BIG PICTURE in Focus: ULO b.

Examine the history of computers and its

impact to the society and Analyze the importance of the Internet and the
World Wide Web

Metalanguage 1

In this section, the most essential terms/names relevant to the study of this course to demonstrate
the ULO b will be operationally defined to establish a common frame of reference as to how the
text work in your chosen field or career. You will encounter these terms as we go through the study
of this course.

A Bell Laboratories scientist, originated the use of relays as a

George Stibitz
demonstration adder.
Bill Hewlett and
Founded the Hewlett-Packard.
Dave Packard
Konrad Zuse A German engineer, designed the Z3 computer.
The one who worked on the preliminary designs of a four-function
Curt Herzstark
calculator.
Remington-Rand
One of the world's first commercially produced computers.
built the ERA 1101
The first system to utilize virtual memory that was connected with
Atlas Computer
the main memory of the computer.
Steve Wozniak Co-founded and released the Apple-1 single-board computer.
The chairman, chief executive officer (CEO), and co-founder of
Steve Jobs
Apple Inc.

Essential Knowledge 1

Computers have evolved and advanced significantly over the decades since they originated. Many
years ago, in their most rudimentary form, computers were very large and slow. Gradually,
computers have become smaller and faster, enabling people to use them virtually anywhere. New
computer technology has enabled more advanced business tasks as well. For example, as contact
lists have grown, a professional can now use a business email list to reach more potential
customers. Learn more about how computers have evolved and created a more interconnected
world.
1937: George Stibitz, a Bell Laboratories scientist,
originated the use of relays as a demonstration adder.
Stibitz called this circuit a "Model K" adder because he
created it at home on a kitchen table.

1939: Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard founded Hewlett-Packard in

a rented garage in Palo Alto, California. The garage was the
location of research, development, and manufacturing for the first
products produced by the new company. RFFF

1941: Konrad Zuse, a German engineer, designed the Z3

computer. This computer was capable of performing floating
point binary math.

1944: An Austrian engineer named Curt Herzstark spent his time at the
Buchenwald concentration camp working on preliminary designs of a four-
function calculator. After his release, he moved forward with building the
calculator.

1948: Researchers with the University of Manchester

developed the "Manchester Baby," which was a machine
designed to test memory technology. The researchers
wrote and ran the first computer program on the
Manchester Baby.
 1950: Remington-Rand built the ERA 1101, one of the world's first
commercially produced computers. This system held 1 million bits
on an internal magnetic drum.

1951: The UNIVAC 1 began attracting the attention of the

public. This computer weighed 29,000 pounds, and it
contained 5,200 vacuum tubes.

1954: IBM began selling its "Defense Calculator" to some corporate

entities, such as aircraft companies and research laboratories. The
release of this system was the beginning of IBM's involvement in the
computer market.
1957: MIT researchers succeeded in building a programmable
computer containing transistors. This computer was designed for general purposes.

1958: The SAGE system connected 23 separate computer sites throughout the United States
and Canada. The purpose of SAGE was to detect incoming Soviet missiles
.
1961: Transistorized computers were designed that were capable of ongoing calculations
of flight positioning. These Minuteman I missile guidance systems were highly advanced
for the time.

1962: The Atlas computer was brought online. This computer was
fast, and it was the first system to utilize virtual memory that was
connected with the main memory of the computer.

1964: IBM released five different System/360 models with varying performance
capabilities. IBM targeted scientific and business customers with these computers.
1965: The Olivetti Programma 101 went on the market.
This calculator could perform basic mathematical
processes as well as the calculation of square roots.

1968: Experts in the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory designed

the Apollo Guidance Computer. This new system was
significantly smaller, only weighing 70 pounds.

1971: Intel's 4004 microprocessor was the first

invention of its kind. The 4004 retailed for $200.

1976: The Cray-1 was the speediest computer of its time. Manufacturing
these computers was anything but fast, though: Assembly of every
computer took a whole year.

1976: Steve Wozniak was instrumental in the design and release

of the Apple-1 single-board computer. Only about 200 machines
were sold.

1977: The Apple-II was released to the public. Between the years 1977
and 1993, Apple sold millions of these computers.
1977: Tandy produced the very first desktop computer. Radio Shack sold 10,000 of these
systems that appealed to novice users.

1979: Atari released two gaming microcomputers, the Model 400 and the Model 800. These
computers were in direct competition with the Apple-II computer.

