Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.2: EE -1st Semester-2021-2022

College: Engineering
Campus: Bambang

Bachelor of Science in
DEGREE PROGRAM COURSE NO. EE 12
Electrical Engineering
Power System Analysis
SPECIALIZATION COURSE TITLE
YEAR LEVEL 4th Year TIME FRAME WK NO. IM NO. 4

I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE

Per Unit System

II. LESSON TITLE

a. Per-unit impedance: single-phase transformer
b. Per-unit circuit: three-zone single-phase network
c. Per-unit and actual currents in balanced three-phase networks

III. LESSON OVERVIEW

This module covers topics involving per unit system as used in power system analysis.

IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

Solve power system networks using per unit system.

V. COURSE CONTENT

PER UNIT SYSTEM

Power-system quantities such as voltage, current, power, and impedance are often expressed
in per-unit or percent of specified base values. For example, if a base voltage of 20 kV is
specified, then the voltage 18 kV is (18/20) = 0.9 per unit or 90%.

Calculations then can be made with per-unit quantities rather than with the actual quantities.
One advantage of the per-unit system is that by properly specifying base quantities, the
transformer equivalent circuit can be simplified. The ideal transformer winding can be
eliminated, such that voltages, currents, and external impedances and admittances
expressed in per-unit do not change when they are referred from one side of a transformer to
the other. This can be a significant advantage even in a power system of moderate size,
where hundreds of transformers may be encountered.

Using the per-unit system avoids the possibility of making serious calculation errors when
referring quantities from one side of a transformer to the other. Another advantage of the per-
unit system is that the per-unit impedances of electrical equipment of similar type usually lie
within a narrow numerical range when the equipment ratings are used as base values.

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Because of this, per-unit impedance data can be checked rapidly for gross errors by someone
familiar with per-unit quantities. In addition, manufacturers usually specify the impedances of
machines and transformers in per-unit or percent of nameplate rating.

Per-unit quantities are calculated as follows:

actual quantity
per unit quantity =
base value of quantity

where actual quantity is the value of the quantity in the actual units. The base value has the
same units as the actual quantity, thus making the per-unit quantity dimensionless. Also, the base
value is always a real number. Therefore, the angle of the per-unit quantity is the same as the
angle of the actual quantity.

Two independent base values can be arbitrarily selected at one point in a power system. Usually
the base voltage 𝑉baseLN and base complex power 𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒1𝛷 are selected for either a single-
phase circuit or for one phase of a three-phase circuit. Then, in order for electrical laws to be
valid in the per-unit system, the following relations must be used for other base values:

𝑷𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆𝟏𝜱 = 𝑸𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆𝟏𝜱 = 𝑺𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆𝟏𝜱

𝑺𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆𝟏𝜱
𝑰𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 =
𝑽𝐛𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐋𝐍

𝑽𝐛𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐋𝐍 𝑽𝟐 𝐛𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐋𝐍
𝒁𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 = 𝑹𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 = 𝑿𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 = =
𝑰𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑺𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆𝟏𝜱

The subscripts LN and 1f denote “line-to-neutral” and “per-phase,” respectively, for three-
phase circuits. These equations are also valid for single-phase circuits, where subscripts can be
omitted.

Convention requires adoption of the following two rules for base quantities:

1. The value of 𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒1𝛷 the same for the entire power system of concern.
2. The ratio of the voltage bases on either side of a transformer is selected to be the same as
the ratio of the transformer voltage ratings. With these two rules, a per-unit impedance
remains unchanged when referred from one side of a transformer to the other.

Example 1. Per-unit impedance: single-phase transformer

A single-phase two-winding transformer is rated 20 kVA, 480/120 volts, and 60 Hz. The
equivalent leakage impedance of the transformer referred to the 120-volt winding, denoted
winding 2, is 𝑍𝑒𝑞2 = 0.0525∠78.13 V .Using the transformer ratings as base values, determine the
per-unit leakage impedance referred to winding 2 and referred to winding 1.

