SQL

o SQL stands for Structured Query Language. It is used for storing and
managing data in relational database management system (RDMS).
o It is a standard language for Relational Database System. It enables a user to
create, read, update and delete relational databases and tables.
o All the RDBMS like MySQL, Informix, Oracle, MS Access and SQL Server use
SQL as their standard database language.
o SQL allows users to query the database in a number of ways, using English-
like statements.

Characteristics of SQL
o SQL is easy to learn.
o SQL is used to access data from relational database management systems.
o SQL can execute queries against the database.
o SQL is used to describe the data.
o SQL is used to define the data in the database and manipulate it when
needed.
o SQL is used to create and drop the database and table.
o SQL is used to create a view, stored procedure, function in a database.
o SQL allows users to set permissions on tables, procedures, and views.

SQL Datatype
o SQL Datatype is used to define the values that a column can contain.
o Every column is required to have a name and data type in the database table.

Datatype of SQL:
1. Binary Datatypes
There are Three types of binary Datatypes which are given below:

Data Type Description

binary It has a maximum length of 8000 bytes. It contains fixed-length binary data.

varbinary It has a maximum length of 8000 bytes. It contains variable-length binary data.

image It has a maximum length of 2,147,483,647 bytes. It contains variable-length binary d

2. Approximate Numeric Datatype :

The subtypes are given below:

Data type From To Description

float -1.79E + 308 1.79E + 308 It is used to specify a floating-point value e.g. 6.2,

real -3.40e + 38 3.40E + 38 It specifies a single precision floating point numbe

3. Exact Numeric Datatype

The subtypes are given below:
Data type Description

int It is used to specify an integer value.

smallint It is used to specify small integer value.

bit It has the number of bits to store.

decimal It specifies a numeric value that can have a decimal number.

numeric It is used to specify a numeric value.

4. Character String Datatype

The subtypes are given below:

10 Sec

Data type Description

char It has a maximum length of 8000 characters. It contains Fixed-length non-unicode characters.

varchar It has a maximum length of 8000 characters. It contains variable-length non-unicode characte

text It has a maximum length of 2,147,483,647 characters. It contains variable-length non-unicode

5. Date and time Datatypes

The subtypes are given below:

Datatype Description

date It is used to store the year, month, and days value.

time It is used to store the hour, minute, and second values.

timestamp It stores the year, month, day, hour, minute, and the second value.
SQL Commands
o SQL commands are instructions. It is used to communicate with the database.
It is also used to perform specific tasks, functions, and queries of data.
o SQL can perform various tasks like create a table, add data to tables, drop the
table, modify the table, set permission for users.

Types of SQL Commands

There are five types of SQL commands: DDL, DML, DCL, TCL, and DQL.

1. Data Definition Language (DDL)

o DDL changes the structure of the table like creating a table, deleting a table,
altering a table, etc.
o All the command of DDL are auto-committed that means it permanently save
all the changes in the database.

Here are some commands that come under DDL:

 o CREATE
o ALTER
o DROP
o TRUNCATE

a. CREATE It is used to create a new table in the database.

Syntax:

HTML Tutorial

1. CREATE TABLE TABLE_NAME (COLUMN_NAME DATATYPES[,....]);

Example:

1. CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(Name VARCHAR2(20), Email VARCHAR2(100), DOB D

ATE);

b. DROP: It is used to delete both the structure and record stored in the table.

Syntax

1. DROP TABLE table_name;

Example

1. DROP TABLE EMPLOYEE;

c. ALTER: It is used to alter the structure of the database. This change could be either to
modify the characteristics of an existing attribute or probably to add a new attribute.

Syntax:

To add a new column in the table

1. ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name COLUMN-definition;

To modify existing column in the table:

1. ALTER TABLE table_name MODIFY(column_definitions....);

EXAMPLE

1. ALTER TABLE STU_DETAILS ADD(ADDRESS VARCHAR2(20));

2. ALTER TABLE STU_DETAILS MODIFY (NAME VARCHAR2(20));

d. TRUNCATE: It is used to delete all the rows from the table and free the space containing
the table.