1981: IBM released the very first IBM PC to the public. These computers utilized the
Microsoft MS-DOS operating system.

1982: Commodore released its C64 computer to the public.

This computer system featured 64 KB of RAM and graphics
that featured cutting-edge technology.

1983: Apple moved forward with the incorporation of a graphical user

interface in its Lisa computer. This technology was an important
achievement, setting the bar for new advances in personal computing.

1984: Apple used a 1984 Super Bowl commercial to unveil the

Macintosh computer. The Macintosh was the first computer to utilize a mouse.

1986: Compaq was the first to launch a computer with an Intel 80386 chip in it. The
Deskpro 386 had a 32-bit microprocessor.

1988: Steve Jobs releases the NeXT Cube. This computer had 8 MB of RAM and a
magneto-optical disk drive.

1991: Apple redesigned its portable computers and launched the

PowerBook. Three different models offered various features.

1993: Hand-held computers took a step forward with the release of Apple's Newton. This
device was called a personal data assistant, or PDA.

1993: Intel released the Pentium microprocessor, which was the fifth generation of
microprocessors. Computer programs were able to run faster with this hardware.

1996: The Palm Pilot entered the scene as a new PDA with innovative abilities. Consumers
were able to connect the Palm Pilot to a computer to synchronize the separate systems.
1996: Sony's Vaio was a new line of computers that offered a new three-dimensional
interface. Sony discontinued the Vaio in 2014.

2000: A Japanese company introduced the first camera phone. This camera's resolution
was 0.11 megapixels.

2002: The Japanese government created the Earth Simulator, which was a supercomputer.
This computer reigned as the world's fastest computer between 2002 and 2004.

2005: The Chinese company Lenovo acquired IBM's PC business. The main reason for the
purchase was to get access to the ThinkPad computer line.

2007: Amazon released the Kindle, a new electronic reading system. The design featured
an SD card slot for storage expansion.

2007: Apple introduced the iPhone to the world. This cell phone offered multiple features,
such as Internet browsing, music, and a phone.

2008: The MacBook Air hit stores, featuring many new capabilities. Apple succeeded in
reducing the overall size of the unit by making the hard drive smaller.

2010: Apple's Retina Display features advanced graphics and display technology. Retina
Display involves a pixel density that is higher than the eye's ability to pick out individual
pixels.

2010: Apple released the first iPad. This mobile device offered a larger screen without
phone capabilities.

2012: Raspberry Pi launched a computer the size of a credit card. This tiny computer
weighed in at 45 grams.

2015: Apple reduced its computer size even further with the launch of the Apple Watch.
This device is compatible with both iPhones and MacBooks.
Everyone knows that this is the age of computer and vast majority of people are using computer.
Development of science and technology has direct effect on our daily life as well as in our social
life. Computer technology has made communication possible from one part of the world to the
other in seconds. They can see the transactions in one part of the world while staying in the other
part. Computer development is one of the greatest scientific achievements of the 20th century.
Computers are used in various fields as well as in teaching and learning. Some of the major
computer application fields are listed below.

• An aid to management: The computer can also be used as a management tool to assist in
solving business problems.
• Banking: Branches are equipped with terminals giving them an online accounting facility
and enabling them to information as such things as current balances, deposits, overdrafts
and interest charges.
• Industrial Application: In industry, production may be planned, coordinated and
controlled with the aid of a computer.
• Engineering Design: Computer help in calculating that all the parts of a proposed design
are satisfactory and also assist in the designing.
• Meteorology: Data is recorded at different levels of atmosphere at different places, using
remote sensors carried on a satellite.
• Air Travel: Small computers are installed as a part of the plane's equipment.
• Road Traffic Control: Computers assist with the control of traffic lights.
 • Telephones: Computerized telephone exchanges handle an ever-increasing volume of
calls very efficiently.
• Medicine: Computers are widely used in hospitals for such task as maintaining drugs,
surgical equipment and linen, for payroll and also for checkup and treatment of diseases.

In addition, computers are also used for recording and film studios, research, military, etc.

Computers have both positive and negative impact in our daily life as well as in our social life.
But the gross development of the nation is faster with the application of computers in industries
and education. The both positive and negative impacts of computers are listed below.