Solution:

𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 20 𝑘𝑉𝐴 𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒1 = 480 𝑉 𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒2 = 120 𝑉

the base impedance on the 120-volt side of the transformer is

𝑉 2 base2 1202
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒2 = = = 0.72 Ω
𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 20,000

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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.2: EE -1st Semester-2021-2022
the per-unit leakage impedance referred to winding 2 is

𝑍eq2 0.0525∠78.13
𝑍𝑒𝑞2 𝑝𝑢 = = = 0.0729 ∠78.13 per unit
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒2 0.72

If 𝑍𝑒𝑞2 is referred to winding 1,

𝑁1 2 480 2
𝑍𝑒𝑞1 = 𝑎2 𝑍𝑒𝑞2 = ( ) 𝑍𝑒𝑞2 = ( ) (0.0525∠78.13) = 0.84 ∠78.13 Ω
𝑁2 120

The base impedance on the 480 volt side of the transformer is

𝑉 2 base1 4802
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒1 = = = 11.52 Ω
𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 20,000

and the per-unit leakage reactance referred to winding 1 is

𝑍eq1 0.84 ∠78.13

𝑍𝑒𝑞1 𝑝𝑢 = = = 0.0729 ∠78.13 per unit
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒1 11.52

Thus, the per-unit leakage impedance remains unchanged when referred from winding 2 to
winding 1. This has been achieved by specifying

𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒1 𝑉𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑1 480

= =
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒2 𝑉𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑2 120

Figure 4.1 shows three per-unit circuits of a single-phase two-winding transformer

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INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
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Figure 4.1. Per-unit equivalent circuits of a single-phase two-winding transformer

The ideal transformer, shown in Figure 4.1 a satisfies the per-unit relations 𝐸1𝑝.𝑢. = 𝐸2𝑝.𝑢. and 𝐼1𝑝.𝑢. =
𝐼2𝑝.𝑢. which can be derived as follows.

𝐸1 𝑁1 𝐸2
𝐸1𝑝.𝑢. = = 𝑥
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒1 𝑁2 𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒1

using
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒1 𝑉𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑1 𝑁1
= =
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒2 𝑉𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑2 𝑁2

𝑁1 𝐸2 𝐸2
𝐸1𝑝.𝑢. = 𝑥 = = 𝐸2𝑝.𝑢.
𝑁2 (𝑁1 ) 𝑉 𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒2
𝑁2 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒2

Similarly,

𝐼1 𝑁2 𝐼2
𝐼1𝑝.𝑢. = = 𝑥
𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒1 𝑁1 𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒1
using
𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑁2
𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒1 = = = ( ) 𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒2
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒1 𝑁 𝑁1
( 1 ) 𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒2
𝑁2

𝑁2 𝐼2 𝐼2
𝐼1𝑝.𝑢. = 𝑥 = = 𝐼2𝑝.𝑢.
𝑁
𝑁1 ( 2 ) 𝐼 𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒2
𝑁1 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒2

When only one component, such as a transformer, is considered, the nameplate ratings of
that component are usually selected as base values. When several components are involved,
however, the system base values may be different from the nameplate ratings of any
particular device. It is then necessary to convert the per-unit impedance of a device from its
nameplate ratings to the system base values.

To convert a per-unit impedance from “old” to “new” base values, use

𝑍actual 𝑍p.u.old 𝑍base old

𝑍𝑝.𝑢. 𝑛𝑒𝑤 = =
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑤

𝑉base old 2 𝑆base new

𝑍𝑝.𝑢. 𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑍p.u.old ( ) ( )
𝑍base new 𝑆base old

Example 2. Per-unit circuit: three-zone single-phase network

Three zones of a single-phase circuit are identified in Figure4.2. The zones are connected by
transformers T1 and T2, whose ratings are also shown. Using base values of 30 kVA and 240 volts in zone
1, draw the per-unit circuit and determine the per-unit impedances and the per-unit source voltage.
Then calculate the load current both in per-unit and in amperes. Transformer winding resistances and
shunt admittance branches are neglected.

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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.2: EE -1st Semester-2021-2022

Figure 4.2.