Syntax:

1. TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

Example:

1. TRUNCATE TABLE EMPLOYEE;

2. Data Manipulation Language

o DML commands are used to modify the database. It is responsible for all form
of changes in the database.
o The command of DML is not auto-committed that means it can't permanently
save all the changes in the database. They can be rollback.

Here are some commands that come under DML:

o INSERT
o UPDATE
o DELETE

a. INSERT: The INSERT statement is a SQL query. It is used to insert data into the row of a
table.

Syntax:

1. INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME

2. (col1, col2, col3,.... col N)
3. VALUES (value1, value2, value3, .... valueN);

Or

1. INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME

2. VALUES (value1, value2, value3, .... valueN);

For example:
1. INSERT INTO javatpoint (Author, Subject) VALUES ("Sonoo", "DBMS");

b. UPDATE: This command is used to update or modify the value of a column in the table.

Syntax:

1. UPDATE table_name SET [column_name1= value1,...column_nameN = valueN] [WHERE

CONDITION]

For example:

1. UPDATE students
2. SET User_Name = 'Sonoo'
3. WHERE Student_Id = '3'

c. DELETE: It is used to remove one or more row from a table.

Syntax:

1. DELETE FROM table_name [WHERE condition];

For example:

1. DELETE FROM javatpoint

2. WHERE Author="Sonoo";

3. Data Control Language

DCL commands are used to grant and take back authority from any database user.

Here are some commands that come under DCL:

o Grant
o Revoke

a. Grant: It is used to give user access privileges to a database.

Example

1. GRANT SELECT, UPDATE ON MY_TABLE TO SOME_USER, ANOTHER_USER;

b. Revoke: It is used to take back permissions from the user.

 Example

1. REVOKE SELECT, UPDATE ON MY_TABLE FROM USER1, USER2;

4. Transaction Control Language

TCL commands can only use with DML commands like INSERT, DELETE and UPDATE
only.

These operations are automatically committed in the database that's why they cannot be used
while creating tables or dropping them.

Here are some commands that come under TCL:

o COMMIT
o ROLLBACK
o SAVEPOINT

a. Commit: Commit command is used to save all the transactions to the database.

Syntax:

1. COMMIT;

Example:

1. DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS

2. WHERE AGE = 25;
3. COMMIT;

b. Rollback: Rollback command is used to undo transactions that have not already been
saved to the database.

Syntax:

1. ROLLBACK;

Example:

1. DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS

2. WHERE AGE = 25;
3. ROLLBACK;
 c. SAVEPOINT: It is used to roll the transaction back to a certain point without rolling back
the entire transaction.

Syntax:

1. SAVEPOINT SAVEPOINT_NAME;

5. Data Query Language

DQL is used to fetch the data from the database.

It uses only one command:

o SELECT

a. SELECT: This is the same as the projection operation of relational algebra. It is used to
select the attribute based on the condition described by WHERE clause.

Syntax:

1. SELECT expressions
2. FROM TABLES
3. WHERE conditions;

For example:

1. SELECT emp_name
2. FROM employee
3. WHERE age > 20;

SQL Operator
There are various types of SQL operator:
SQL Arithmetic Operators
Let's assume 'variable a' and 'variable b'. Here, 'a' contains 20 and 'b' contains 10.

Operator Description

+ It adds the value of both operands.

- It is used to subtract the right-hand operand from the left-hand operand.

* It is used to multiply the value of both operands.

/ It is used to divide the left-hand operand by the right-hand operand.

% It is used to divide the left-hand operand by the right-hand operand and returns reminder.

SQL Comparison Operators:

Let's assume 'variable a' and 'variable b'. Here, 'a' contains 20 and 'b' contains 10.
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Operator Description

= It checks if two operands values are equal or not, if the values are queal then condition become
true.