Positive Impact of Computer

• The work can be done in very less time.
• More information can be stored in small space.
• Multitasking and multiprocessing capabilities of data.
• Easy to access data.
• Impartiality.
• Documents can be kept secret.
• Error free result.
• It can be used for various purposes. i.e. It can be used in any type of work.

Negative Impact of Computer

• Highly expensive.
• Accidents.
• Data piracy.
• Increased Unemployment.
• Huge data and information can be lost sometimes.
• Fast changing computer technology.
• Service distribution.
• Illiteracy of computing and computers.

As mentioned on the above list, computers have both positive and negative impact in our society.
But the use of computer is increasing day-by-day.

Metalanguage 2

In this section, the most essential terms relevant to the study of this course to demonstrate the ULO
c will be operationally defined to establish a common frame of reference as to how the text work
in your chosen field or career. You will encounter these terms as we go through the study of this
course.

A worldwide collection of networks that connects millions of

Internet businesses, government agencies, educational institutions, and
individuals.
 The first wide-area packet-switching network used by the agency of
ARPANET
the U.S. Department of Defense.
Any computer that provides services and connections to other
Host
computers on a network.
World Wide Web Consists of a worldwide collection of electronic documents.
Web publishing The process of publishing original content on the Internet.
Multimedia Refers to any application that combines text with media.
Email The transmission of messages and files via a computer network.
Netiquette The code of acceptable Internet behavior.

Essential Knowledge 2

THE INTERNET
One of the major reasons business, home, and other users
purchase computers and mobile devices for Internet
access. The Internet is a worldwide collection of
networks that connects millions of businesses,
government agencies, educational institutions, and
individuals. Today, billions of home and business users
around the world access a variety of services on the
Internet using computers and mobile devices. The web,
messaging, and video communications are some of the
more widely used Internet services. Other Internet
services include chat rooms, discussion forums, and file
transfer.

The Internet has its roots in a networking project started

by the Pentagon’s Advanced Research Projects Agency
(ARPA), an agency of the U.S. Department of Defense.
ARPA’s two main goals was to build a network that (1) allowed scientists at different physical
locations to share information and work together on military and scientific projects and (2) could
function even if part of the network were disabled or destroyed by a disaster such as a nuclear
attack.
That network, called ARPANET, became functional in September 1969, linking scientific and
Academic researchers across the United States.

The original ARPANET consisted of four main computers, one each located at the University of
California at Los Angeles, the University of California at Santa Barbara, the Stanford Research
Institute, and the University of Utah. Each of these computers served as a host on the network. A
host, more commonly known today as a server, is any computer that provides services and
connections to other computers on a network. Hosts often use high-speed communications to
transfer data and messages over a network. By 1984, ARPANET had more than 1,000 individual
computers linked as hosts. Today, millions of hosts connect to this network, which now is known
as the Internet.
CONNECTING TO THE INTERNET
Users can connect their computers and mobile devices to the Internet through wired or wireless
technology and then access its services free or for a fee. With wired connections, a computer or
device physically attaches via a cable or wire to a communications device, such as a modem, that
transmits data and other items over transmission media to the Internet. For wireless connections,
many mobile computers and devices include the necessary built-in technology so that they can
transmit data and other items wirelessly. Computers without this capability can use a wireless
modem or other communications device that enables wireless connectivity.

A wireless modem, for example, uses a

wireless communications technology (such as
cellular radio, satellite, or Wi-Fi) to connect to
the Internet. The wireless modem shown in the
figure is known as a dongle, which is a small
device that connects to a computer and enables
additional functions when attached. Today,
users often connect to the Internet via
broadband Internet service because of its fast
data transfer speeds and its always-on
connection.

• A hot spot is a wireless network that provides Internet connections to mobile computers
and devices.

• An Internet service provider (ISP) is a business that provides individuals and

organizations access to the Internet free or for a fee.

• Bandwidth represents the amount of data that travels over a network. A higher bandwidth
means more data transmits. Data sizes typically are stated in terms of megabytes and
gigabytes. A megabyte (MB) is equal to approximately one million characters, and a
gigabyte (GB) is equal to approximately one billion characters.

• An IP address is a sequence of numbers that uniquely identifies each computer or device

connected to the Internet.

• A domain name is a text-based name that corresponds to the IP address.

• A DNS server translates the domain name

into its associated IP address.
 • The suffix of the domain name, called the top-level domain (TLD), identifies the type of
organization associated with the domain.

THE WORLD WIDE WEB

The World Wide Web (WWW), or web, consists of a worldwide collection of electronic
documents (webpages).

