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Physics Project Class 12

This document is Priyansh Verma's physics investigatory project on the hydrogen spectrum. It introduces the topic, defines the hydrogen spectrum as the emission of electromagnetic radiation by energetically excited hydrogen atoms. It then discusses key aspects of the hydrogen spectrum including the wavelengths, frequencies, wave numbers, and spectral series (Lyman, Balmer, Paschen, Brackett, Pfund). Priyansh conducted this research project under the guidance of his teacher Mr. Anoop Dubey to increase his knowledge on this subject.

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Priyansh Verma
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11K views16 pages

Physics Project Class 12

This document is Priyansh Verma's physics investigatory project on the hydrogen spectrum. It introduces the topic, defines the hydrogen spectrum as the emission of electromagnetic radiation by energetically excited hydrogen atoms. It then discusses key aspects of the hydrogen spectrum including the wavelengths, frequencies, wave numbers, and spectral series (Lyman, Balmer, Paschen, Brackett, Pfund). Priyansh conducted this research project under the guidance of his teacher Mr. Anoop Dubey to increase his knowledge on this subject.

Uploaded by

Priyansh Verma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PHYSICS – INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

TOPIC – HYDROGEN SPECTRUM


2021 - 2022
SUGHAR SINGH ACADEMY

Physics Investigatory Project


2021-2022

Submitted by : Submitted to :
Priyansh Verma Mr.Anoop Dubey
CLASS – XII P.G.T. , Physics
Roll. No. -
CERTIFICATE

This is to hereby certify that, the original


and genuine investigation work has been
carried out to investigate about the subject
matter and the related data collection and
investigation has been completed solely,
sincerely and satisfactorily done by
Priyansh Verma, student of class
XII(Science), during the academic session
2021- 2022 regarding her project entitled
“Hydrogen Spectrum” for Physics
department under the direct supervision of
Mr. Anoop Dubey

INTERNAL EXTERNAL PRINCIPAL


EXAMINER EXAMINER
-------------- --------------- --------------
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
"I would like to express my special thanks
of gratitude to my teacher Mr. Anoop
Dubey Sir who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project
on the topic "Hydrogen Spectrum" which
also helped me in doing a lot of Research
and I came to know about so many new
things. Secondly, I would also like to thank
my parents and friends who helped me a
lot in finishing this project within the
limited time. I am making this project not
only for marks but to also increase my
knowledge."

Priyansh Verma
Class – XII(Science)
Index

 Introduction – Hydrogen
Spectrum
 What is Hydrogen Spectrum?
 Hydrogen Spectrum Wavelength
 Hydrogen Spectrum Frequency
 Wave Number
 Spectral series of Hydrogen
spectrum
#Lyman series
#Balmer series
#Paschen Series
#Brackett Series
#Pfund Series
Introduction - Hydrogen spectrum
We all know that electrons in an atom or a
molecule absorb energy and get excited,
they jump from a lower energy level to a
higher energy level, and they emit radiation
when they come back to their original
states. This phenomenon accounts for the
emission spectrum through hydrogen too,
better known as the hydrogen emission
spectrum.
In the late 1800s, it was referred to as
when gas is excited with an electric
discharge and the light emitted can be
viewed using a diffraction grating; the
observed spectrum contains not of
continuous light band, however, of individual
lines with the wavelengths, that are well-
defined.
What is Hydrogen Spectrum ?
The hydrogen spectrum is an important
piece of evidence to show the quantized
electronic structure of an atom. The
hydrogen atoms of the molecule dissociate
as soon as an electric discharge is passed
through a gaseous hydrogen molecule. It
results in the emission of electromagnetic
radiation initiated by the energetically
excited hydrogen atoms. The hydrogen
emission spectrum comprises radiation of
discrete frequencies.

Hydrogen spectrum wavelength


When a photon is emitted through a
hydrogen atom, the electron undergoes a
transition from a higher energy level to a
lower, for example, n = 3, n = 2. During this
transition from a higher level to a lower
level, there is the transmission of light
occurs. The quantized energy levels of the
atoms, cause the spectrum to comprise
wavelengths that reflect the differences in
these energy levels. For example, the line
at 656 nm corresponds to the transition n =
3 n = 2.

From Bohr,s theory, the energy of an


electron in the nth orbit of hydrogen atom
is given by,
Hydrogen spectrum : Frequency
According to Bohr's frequency condition,
whenever an electron makes a transition
from a higher energy. level n₂ to a lower
energy level n1 the difference of energy
appears in the form of a photon.

The frequency v of the emitted photon is


given by
Wave Number
the relationship between the speed of light
(c), wavelength(λ), and frequency(f).

c=λv

Therefore, wave number , which is the


reciprocal of the wavelength is given by,

Where, R = (2π^2mk^2e^4)/ch^3
is the Rydberg constant represented by R
and it’s value is 1.0973X10^7 m^-1

So, wave number is also equal to


Spectral Series Of Hydroegn Atom

Various series in the hydrogen spectrum can be


explained as follows:

Lyman Series –
If an electron jumps from any higher
energy level n₂ =2, 3, 4..... to a lower energy
level" =1, we get a set of spectral lines
called Lyman series which belong to the
ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic
spectrum. This series is given by

Balmer Series –
The spectral series corresponding to the
transitions n₂ = 3, 4 , 5..... to n1 = 2 , lies in
the visible region and is called Balmer
series. For this series,

Paschen Series –
If n₂ = 4 , 5 , 6..... to n1 = 3, we get a
spectral series in the infrared region which
is called Paschen Series.
Brackett Series –
If n₂ = 5 , 6 , 7..... to n1 = 4, we get a
spectral series in the infrared region which
is called Brackett Series.

Pfund series –
If n₂ = 6 , 7 ,8..... to n1 = 5, we get a
spectral series in the infrared region which
is called Pfund Series.
Bibliography
I Priyansh Verma of class XII have done
this project with the help of subject
teacher, books, friends and web browser.

Books I used :-
 NCERT
 Modern ABC+ Physics
 S.L. Arora

Other sources I used are :


 Wikipedia

 Google

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