!= It checks if two operands values are equal or not, if values are not equal, then conditio
becomes true.

<> It checks if two operands values are equal or not, if values are not equal then conditio
becomes true.

> It checks if the left operand value is greater than right operand value, if yes then conditio
becomes true.

< It checks if the left operand value is less than right operand value, if yes then condition become
true.

>= It checks if the left operand value is greater than or equal to the right operand value, if yes the
condition becomes true.

<= It checks if the left operand value is less than or equal to the right operand value, if yes the
condition becomes true.

!< It checks if the left operand value is not less than the right operand value, if yes then conditio
becomes true.

!> It checks if the left operand value is not greater than the right operand value, if yes the
condition becomes true.

SQL Logical Operators

There is the list of logical operator used in SQL:
Operator Description

ALL It compares a value to all values in another value set.

AND It allows the existence of multiple conditions in an SQL statement.

ANY It compares the values in the list according to the condition.

BETWEEN It is used to search for values that are within a set of values.

IN It compares a value to that specified list value.

NOT It reverses the meaning of any logical operator.

OR It combines multiple conditions in SQL statements.

EXISTS It is used to search for the presence of a row in a specified table.

LIKE It compares a value to similar values using wildcard operator.

SQL Table
o SQL Table is a collection of data which is organized in terms of rows and
columns. In DBMS, the table is known as relation and row as a tuple.
o Table is a simple form of data storage. A table is also considered as a
convenient representation of relations.

Let's see an example of the EMPLOYEE table:

EMP_ID EMP_NAME CITY PHONE_NO

1 Kristen Washington 7289201223

2 Anna Franklin 9378282882

3 Jackson Bristol 9264783838

 4 Kellan California 7254728346

5 Ashley Hawaii 9638482678

In the above table, "EMPLOYEE" is the table name, "EMP_ID", "EMP_NAME", "CITY",
"PHONE_NO" are the column names. The combination of data of multiple columns
forms a row, e.g., 1, "Kristen", "Washington" and 7289201223 are the data of one
row.

Operation on Table
1. Create table
2. Drop table
3. Delete table
4. Rename table

SQL Create Table

SQL create table is used to create a table in the database. To define the table, you
should define the name of the table and also define its columns and column's data
type.

Syntax

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1. create table "table_name"

2. ("column1" "data type",
3. "column2" "data type",
4. "column3" "data type",
5. ...
6. "columnN" "data type");

Example

1. SQL> CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE (

2. EMP_ID INT NOT NULL,
3. EMP_NAME VARCHAR (25) NOT NULL,
4. PHONE_NO INT NOT NULL,
5. ADDRESS CHAR (30),
6. PRIMARY KEY (ID)
7. );

If you create the table successfully, you can verify the table by looking at the
message by the SQL server. Else you can use DESC command as follows:

SQL> DESC EMPLOYEE;

Field Type Null Key Default

EMP_ID int(11) NO PRI NULL

EMP_NAME varchar(25) NO NULL

PHONE_NO NO int(11) NULL

ADDRESS YES NULL

o 4 rows in set (0.35 sec)

Now you have an EMPLOYEE table in the database, and you can use the stored
information related to the employees.

Drop table
A SQL drop table is used to delete a table definition and all the data from a table.
When this command is executed, all the information available in the table is lost
forever, so you have to very careful while using this command.

Syntax

1. DROP TABLE "table_name";

Firstly, you need to verify the EMPLOYEE table using the following command:

1. SQL> DESC EMPLOYEE;

Field Type Null Key Default

 EMP_ID int(11) NO PRI NULL

EMP_NAME varchar(25) NO NULL

PHONE_NO NO int(11) NULL

ADDRESS YES NULL

o 4 rows in set (0.35 sec)

This table shows that EMPLOYEE table is available in the database, so we can drop it
as follows:

1. SQL>DROP TABLE EMPLOYEE;

Now, we can check whether the table exists or not using the following command:

1. Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

As this shows that the table is dropped, so it doesn't display it.

