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Algebra
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION PRESENTATION
01 The study of algebra is
concerned with
02 The branch of Mathematics
that involves expressions
Variables. with variables is called
Algebra.
ANALYSIS CONCLUSION
03 The language of algebra is
04 Learning how to
composed of numerals,letters translate some of the
or variables, and symbols or rules in arithmetic and
signs. words into language of
algebra is so much fun!
The best dreams happen where
you are awake.
Cherie Gilderbloom
Algebraic Expressions !
The Language of Algebra
● The branch of Mathematics that involves expressions with variables
is called Algebra.
● The result of combining numbers and variables with ordinary
operations of arithmetic is called an algebraic expression or simply
expression
● Algebra is defined as a branch of mathematics which generalizes the
facts in arithmetic.
● The language of algebra is composed of:
a. Numerals
b. Letters or variables to represent the unknown
c. symbols or signs
Algebraic Expressions !
The Language of Algebra
● The language of algebra is composed of:
a. Numerals 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
b. Letters or variables to represent the unknown
A variable is a symbol which represents any number from
a given replacement set.
The replacement set is the set of values of the variable.
A constant is a symbol which has exactly one number in its
replacement set.
c. symbols or signs
a. Operational
b. Symbols of relationship
C. Symbols of grouping
There are many ways to express addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division of algebraic expressions:
Verbal phrase Algebraic translation Verbal phrase Algebraic translation

The sum of m & 8 m+8 The difference of 8 8-m

&m

10 added to c c + 10 10 subtracted from c c - 10

7 plus a 7+a 7 minus a 7-a

5 more tan t t+5 5 less than t t-5

q increased by p q+p t deceased by p t-p

11 greater than n n + 11 9 take away d 9-d

exceeds r by 20 r + 20 1000 less f 1000 - f

There are many ways to express addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division of algebraic expressions:

Verbal Algebraic Verbal Algebraic Verbal Algebraic

phrase translation phrase translation phrase translation

The product 8m The quotient 8/m P split into 4 P/4

of 8 & m of 8 & m equal parts

10 times c 10c 10 divided bt 10 / c X divided 10 / x

c into 10

twice x 2x the ratio of 7/a 10 divided q / 10

7 to a into q
 Examples:
Translation into algebraic expressions

Phrase keyword expression

9 more than a number More than n+9

14 decreased by a number Decreased by 14 - n

12 more than 5 times a number More than & times 5n + 12

A number divided by 7 divided n÷7

2 raised to a 5 raised to 2⁵
 Examples:
Algebraic expressions to verbal phrase:

expression keyword Verbal phrase

3+4 plus The sum of 3 & 4 or 3 plus

4

7-n minus 7 less than 7 or 7

decreased by n

20 ÷ 5 quotient The quotient of 20 & 5

8(4) times 8 times 4

Exercises:
Translate each into an algebraic expression. Use x to represent the unknown.
Unless otherwise specified:
1. Nine less than a certain number
2. Twelve decreased by a number
3. 15 more than the product of 9 and tne number
4. The sum of a certain number and 7 multiplied by 11
5. Five times the product of 7 and a number
6. Thrice the sum of x, y and z
7. 10 decreased by the product of c and d
8. Eleven more than the sum of x and y
9. The product of 4 and n, increased by the product of q and r
10. Twice the sum of x and y, diminished by 9
Exercises:
Translate each into an algebraic expression. Use x to represent the unknown.
Unless otherwise specified:
1. Nine less than a certain number ------- ans. x - 9
2. Twelve decreased by a number -------ans. 12 - x
3. 15 more than the product of 9 and the number ----ans. 9x + 15
4. The sum of a certain number and 7, multiplied by 11 ----ans. (x + 7)11
5. Five times the product of 7 and a number ----ans. 5( 7a)
6. Thrice the sum of x, y, and z ----ans.3(x + y +z)
7. 10 decreased by the product of c and d -----ans. cd - 10
8. Eleven more than the sum of x and y ---ans. (x + y) + 11
9. The product of 4 and n, increased by the product of q and r ---ans.4n + qr
10. Twice the sum of x and y, diminished by 9 ---ans.2(x + y) - 9
Terms to remember:
● Algebraic term - either a single number, a letter, or a product of several
numbers or letters
● Algebraic expression - a statement containing one or more terms
connected by plus or minus signs
● Factors - the numbers and symbols in a product
● Literal factor - a letter used as a factor
● Numerical coefficient - the number in a algebraic term
● Literal coefficient - a letter used to represent a number
● Exponent - a small number written to the right and slightly above another
number or letter to indicate how many times the latter is used as a factor
● Base - a number or letter which an exponent refers
● Power - the product of a number used two or more times as a factor
● Similar terms - algebraic terms that have the same literal factors and in
which each letter has the same exponent in all of the terms
● Constant - a number, letter or symbol whose value is fixed
Polynomials
 A polynomial is an algebraic expression
that represents a sum of one or more terms
containing whole number exponents on the
variables.
Examples:
8a²b 4x + 5 5x² - 3x + 4 4x + 6y - 12
Classifying Polynomials
A polynomial is an algebraic expression
that represents a sum of one or more terms
containing whole number exponents on the
variables.
The following are not polynomials:
3/x 23/a² 5x-⁴ ⎷a 3x + 5/d
Classifying Polynomials Based on the
number of terms:
● A polynomial with one term is called
monomial.
● A polynomial with two terms is called
binomial.
● A polynomial with three terms is called
trinomial.
● A polynomial with more than three
terms has no special name.
 Examples:

monomials binomials trinomials

-3x, 4xyz a+b a+b+c

3xy - 5 X² + x -7
35, 9a²b -12x - 4y +5
a⁴b²c³d -1
a
 Exercises:
A. Tell whether each expression is a polynomial:
1. -46
2. 5 + s
3. 5/x
4. ab -9
5. a -3n + 14m
6. 4x³ +6x² -7
7. ab -3b + 4
8. abcde
9. 21/x²
10. 0
B. If each expression in A is a polynomial, identify as monomial,
binomial, or trinomial.
 Exercises:
A. Tell whether each expression is a polynomial:
1. -46 polynomial, monomial
2. 5 + s polynomial, binomial
3. 5/x not a polynomial
4. ab -9 polynomial, binomial
5. a -3n + 14m polynomial, trinomial
6. 4x³ +6x² -7 polynomial, trinomial
7. ab -3b + 4 polynomial, trinomial
8. abcde polynomial, monomial
9. 21/x² not a polynomial
10. 0 polynomial, monomial
B. If each expression in A is a polynomial, identify as monomial,
binomial, or trinomial.
Classification of polynomials according to degree:
The degree of a polynomial in one variable is the
number of times that the variable occurs as the factor in
the monomial.
Example: -5ab²c³ is of degree 1 in a, degree 2 in b, and
degree 3 in c
The degree of a monomial is the total number of times
the its variable occurs as factor.
Example: -5ab²c³ is 6.
The degree of a polynomial is the greatest of the degree
of iys terms.
Example: In the polynomial a²b +a²b² - ab is 4.
Definition:
● The degree that has only one variable is the exponent of
that variable.
● The degree of a polynomial that has only one variable is
the highest power appearing in any of the terms
● The degree of a term that has more than one variable is
the sum of the exponents of the variables.
● The degree of the polynomial in more than one variable
is the highest sum of the exponents of the variables in
any of the terms.
Classifying polynomials:

Degree Example Classification

1 2x + 3y Linear polynomial

2 3x² + 2x - 3 Quadratic polynomial

3 4x³ - 2x² + x - 5 Cubic polynomial

Take note that the degree of any nonzero constant monomial is zero.
Take note:

When a polynomial is
When the polynomial written in standard
is written in form, the coefficient
descending order,it is of the first term is
in standard form. called the leading
coefficient
Take note:

The leading
Polynomials written in coefficient in example
descending order: 1 is 5, in example 2 is
1. 5x³ - 3x² +6x - 1 6 and in example 3 is
2. 6a⁴ - 5x + 7 -1.
3. -a²b² - ab -10
Terms that are exactly alike,or that are alike except for
numerical coefficients are like terms.
Examples:
4x and 7x
ab, 4ab, -2ab and 6ab
3xy, -8xy, 0.7xy and -1.5xy
-4m²n³, 7m²n³ and m²n³
If the terms differ by at least one variable, they are called
unlike terms.
Examples:
2x and 5y
ab, bc, cd, and -4
23ab² and 23a²b
 Tell whether the terms are like or
dislike:
1. 4a, 6a, 34a
2. 3xy, xy, -xy
3. -abc, -ab,- bc, -ac
4. 12a, 12b, 12c
5. 4ab, 4a² ,4ab², 4a²b²
6. a²b², -a²b, ab²
7. 3x, 3, x
8. 5x, 5y, 5z
9. ab, 6ab
10. mn, -mn
 Tell whether the terms are like or
unlike:
1. 4a, 6a, 34a like
2. 3xy, xy, -xy like
3. -abc, -ab,- bc, -ac unlike
4. 12a, 12b, 12c unlike
5. 4ab, 4a² ,4ab², 4a²b² unlike
6. a²b², -a²b, ab² unlike
7. 3x, 3, x unlike
8. 5x, 5y, 5z unlike
9. ab, 6ab like
10. mn, -mn like
Evaluating Algebraic Expressions
When a number is substituted for the variable in a
polynomial, the polynomial takes a numerical value. Finding the
value is called evaluating algebraic expression.
Examples:
Evaluate the polynomial 6x² + 3 when;
a. x = 0 b. x = -4
Solution:
a. 6(0)² + 3 = 6(0) + 3 b. 6(-4)² + 3 = 6(16) + 3
=0+3 = 96 + 3
=3 = 99
Evaluating Algebraic Expressions : more examples
Find the value of each polynomial
1. -23x if x = 5 ; -23(5) = -115
2. 3x- 6 if x = -1 ; 3(-1) - 6 = -3 - 6 =-3 +(-6) = -9
3. 3x² +4 if x = 2 ; 3(2)(2) + 4 = 12 + 4 = 16
4. ab²c if a=6, b= -1, c = -4 ; 6(-1)² (-4) = 6(1)(-4) = -24
5. 4x + 5y if x=5 and y=-5 ; 4(5) + 5(-5) = 20 + (-25)
=-5
Just for Fun!
How can you make
seven even?
Exercises:
Evaluate the following expressions
1. 5xy + 6; x = 3 & y = -3
2. a²b³; a = -2 & b = -1
3. 2(3x + 4y) ; x = 3 & y = 5
4. (a + 2b)² ; a= 5 & b = -1
5. 3( a² + 6a + 8); a = -2
Answers:
1. 5xy + 6, x = 3 & y = -3 5(3)(-3) + 6 = -45 + 6 = -39
2. a²b³; a = -2 & b = -1 (-2)(-2)(-1)(-1)(-1) =-4
3. 2(3x + 4y), x= 3 & y = 5 2[3(3) + 4(5)] =2[9 + 20] =2[29] = 58
4. (a + 2b)², a= 5 & b = -1 [5 + 2(-1)]² = [5 +(-2)]² = 3² = 9
5. 3(a² + 6a + 8), a= -2 3[(-2)(-2) +6(-2) + 8] = 3[4 +(-12) +8]
= 3[12 +(-12)]
=3[0]
=0
 USE A GRAPH TO SHOW YOUR DATA

MERCURY
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun

VENUS
Venus has a beautiful
name, but terribly hot

To modify this graph, click on it, follow the link, change the data and paste the resulting graph here
A PICTURE ALWAYS
REINFORCES THE
CONCEPT
Images reveal large amounts of
data, so remember: use an image
instead of long texts
 THESE ARE SOME PERCENTAGES

15% 45%
Neptune is the Venus is the
farthest planet second planet

20% 10%
Jupiter is the Mercury is the
biggest planet smallest planet
 YOU COULD USE SIX COLUMNS

MERCURY VENUS MARS

Mercury is the closest Venus has a beautiful Despite being red,
planet to the Sun name, but terribly hot Mars is a cold place

JUPITER SATURN NEPTUNE

It’s the biggest planet Saturn is the ringed Neptune is the farthest
in the Solar System one and a gas giant planet from the Sun
 INFOGRAPHICS MAKE YOUR IDEA
UNDERSTANDABLE…

MARS MERCURY
Despite being red, Mercury is the closest
Mars is a cold place planet to the Sun

SATURN VENUS
Saturn is composed of Venus is the second
hydrogen and helium planet from the Sun
 …AND THE SAME GOES FOR TABLES

MASS DIAMETER SURFACE GRAVITY

(EARTHS) (EARTHS) (EARTHS)

MARS 0.06 0.38 0.38

MERCURY 0.11 0.53 0.38

JUPITER 95.2 9.4 1.16

THIS IS A MAP
MERCURY
Mercury is the closest

MARS
Despite being red

VENUS
It’s the second planet
 A TIMELINE ALWAYS WORKS WELL

01 02 03 04
MARS SATURN MERCURY VENUS
Despite being Saturn is the Mercury is the Venus is the
red, Mars is a ringed one and closest planet second planet
cold place a gas giant to the Sun from the Sun
 DO YOU PREFER THIS GRAPH?

MARS
12% Despite being red
24%
MERCURY

36% It’s the closest planet

VENUS
To modify this graph, click on it, follow the link,
change the data and paste the resulting graph here It’s the second planet
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