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Formula Sheet - Math

This document provides a summary of various math formulas across several topics: 1) It outlines key number properties including prime numbers, perfect squares, LCM, and GCD. 2) It lists exponent rules and formulas for inequalities, algebra, rates, digit behavior, permutations, combinations, and probability. 3) It includes formulas and rules for geometry, coordinate geometry, trigonometry, statistics, and complex numbers.

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Devansh Sharma
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222 views3 pages

Formula Sheet - Math

This document provides a summary of various math formulas across several topics: 1) It outlines key number properties including prime numbers, perfect squares, LCM, and GCD. 2) It lists exponent rules and formulas for inequalities, algebra, rates, digit behavior, permutations, combinations, and probability. 3) It includes formulas and rules for geometry, coordinate geometry, trigonometry, statistics, and complex numbers.

Uploaded by

Devansh Sharma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATH FORMULA SHEET

NUMBER PROPERTIES

Prime Numbers: 2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29,31,37,41,43,47,53…


Perfect Squares: 1,4,9,16,25,36,49,64,81,100,121,144,169,196,225,256,289,324,361,400..
LCM: take the highest exponent for each prime factor from prime factorizations
GCD: take the lowest exponent for each prime factor from prime factorizations

EXPONENTS

ab × ac = ab + c, ab × cb = (ac)b, (ab)c = ab × c Powers of 2: 2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512,1024…


If a ≠ 0, a0 = 1, a-1 = 1 ÷ a Powers of 3: 3,9,27,81,243,729..
If m > n, am + an = an (am – n + 1) Powers of 5: 5,25,125,625…

INEQUALITIES / ABSOLUTE VALUE

Flip the inequality sign when multiplying by a negative number!


½x-a½ = x-a if x-a ≥ 0
-(x-a) if x-a < 0

ALGEBRA

x2 - y2 = (x + y)(x - y) For equation ax2 + bx + c = 0


x2 + 2xy + y2 = (x + y)2 with the roots n and m,
x2 - 2xy + y2 = (x - y)2 n + m = -b ÷ a and n × m = c ÷ a
In f(x) = a(x – h) + k, vertex = (h,k) f(x) ÷ (x – c), f(c) is the remainder
" "
In f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, vertex = [− #$ , 𝑓(− #$)] f(x) = a(b)x, a = y-intercept

RATES

Work Rate (R) = Work Done (W) ÷ Time (T)


Combined Rate = R1 + R2 + R3 + … If P = Principal amount, R = Interest rate per
Speed (S) = Distance (D) ÷ Time (T) annum, T = Time in years,
Average speed = Total Distance ÷ Total time Simple Interest = (P × R × T) ÷ 100
Relative Speed = S1 - S2 (same direction) Compound Interest =
P × [1 + (R ÷ 100)]T - P
MATH FORMULA SHEET

DIGIT BEHAVIOR & DIVISIBILITY

Units digit pattern


0 0 5 5 Divisibility by 2: units digit = 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8
1 1 6 6 Divisibility by 3: sum of digits = multiple of 3
2 2, 4, 8, 6 7 7, 9, 3, 1 Divisibility by 4: last two digits = multiple of 4
3 3, 9, 7, 1 8 8, 4, 2, 6 Divisibility by 5: units digit = 0 or 5
4 4, 6 9 9, 1 Divisibility by 6: divisible by 2 and 3
Divisibility by 8: last three digits = multiple of 8
Value of 4 digit number abcd = Divisibility by 9: sum of digits = multiple of 9
1,000 × a + 100 × b + 10 × c + 1 × d

PERMUTATIONS & COMBINATIONS & PROBABILITY


n
Number of ways of choosing r items out of n items = Cr = (n!) ÷ [(r!) × (n-r)!]
n
Number of ways of arranging r items out of n items = Pr = (n!) ÷ [(n-r)!]
If you can complete Task 1 in ‘m’ ways and Task 2 in ‘n’ ways, then
Task 1 OR Task 2 can be completed in = ‘m + n’ ways
Task 1 AND Task 2 can be completed in = ‘m × n’ ways
Number of ways of arranging k1 a’s, k2 b’s, …, kn n’s = (k1 + k2 + … + kn)! ÷ [(k1!)(k2!)…(kn!)]

GEOMETRY
Each side is less than the sum of the other two
and greater than the difference
|b – c| < a < b + c
|a – c| < b < a + c
|a – b| < c < a + b
n-sided polygon angle sum = (n – 2) × 180º
Equilateral triangle area = √𝟑 × (side)2 ÷ 4
Trapezoid area = 0.5 × height × sum of parallel
Length of arc AB = (xº/360º) × 2pr
sides
Area of sector = (xº/360º) × pr2
Rhombus area = 0.5 × diagonal1 × diagonal2
xº = 2 × αº
Pythagoras Theorem:
Angle made by a diameter on circle = 90º
Hypotenuse2 = Base2 + Perpendicular2
Tangents to a circle from the same point are
Pythagoras Triplets: (3,4,5) (5,12,13) (8,15,17)
equal and perpendicular to the radii
30:60:90 ratio 1:√3:2, 45:45:90 ratio 1:1:√2
-. .2 2-
If DABC ~ DDEF, /0 = 03 = 3/ 4
Volume of sphere = 5pr3
Volume of cuboid = lbh 6
Volume of cone = 5pr2h
Volume of cylinder = pr2h
MATH FORMULA SHEET

COORDINATE GEOMETRY

y = mx + c is the equation of a line where m is the slope and c is the y-intercept


Slope of line joining two points (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) is (y2 - y1) ÷ (x2 - x1)
Parallel lines: slopes are equal; Perpendicular lines: product of slopes = -1
𝒙 = 𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒚
Distance between two points: 7(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝟐 , Midpoint: ( 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 , 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 )
Equation of a circle: (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2, center = (h,k), radius = r

TRIGONOMETRY

$ 6
sin Ø = | cosec Ø = | sin (90 – Ø) = cos Ø | cosec (90 – Ø) = sec Ø
h ?
"
@ABØ
6
a cos Ø = ? | sec Ø = DEFØ | cos (90 – Ø) = sin Ø | sec (90 – Ø) = cosec Ø
$ 6
tan Ø = " | cot Ø = G$BØ | tan (90 – Ø) = cot Ø | cot (90 – Ø) = tan Ø
Ɵ
b
STATISTICS

Average (Mean) of n numbers = Sum ÷ n


Arithmetic Sequence: a1 = first term, d = common difference, n = number of terms
nth term = a1 + (n - 1) × d ; Sum of first ‘n’ terms = n × (a1 + an) ÷ 2
Median is the middle term (or the average of two middle terms) of a sequence
Mode is the most frequently occurring term in the sequence

COMPLEX NUMBERS

i = √−1 , i2 = -1, i3 = -i = -√−1, i4 = 1


𝑐𝑖 𝑐𝑖 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖 𝑎𝑐𝑖 + 𝑏𝑐
= × = #
𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖 𝑎 + 𝑏#

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