Solution:

The base values in each zone are determined. 𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 30 𝑘𝑉𝐴 is the same for the entire network.
Also, 𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒1 = 240 𝑉 as specified for zone 1. When moving across a transformer, the voltage
base is changed in proportion to the transformer voltage ratings. Thus,

480
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒2 = 𝑥 240 = 480 𝑉
240

115
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒3 = 𝑥 480 = 120 𝑉
460

The base impedances in zones 2 and 3 are

𝑉 2 base2 4802
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒2 = = = 7.86 Ω
𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 30,000

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INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
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𝑉 2 base3 1202
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒3 = = = 0.48 Ω
𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 30,000

and the base current in zone 3 is

𝑆base 30,000
𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒3 = = = 250 𝐴
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒3 120

The per-unit circuit impedances are calculated using the system base values.
Since 𝑆base = 30 𝑘𝑉𝐴 is the same as the kVA rating of transformer T1, and 𝑉base = 240 𝑉 is the
same as the voltage rating of the zone 1 side of transformer T1, the per-unit leakage
reactance of T1 is the same as its nameplate value, 𝑋𝑇1 𝑝.𝑢. = 0.1 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡. However, the per-unit
leakage reactance of transformer T2 must be converted from its nameplate rating to the system
base. Using 𝑉base2 = 480 𝑉

460 2 30,000
𝑋𝑇2 𝑝.𝑢. = (0.10) ( ) ( ) = 0.1378 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
480 20,000

Alternatively, using 𝑉base3 = 120 𝑉

115 2 30,000
𝑋𝑇2 𝑝.𝑢. = (0.10) ( ) ( ) = 0.1378 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
120 20,000

which gives the same result. The line, which is located in zone 2, has a per-unit reactance

𝑋𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 2
𝑋𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑝.𝑢. = = = 0.2604 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒2 7.68

and the load, which is located in zone 3, has a per-unit impedance

𝑍𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 0.9 + 𝑗 0.2

𝑍𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑝.𝑢. = = = 1.875 + 𝑗0.4167 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒3 0.48

The per-unit circuit is shown in Figure 4.2 where the base values for each zone, per-unit
impedances, and the per-unit source voltage are shown. The per-unit load current is then
easily calculated from Figure 4.2 (b) as follows:

𝑉𝑠.𝑝.𝑢.
𝐼𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑝.𝑢. = 𝐼𝑠.𝑝.𝑢. =
𝑗(𝑋𝑇1.𝑝.𝑢. + 𝑋𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑝.𝑢 + 𝑋𝑇2.𝑝.𝑢. ) + 𝑍𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑝.𝑢.

0.9167∠ 0
𝐼𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑝.𝑢. = 𝐼𝑠.𝑝.𝑢. = = 0.4395 ∠ − 26.01 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑗(0.10 + 0.2604 + 0.1378) + (1.875 + 𝑗0.4167)

The actual load current is

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INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
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𝐼𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = (𝐼𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑝.𝑢. )𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒3 = 0.4395 ∠ − 26.01(250) = 109.9 ∠ − 26.01 𝐴

Balanced three-phase circuits can be solved in per-unit on a per-phase basis after converting
Δ-load impedances to equivalent Y impedances. Base values can be selected either on a per-
phase basis or on a three-phase basis. Usually 𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒3𝛷 and 𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝐿𝐿 are selected, where the
subscripts 3Φ and LL denote “three-phase” and “line-to-line,” respectively. Then the following
relations must be used for other base values:

𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒3𝛷
𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒1𝛷 =
3

𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝐿𝐿
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝐿𝑁 =
√3

𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒3𝛷 = 𝑃𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒3𝛷 = 𝑄𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒3𝛷

𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒1𝛷 𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒3𝛷
𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = =
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝐿𝑁 √3 𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝐿𝐿

𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝐿𝑁 𝑉 2 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝐿𝑁 𝑉 2 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝐿𝐿

𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = = =
𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒1𝛷 𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒3𝛷

1
𝑅𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝑋𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 =
𝑌𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒

Example 3. Per-unit and actual currents in balanced three-phase networks

A balanced-Y-connected voltage source with 𝐸𝑎𝑏 = 480 ∠0 𝑉 is applied to a balanced Δ load

with 𝑍△ = 30 ∠40 Ω. The line impedance between the source and load is 𝑍𝐿 = 1 ∠85 Ω for each
phase. Calculate the per unit and actual current in phase a of the line using
𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒3𝛷 = 10 kVA and 𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝐿𝐿 = 480 𝑉

𝑉 2 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝐿𝐿 (480)2
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = = = 23.04 Ω
𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒3𝛷 10,000

The per-unit line and load impedances are

𝑍𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 10∠85
𝑍𝐿 𝑝.𝑢. = = = 0.04340∠85 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 23.04

And
𝑍𝑌 10∠40
𝑍𝑌 𝑝.𝑢. = = = 0.04340∠40 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 23.04

