1.

Describe the different components of IoT and taking example of any sector of your
own choice, describe impact of IoT in that particular sector in India.

Answer: IoT stands for Internet of Things. IoT consists of large number of devices connected via
Internet to sense and respond to conditions in their environments. The devices are typically sensors
and actuators that exchange information with a controlling software for a defined purpose.
Example: In case of smart city, there may be a large number of sensors in the water infrastructure
that sense and collect information on water pressure and water flows. This information is relayed
over the Internet to software that would identify the location of the information and process it to
determine if any action is required. In case action is required, this information would be sent out
over the Internet to the actuators that can effect changes in the pressure and flow of water

Components of IOT:
 Sensors
 Gateway
 Cloud
 Connectivity
 Data Processing
 User Interface

Architecture of IOT:

It consists of some smart devices, an embedded system, such as a microcontroller with network
connectivity capability, some gateway/local network all connected to the Internet

Models of IOT

 Device-to-device:
 Two or more devices are connected and can communicate with each
other.
 The communication can using protocols like Bluetooth etc.
 Small amount of information to be sent. Examples: - Temperature data.
 Short range of communication
 Mostly one-to-one device interaction.
 Security is simplified.
 Low power consumption.

 Device-to-cloud:
 IoT device is directly connected to cloud.
 The data is sent from the device to the cloud and most of the data
processing is done on cloud.
 From cloud, the processed result is shared with concerned person/device.
  Uses wired Ethernet or Wi-Fi. Cellular technology for communication.
 Offers remote access to services and provides on the air software updates.
Example: - Cattle tracking.
 More complexity than Device-to-Device model. It involves:
 Network access credentials
 Cloud access credentials

 Device-to-gateway:
 An intermediary device is used as a gateway to connect the IoT devices
to the cloud. Example - hub or smartphone.
 Security and other functionality provided through this gateway.
 Multiple devices connecting to a gateway.
 Gateway works as a data aggregator.
 Send this data locally to different devices/controllers or it can send that
data to the cloud.
 It is common to have devices with different communication standards.

 Backend data sharing:

 An ex- tension to the device to a cloud model.
 Authorised third parties can access the sensor data and the IoT devices.
 Can export and analyse smart object data from a cloud in addition to the
data from other sources.
 Can send data to other services for aggregation and further analysis.

IoT in Health Sector

Different hospitals collect massive data produced by IoT devices which help in perform
medical assessment. This will help in invention of new methods of treatment for early detection
of chronic diseases.
 Insights
 Organized data will lead to technology innovation.
 Historical data will help doctors to find the different patterns of a particular
disease and hence leads to early detection of chronic diseases.
 An IoT device sends and receives data via cloud storage. Hence these data
will be accessed by multiple devices at the same time.
 Better patient care.
 Improvement through research and innovation.
 Hospital Information Management System (HIMS)
HIMS collects and manages medical records and data about doctors and patients.
The system provides real time information about availability of hospital rooms
 and doctor’s appointments. Some benefits are:
 Easy search of documents
 Improvement of experience of Patients
 Remote access to patients’ records
 High-security level
 Administer correct medicine
 Improved healthcare quality
 Reduced medical costs and errors
 Healthcare accessibility in rural areas
 Smart handheld wearable devices
IoT devices can monitor the daily physical activity of patients. They can perform
assessment and send alerts to the patients like blood pressure, heart beat etc.
 Patient-oriented medicine
This medicine includes devices that can provide medical care considering all individual
demands of each patient using IoT healthcare sensors.

Benefits in healthcare sector:

 Monitoring of Health Metrics:

 Better Patient Experience
 Proper Drug Management
 Healthcare Automation
 Preventive Healthcare
IoT application will help to detect the medical pattern of a patient and hence will help doctors to
administer personalized care and medical treatment.

2. . Briefly describe IoT architecture and the challenges associated with implementation
of IoT. Discuss the various design consideration that must be taken into account before
starting an IoT project,

Answer: IoT architecture consists of smart devices, an embedded system, and gateway/local
network all connected to the Internet. The four layers are:

 Device layer: This layer consists of the sensors and actuators that generate data from the
physical world. Some other frameworks also have fifth layer called physical layer below
device layer from which raw data is collected.

 Network layer: This layer consists of gateways, routers and switches. These devices are
connected to Internet with support for both wired and wireless connectivity protocols.
Network layer enables device layer to connect and exchange data with other devices and
software on the network.
  Management services layer: This layer consists of software that controls the entire IoT
system. These software monitors and control several IoT devices for their smooth
functioning. This service layer makes provision for addition or removal of device
services if needed so that proper response / data is received from Network layer.

 Applications and business management layer: This layer is responsible for

assessment of data received from management service layer for high level business
applications ensuring that IoT system is functioning according to the business need.
Example: Inventory management.

Challenges associated with implementation of IoT

 Connectivity and access: Several villages and remote location do not have internet
accessibility. IoT assumes constant availability of reliable and fast network connectivity.

 Trust and Security: Since data and devices are interconnected and available on a
network, it can be attacked by hackers for various fraud. Also untrusted device can also
access the network.

 Interoperability: There are large number of devices connected over network where
compatibility is the biggest issue. IoT requires standards to enable platforms that are
connected, communicable, and operable from distant locations, programmable across
devices and should be independent of the model, manufacturer or industry it is coming
from.

 Encryption: Since large volume of data is relayed over the network, it is highly
vulnerable as sensitive data can sniffed over the air. Also this will reduce demand on
host systems. Hence data encryption is required.

 Scale and Computing: IoT means millions of connected devices. Hence all types of
data will be generated from this system. These data has to be combined to perform any
analysis. The scale of devices will be increasing leading to heavy connectivity problems.
There should be scope for change in future without severe modification in the existing
setup.

 Energy and Environment: Large number of devices, sensors and actuators running
24X7 over the network will require high energy availability. It will be difficult to
provide power to these devices across the network.

 Privacy: Privacy and surveillance are the other issues that have grown with the use of
cloud computing and IoT. Managers will have access to a host of data on minute
aspects of work that may violate applicable privacy laws.
Heart Attack Monitoring System

 System architecture: IoT applications can be divided into three layers:

 Sensing layer,
 Transport layer
 Application layer.

 Data acquisition: Data acquisition part is primarily composed of sensors carried by

patients. Parameters to be monitored along with sampling frequency is important. The
sample monitored data is as below:-

 Data transmission

 Real-time transmission: All data sampled by sensors will be transmitted to the

remote service centre in real time.

 Transmission in special periods: Heart attacks often take place in several

special periods, like 1 or 2 hours after waking or 3 to 4 clock at afternoon. Thus,
this mode sends continuous sampled data in these period only.

 Event driven transmission: When the sampled data of a parameter is beyond its
normal range, a sequence of monitored vital signals will be sent.

 On-demand transmission: Monitored data is stored at the patient side, in smart

phones or computers. If the patient feels uncomfortable and requests diagnosis
then monitored data will be sent to the server.