SQL DELETE table

In SQL, DELETE statement is used to delete rows from a table. We can use WHERE
condition to delete a specific row from a table. If you want to delete all the records
from the table, then you don't need to use the WHERE clause.

Syntax

1. DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;

Example

Suppose, the EMPLOYEE table having the following records:

EMP_ID EMP_NAME CITY PHONE_NO S

1 Kristen Chicago 9737287378 1

2 Russell Austin 9262738271 2

 3 Denzel Boston 7353662627 1

4 Angelina Denver 9232673822 6

5 Robert Washington 9367238263 3

6 Christian Los angels 7253847382 2

The following query will DELETE an employee whose ID is 2.

1. SQL> DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE

2. WHERE EMP_ID = 3;

Now, the EMPLOYEE table would have the following records.

EMP_ID EMP_NAME CITY PHONE_NO S

1 Kristen Chicago 9737287378 1

2 Russell Austin 9262738271 2

4 Angelina Denver 9232673822 6

5 Robert Washington 9367238263 3

6 Christian Los angels 7253847382 2

If you don't specify the WHERE condition, it will remove all the rows from the table.

1. DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE;

Now, the EMPLOYEE table would not have any records.

SQL SELECT Statement

In SQL, the SELECT statement is used to query or retrieve data from a table in the
database. The returns data is stored in a table, and the result table is known as result-
set.

Syntax
1. SELECT column1, column2, ...
2. FROM table_name;

Here, the expression is the field name of the table that you want to select data from.

Use the following syntax to select all the fields available in the table:

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1. SELECT * FROM table_name;

Example:

EMPLOYEE

EMP_ID EMP_NAME CITY PHONE_NO S

1 Kristen Chicago 9737287378 1

2 Russell Austin 9262738271 2

3 Angelina Denver 9232673822 6

4 Robert Washington 9367238263 3

5 Christian Los angels 7253847382 2

To fetch the EMP_ID of all the employees, use the following query:

1. SELECT EMP_ID FROM EMPLOYEE;

Output

EMP_ID

3
 4

To fetch the EMP_NAME and SALARY, use the following query:

1. SELECT EMP_NAME, SALARY FROM EMPLOYEE;

EMP_NAME SALARY

Kristen 150000

Russell 200000

Angelina 600000

Robert 350000

Christian 260000

To fetch all the fields from the EMPLOYEE table, use the following query:

1. SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE

Output

EMP_ID EMP_NAME CITY PHONE_NO S

1 Kristen Chicago 9737287378 1

2 Russell Austin 9262738271 2

3 Angelina Denver 9232673822 6

4 Robert Washington 9367238263 3

5 Christian Los angels 7253847382 2

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SQL INSERT Statement

The SQL INSERT statement is used to insert a single or multiple data in a table. In SQL, You
can insert the data in two ways:

1. Without specifying column name

2. By specifying column name

Sample Table
EMPLOYEE

EMP_ID EMP_NAME CITY SALARY

1 Angelina Chicago 200000

2 Robert Austin 300000

3 Christian Denver 100000

4 Kristen Washington 500000

5 Russell Los angels 200000

1. Without specifying column name

If you want to specify all column values, you can specify or ignore the column values.

Syntax

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1. INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME

2. VALUES (value1, value2, value 3, .... Value N);

Query

1. INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES (6, 'Marry', 'Canada', 600000, 48);

Output: After executing this query, the EMPLOYEE table will look like:
 EMP_ID EMP_NAME CITY SALARY

1 Angelina Chicago 200000

2 Robert Austin 300000

3 Christian Denver 100000

4 Kristen Washington 500000

5 Russell Los angels 200000

6 Marry Canada 600000

2. By specifying column name

To insert partial column values, you must have to specify the column names.