Also
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝐿𝐿 480
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝐿𝑁 = = = 277 𝑉
√3 √3
And

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𝐸𝑎𝑛 277∠ − 30
𝐸𝑎𝑛 𝑝.𝑢. = = = 1.0 ∠ − 30 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝐿𝑁 277

The per-unit equivalent circuit is shown below. The per-unit line current in phase a is then

Figure 4.3

𝐸𝑎𝑛 𝑝.𝑢. 1∠ − 30
𝐼𝑎 𝑝.𝑢. = = = 2.147∠ − 73.78 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑍𝐿 𝑝.𝑢. + 𝑍𝑌 𝑝.𝑢. 0.0430∠85 + 0.4340∠40

The base current is

𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒3𝛷 10,000
𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = = = 12.03 𝐴
√3 𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝐿𝐿 √3 (480)

the actual phase a line current is

𝐼𝑎 = (𝐼𝑎 𝑝.𝑢. )(𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 ) = 2.147∠ − 73.78 (12.03) = 25.83 ∠ − 73.78 𝐴

VII. LEARNING ACTIVITIES

1. A balanced Y-connected voltage source with 𝐸𝑎𝑔 = 277∠ 0 𝑉is applied to a balanced-Y
load in parallel with a balanced △ load where 𝑍𝑌 = 20 + 𝑗10 Ω 𝑍△ = 30 − 𝑗15 Ω. The Y load is
solidly grounded. Using base values of 𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒1𝛷 = 10 𝑘𝑉𝐴 and 𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝐿𝑁 = 277 𝑉 calculate the
source current 𝐼𝑎 in per-unit and in amperes.

2. Figure below shows the one line diagram of a three-phase power system. By selecting a
common base of 100 MVA and 22 kV on the generator side, draw an impedance diagram
showing all impedances including the load
impedance in per-unit. The data are given as follows:
G: 90 MVA 22 kV X= 0.18 per unit
T1: 50 MVA 22/220 kV X = 0.10 per unit
T2: 40 MVA 220/11 kV X= 0.06 per unit
T3: 40 MVA 22/110 kV X= 0.064 per unit
T4: 40 MVA 110/11 kV X= 0.08 per unit
M: 66.5 MVA 10.45 kV X= 0.185 per unit
Lines 1 and 2 have series reactances of 48.4 and 65.43 V, respectively. At bus 4, the three
phase load absorbs 57 MVA at 10.45 kV and 0.6 power factor lagging.

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 8 of 14

“ In accordance wit Section 185. Fair use of copyrighted Work of Republic Act
8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced
for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution.”
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.2: EE -1st Semester-2021-2022

Figure 4.4

3. A three-phase transformer is rated 1000 MVA, 220 Y/22 △ kV. The Y-equivalent short-circuit
impedance, considered equal to the leakage reactance, measured on the low-voltage side
is 0.1 V. Compute the per-unit reactance of the transformer. In a system in which the base
on the high-voltage side of the transformer is 100 MVA, 230 kV, what value of the per-unit
reactance should be used to represent this transformer?

4. For the system shown in the Figure, draw an impedance diagram in per unit by choosing
100 kVA to be the base kVA and 2400 V as the base voltage for the generators.

Figure 4.5

5. Draw an impedance diagram for the electric power system shown in Figure showing all
impedances in per unit on a 100 MVA base. Choose 20 kV as the voltage base for the
generator. The three phase power and line- line ratings are given as follows:

G1: 90 MVA 20 kV X= 9%
T1: 80 MVA 20/200 kV X =16%
T2: 80 MVA 200/20 kV X= 20%
G2:40 MVA 18 kV X= 9%
Line: 200 kV X= 120 Ω
Load: 200 kV X=48 MW + j64 MVAR

Figure 4.6

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 9 of 14

“ In accordance wit Section 185. Fair use of copyrighted Work of Republic Act
8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced
for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution.”
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.2: EE -1st Semester-2021-2022
VIII. EVALUATION

IX. REFERENCES

Prepared by:

JEMIMAH P. NATIVIDAD
Instructor 1

Recommending Approval:

Engr. HEHERSON ALCARAZ

Program Chair, BSEE

Approved by:

Engr. MARY B. PASION

Dean, College of Engineering

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 10 of 14

“ In accordance wit Section 185. Fair use of copyrighted Work of Republic Act
8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced
for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution.”