• A website is a collection of related webpages and associated items.

• A web server is a computer that delivers requested webpages to your computer.

• Web 2.0 refers to websites that provide a means for users to share personal information,
allow users to modify website content, and provide applications through a browser.

• A browser is an application that enables users with an Internet connection to access and
view webpages on a computer or mobile device.
• A home page is the first page that a website displays.
 • Current browsers typically support tabbed browsing.

• A webpage has a unique address, called a web address or URL.

• A web app is an application stored on a web server that you access through a browser.
Web app hosts usually provide storage for users’ data and information on their servers,
known as cloud storage.

TYPES OF WEBSITES
• A web search engine is software that finds websites, webpages, images, videos, news,
maps, and other information related to a specific topic.

• A subject directory classifies webpages in an organized set of categories, such as sports

or shopping, and related subcategories. Search operators can help to refine your search.
There are several types of websites:
• Search engine
• Online social network
• Informational and research
• Media sharing
• Bookmarking
• News, weather, sports, and other mass media
• Educational
• Business, governmental, and organizational
• Blogs
• Wiki and collaboration
• Health and fitness
• Science
• Entertainment
• Banking and finance
• Travel and tourism
• Mapping
• Retail and auctions
• Careers and employment
• E-commerce
• Portals
• Content aggregation
• Website creation ang management

Web publishing is the process of publishing original content on the Internet. The process includes:
 Design Create Maintain
Plan the Host the
the the the
website website
website website website

DIGITAL MEDIA ON THE WEB

Multimedia refers to any application that combines text with media such as:
• Graphics
• Animation
• Audio
• Video
• Virtual Reality

• A graphic is a visual representation of non-text information. Graphic formats include

BMP, GIF, JPEG, PNG, and TIFF.

• An infographic is a visual representation of data and information, designed to

communicate quickly, simplify complex concepts, or present patterns or trends.
 • Animation is the appearance of motion created by displaying a series of still images in
sequence.

• Audio includes music, speech, or any other sound. Audio is compressed to reduce file
size. You listen to audio on your computer using a media player.

• Video consists of images displayed in motion.

• Virtual reality (VR) is the use of computers to simulate a real or imagined environment
that appears as a three-dimensional space.

• A plug-in, or add-on, is a program that extends the capability of a browser.

OTHER INTERNET SERVICES

Email is the transmission of messages and files via a computer network.

• An email program allows you to create, send, receive, forward, store, print, and delete
email messages.

• An email list is a group of email addresses used for mass distribution of a message.

• Instant messaging services notify you when one or more of your established contacts are
online and then allows you to exchange messages or files or join a private chat room with
them.
• A chat is a real-time typed conversation that takes place on a computer or mobile device
with many other online users.

• A chat room is a website or application that permits users to chat with others who are
online at the same time.

• An online discussion is an online area in which users have written discussions about a
particular subject.

• VoIP (Voice over IP) enables users to speak to other users via their Internet connection.

• FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is an Internet standard that permits file uploading and
downloading to and from other computers on the Internet. Many operating systems include
FTP capabilities. An FTP server is a computer that allows users to upload and/or download
files using FTP.

• Netiquette is the code of acceptable Internet behavior.

 Self-Help: You can refer to the sources below to help you further
understand the lesson.

• Vermaat, M., Sebok, S., Freund, S., Campbell, J., & Frydenberg, M. (2016). Discovering
Computers 2016: Tools, Apps, Devices, and the Impact to Technology. Cengage.

• https://www.bookyourdata.com/email-list-database/computers-changed-history

Let’s Check: Quiz

Instruction: Write your answer in any word processing software, then save it as a pdf file. Submit
the .pdf format to our BB LMS Week 2 Let’s Check.

Part 1: Now that you know the most essential terms and essential knowledge on computer history
and its impact to recent developments. Let us try to check your understanding. Provide brief
discussions to support your answer.

Start-up companies no longer must begin in offices, they can start in the homes of friends,
computer clubs or famously people’s garages. The Personal Computer and the digital revolution
have empowered people to become entrepreneurs and programmers. People who have been
disabled are being increasingly enabled by new empowering technologies.

1. How has this empowerment become possible over the last century and how will it last?

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2. What is the role of adaptive technology in the lives of all human beings?