Syntax

1. INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME

2. [(col1, col2, col3,.... col N)]
3. VALUES (value1, value2, value 3, .... Value N);

Query

1. INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (EMP_ID, EMP_NAME, AGE) VALUES (7, 'Jack', 40);

Output: After executing this query, the table will look like:

EMP_ID EMP_NAME CITY SALARY

1 Angelina Chicago 200000

2 Robert Austin 300000

3 Christian Denver 100000

4 Kristen Washington 500000

5 Russell Los angels 200000

6 Marry Canada 600000

 7 Jack null null

SQL Update Statement

The SQL UPDATE statement is used to modify the data that is already in the
database. The condition in the WHERE clause decides that which row is to be
updated.

Syntax

1. UPDATE table_name
2. SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2, ...
3. WHERE condition;

Sample Table
EMPLOYEE

EMP_ID EMP_NAME CITY SALARY

1 Angelina Chicago 200000

2 Robert Austin 300000

3 Christian Denver 100000

4 Kristen Washington 500000

5 Russell Los angels 200000

6 Marry Canada 600000

Updating single record

Update the column EMP_NAME and set the value to 'Emma' in the row where
SALARY is 500000.

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Stay

Syntax

1. UPDATE table_name
2. SET column_name = value
3. WHERE condition;

Query

1. UPDATE EMPLOYEE
2. SET EMP_NAME = 'Emma'
3. WHERE SALARY = 500000;

Output: After executing this query, the EMPLOYEE table will look like:

EMP_ID EMP_NAME CITY SALARY

1 Angelina Chicago 200000

2 Robert Austin 300000

3 Christian Denver 100000

4 Emma Washington 500000

5 Russell Los angels 200000

6 Marry Canada 600000

Updating multiple records

 If you want to update multiple columns, you should separate each field assigned with
a comma. In the EMPLOYEE table, update the column EMP_NAME to 'Kevin' and CITY
to 'Boston' where EMP_ID is 5.

Syntax

1. UPDATE table_name
2. SET column_name = value1, column_name2 = value2
3. WHERE condition;

Query

1. UPDATE EMPLOYEE
2. SET EMP_NAME = 'Kevin', City = 'Boston'
3. WHERE EMP_ID = 5;

Output

EMP_ID EMP_NAME CITY SALARY

1 Angelina Chicago 200000

2 Robert Austin 300000

3 Christian Denver 100000

4 Kristen Washington 500000

5 Kevin Boston 200000

6 Marry Canada 600000

Without use of WHERE clause

 If you want to update all row from a table, then you don't need to use the WHERE
clause. In the EMPLOYEE table, update the column EMP_NAME as 'Harry'.

Syntax

1. UPDATE table_name
2. SET column_name = value1;

Query

1. UPDATE EMPLOYEE
2. SET EMP_NAME = 'Harry';

Output

EMP_ID EMP_NAME CITY SALARY

1 Harry Chicago 200000

2 Harry Austin 300000

3 Harry Denver 100000

4 Harry Washington 500000

5 Harry Los angels 200000

6 Harry Canada 600000

SQL DELETE Statement

The SQL DELETE statement is used to delete rows from a table. Generally, DELETE
statement removes one or more records form a table.

Syntax
1. DELETE FROM table_name WHERE some_condition;

Sample Table
EMPLOYEE

EMP_ID EMP_NAME CITY SALARY

1 Angelina Chicago 200000

2 Robert Austin 300000

3 Christian Denver 100000

4 Kristen Washington 500000

5 Russell Los angels 200000

6 Marry Canada 600000

Deleting Single Record

Delete the row from the table EMPLOYEE where EMP_NAME = 'Kristen'. This will
delete only the fourth row.

