternator developed, maximum
    power.
    Sol’n:
    𝐸𝑔 𝑉∅
    Pd = 𝑋 sinδ
    𝑠
     At maximum power the angle (δ) between Eg and 𝑉∅ is 900.
    Therefore;
    EG∠δ = 𝑉∅ ∠0 + IAZS
    13.8𝑘𝑉 13.2𝑘𝑉
    ∠90 = ∠0 + IA(0 + j8)
    √3 √3
    13.8𝑘𝑉 13.2𝑘𝑉
    ∠90 − ∠0
    IA = √3 √3
    0+𝑗8
    IA = 1378.18 ∠𝟒𝟑. 𝟕𝟐 𝐀

    GOVERNORS SPEED REGULATION (GSR)

    𝑆𝑁𝐿 − 𝑆𝐹𝐿 𝑓𝑁𝐿 − 𝑓𝐹𝐿


    GSR = 𝑆𝐹𝐿
    or GSR = 𝑓𝐹𝐿
    equation 10
    Where:
    SNL = speed at no load
    SFL = speed at full-load
    fNL = frequency at no load
    fFL = frequency at full-load

    CHARACTERISTIC TRIANGLE OF AN ALTERNATOR

    ∆𝑃 𝑃𝐹𝐿
    =
    ∆𝑓 𝑓𝑁𝐿 − 𝑓𝐹𝐿
    ∆𝑓
    GD =
    ∆𝑃
    ∆𝑓 𝐺𝑆𝑅 𝑥 𝑓𝐹𝐿
    =
    ∆𝑃 𝑃𝐹𝐿
    Where:
    ∆𝑓 = change in frequency due to change in load
    𝑃𝐹𝐿 = rating of an alternator
    GD = Governors droop

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