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Part 2: Now that you know the most essential knowledge about the internet and the world wide
web. Let us try to check your understanding of the lessons presented. Write T for True and F for
False.

_____ 1. No single person or government agency controls or owns the Internet.

_____ 2. The W3C is responsible for maintaining all networks and content on the Internet.

_____ 3. Users typically pay additional fees for mobile hot spot and tethering services.

_____ 4. A gigabyte (GB) is the basic storage unit on a computer or mobile device and represents

a single character.

_____ 5. A dynamic webpage’s contents generate each time a user displays the page.

_____ 6. Most browsers are available for download at no cost.

_____ 7. Mobile apps sometimes have fewer features than a web app.

_____ 8. A subject directory is software that finds websites, webpages, images, videos, maps, and

other information related to a specific topic.

_____ 9. When you post digital content online, it is a good idea to tag it so that it is easy to locate

and organize

_____ 10. The term, blogosphere, refers to the worldwide collection of blogs.

Let’s Analyze: Analyzing the Scenarios

Instruction: Given the different scenarios below, provide your solutions. Support your answers.
Write your answer in any word processing software available in your devices, then save the file
into pdf. Submit the .pdf format to our BB LMS Week 2 Let’s Analyze.
Scenario 1: Cyberbullying Message (10 points)
While reviewing the email messages in your email account, you notice one that you interpret as
cyberbullying. You do not recognize the sender of the email message, but still take it seriously.
What are your next steps? Support your answer.

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Scenario 2: Unexpected Search Engine (10 points)

A class project requires that you conduct research on the web. After typing the web address for
Google’s home page and pressing the enter key, your browser redirects you to a different search
engine. What could be wrong? Support your answer.

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Scenario 3: Images Do Not Appear (10 points)

When you navigate to a webpage, you notice that no images are appearing. You successfully have
viewed webpages with images in the past and are not sure why images suddenly are not appearing.
What steps will you take to show the images? Support your answer.

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Let’s Analyze: Performance Task 1 – Creating a website
Instructions: Create your website using either from wix.com or your own website
template. Make sure not to copy the content of the existing template if you choose
to create using the wix.com. Plagiarize website will receive a zero marked. Provide
a Chat box to allow customers or other users to interact with your site .

1. Open the site www.wix.com

2. Sign-up using your umindanao email, make sure to supply a strong password
3. After signing in, with newly created account, this environment will display

4. Click the pull-down arrow on the Mysite found on the upper left-corner. Then select
Create New Site.
5. Plan the website you will be creating. Once you have clicked the Create New Site, it will
allow to enter the type of website you will be creating. The image below shows some to
select such as online store, portfolio, blog, consultant, technology,

6. Once you select any of the samples below, it will pop-up the specific type of website to
select from. Then click next if you have selected one.
7. After clicking next, it will allow you to choose on how to create your website. See the
image below:

8. Click the Create your website with the Editor. Then it allows provide you the list of design
to choose from. Select only one (1) design. Then click Edit to change the design according
to your own specifications.

9. After editing the design, click the Site on the Menu bar, then select Publish to publish your
site online. Try to view first your website to check its content. Make sure that it meets
according to your plan.

10. Copy the link, then send it to our BB LMS under Week 2, Lets Analyze.
In a Nutshell

Based from the definition of the most essential terms and the learning exercises that you have done,
please feel free to write your arguments or lessons learned below.

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Question and Answer List

Do you have any questions for clarification?

Questions/Issues Answers
1.

2.

3.

Keywords Index

George Stibitz Hewlett-Packard Z3 computer

Curt Herzstark four-function calculator Manchester Baby

Remington-Rand built the
UNIVAC 1 Defense Calculator
ERA 1101
SAGE system Atlas computer IBM

Olivetti Programma 101 Apollo Guidance Computer Intel's 4004 microprocessor

Cray-1 Steve Wozniak Tandy

Commodore Macintosh computer Compaq

Steve Jobs Pentium microprocessor Earth Simulator

Amazon Apple Palm Pilot

Internet ARPANET host

Wireless Modem dongle hotspot

Internet Service Provider Bandwidth IP Address

Domain Name DNS Server Top-level Domain

 World Wide Web Website Web Server

Browser Home Page Web Address

Web App Search Engine Subject Directory

Web Publishing Multimedia Graphic

Infographic Animation Audio

Video Virtual Reality Email

Chat Chat Room Voice Over IP

File Transfer Protocol FTP server Netiquette