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Query

1. DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE

2. WHERE EMP_NAME = 'Kristen';

Output: After executing this query, the EMPLOYEE table will look like:

EMP_ID EMP_NAME CITY SALARY

1 Angelina Chicago 200000

2 Robert Austin 300000

3 Christian Denver 100000

 5 Russell Los angels 200000

6 Marry Canada 600000

Deleting Multiple Record

Delete the row from the EMPLOYEE table where AGE is 30. This will delete two
rows(first and third row).

Query

1. DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE AGE= 30;

Output: After executing this query, the EMPLOYEE table will look like:

EMP_ID EMP_NAME CITY SALARY

2 Robert Austin 300000

3 Christian Denver 100000

5 Russell Los angels 200000

6 Marry Canada 600000

Delete all of the records

Delete all the row from the EMPLOYEE table. After this, no records left to display. The
EMPLOYEE table will become empty.

Syntax

1. DELETE * FROM table_name;

2. or
3. DELETE FROM table_name;

Query

1. DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE;

Output: After executing this query, the EMPLOYEE table will look like:
 EMP_ID EMP_NAME CITY SALARY

Note: Using the condition in the WHERE clause, we can delete single as well as
multiple records. If you want to delete all the records from the table, then you
don't need to use the WHERE clause.

SQL Clauses
The following are the various SQL clauses:

1. GROUP BY
o SQL GROUP BY statement is used to arrange identical data into groups. The
GROUP BY statement is used with the SQL SELECT statement.
o The GROUP BY statement follows the WHERE clause in a SELECT statement
and precedes the ORDER BY clause.
o The GROUP BY statement is used with aggregation function.

Syntax

1. SELECT column
2. FROM table_name
3. WHERE conditions
4. GROUP BY column
5. ORDER BY column

Sample table:

PRODUCT_MAST

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PRODUCT COMPANY QTY RATE

Item1 Com1 2 10

Item2 Com2 3 25

Item3 Com1 2 30

Item4 Com3 5 10

Item5 Com2 2 20

Item6 Cpm1 3 25

Item7 Com1 5 30

Item8 Com1 3 10

Item9 Com2 2 25

Item10 Com3 4 30

Example:

1. SELECT COMPANY, COUNT(*)

2. FROM PRODUCT_MAST
3. GROUP BY COMPANY;

Output:

Com1 5
Com2 3
Com3 2
 2. HAVING
o HAVING clause is used to specify a search condition for a group or an
aggregate.
o Having is used in a GROUP BY clause. If you are not using GROUP BY clause
then you can use HAVING function like a WHERE clause.

Syntax:

1. SELECT column1, column2

2. FROM table_name
3. WHERE conditions
4. GROUP BY column1, column2
5. HAVING conditions
6. ORDER BY column1, column2;

Example:

1. SELECT COMPANY, COUNT(*)

2. FROM PRODUCT_MAST
3. GROUP BY COMPANY
4. HAVING COUNT(*)>2;

Output:

Com1 5
Com2 3

3. ORDER BY
o The ORDER BY clause sorts the result-set in ascending or descending order.
o It sorts the records in ascending order by default. DESC keyword is used to
sort the records in descending order.

Syntax:

1. SELECT column1, column2

2. FROM table_name
3. WHERE condition
4. ORDER BY column1, column2... ASC|DESC;
 Where

ASC: It is used to sort the result set in ascending order by expression.

DESC: It sorts the result set in descending order by expression.

Example: Sorting Results in Ascending Order

Table:

CUSTOMER

CUSTOMER_ID NAME ADDRESS

12 Kathrin US

23 David Bangkok

34 Alina Dubai

45 John UK

56 Harry US

Enter the following SQL statement:

1. SELECT *
2. FROM CUSTOMER
3. ORDER BY NAME;

Output:

CUSTOMER_ID NAME ADDRESS

34 Alina Dubai

23 David Bangkok

56 Harry US

45 John UK

12 Kathrin US
 Example: Sorting Results in Descending Order
Using the above CUSTOMER table

1. SELECT *
2. FROM CUSTOMER
3. ORDER BY NAME DESC;

Output:

CUSTOMER_ID NAME ADDRESS

12 Kathrin US

45 John UK

56 Harry US

23 David Bangkok

34 Alina Dubai

SQL Aggregate Functions

o SQL aggregation function is used to perform the calculations on multiple rows of a single
returns a single value.
o It is also used to summarize the data.

Types of SQL Aggregation Function

 1. COUNT FUNCTION

o COUNT function is used to Count the number of rows in a database table. It can work on bo
numeric data types.
o COUNT function uses the COUNT(*) that returns the count of all the rows in a specified table
duplicate and Null.

Syntax

1. COUNT(*)
2. or
3. COUNT( [ALL|DISTINCT] expression )

Sample table:

PRODUCT_MAST

PRODUCT COMPANY QTY RATE

Item1 Com1 2 10

Item2 Com2 3 25
 Item3 Com1 2 30

Item4 Com3 5 10

Item5 Com2 2 20

Item6 Cpm1 3 25

Item7 Com1 5 30

Item8 Com1 3 10

Item9 Com2 2 25

Item10 Com3 4 30

Example: COUNT()

HTML Tutorial

1. SELECT COUNT(*)
2. FROM PRODUCT_MAST;

Output:

10

Example: COUNT with WHERE

1. SELECT COUNT(*)
2. FROM PRODUCT_MAST;
3. WHERE RATE>=20;

Output:

7
 Example: COUNT() with DISTINCT

1. SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT COMPANY)

2. FROM PRODUCT_MAST;

Output:

Example: COUNT() with GROUP BY

1. SELECT COMPANY, COUNT(*)

2. FROM PRODUCT_MAST
3. GROUP BY COMPANY;

Output:

Com1 5
Com2 3
Com3 2

Example: COUNT() with HAVING

1. SELECT COMPANY, COUNT(*)

2. FROM PRODUCT_MAST
3. GROUP BY COMPANY
4. HAVING COUNT(*)>2;

Output:

Com1 5
Com2 3
 2. SUM Function
Sum function is used to calculate the sum of all selected columns. It works on numeric fields only.

Syntax

1. SUM()
2. or
3. SUM( [ALL|DISTINCT] expression )

Example: SUM()

1. SELECT SUM(COST)
2. FROM PRODUCT_MAST;

Output:

670

Example: SUM() with WHERE

1. SELECT SUM(COST)
2. FROM PRODUCT_MAST
3. WHERE QTY>3;

Output:

320

Example: SUM() with GROUP BY

1. SELECT SUM(COST)
2. FROM PRODUCT_MAST
3. WHERE QTY>3
4. GROUP BY COMPANY;

Output:

Com1 150
Com2 170

Example: SUM() with HAVING

1. SELECT COMPANY, SUM(COST)

2. FROM PRODUCT_MAST
3. GROUP BY COMPANY
4. HAVING SUM(COST)>=170;

Output:

Com1 335
Com3 170

3. AVG function
The AVG function is used to calculate the average value of the numeric type. AVG function retur
non-Null values.

Syntax

1. AVG()
2. or
3. AVG( [ALL|DISTINCT] expression )
 Example:

1. SELECT AVG(COST)
2. FROM PRODUCT_MAST;

Output:

67.00

4. MAX Function
MAX function is used to find the maximum value of a certain column. This function determines th
selected values of a column.

Syntax

1. MAX()
2. or
3. MAX( [ALL|DISTINCT] expression )

Example:

1. SELECT MAX(RATE)
2. FROM PRODUCT_MAST;
30

5. MIN Function
MIN function is used to find the minimum value of a certain column. This function determines the
selected values of a column.
 Syntax

1. MIN()
2. or
3. MIN( [ALL|DISTINCT] expression )

Example:

1. SELECT MIN(RATE)
2. FROM PRODUCT_MAST;

Output:

10