Explanation of presentation in Statistics

In Chapter one, we introduce the basic concepts in statistics which are the following topics that
I’m going to present but before that I will explain what statistics is all about.

 Statistics is a study of data: describing properties of data (descriptive statistics) and

 It is one of the essential and most strong math parts. Statistics is the mathematics part
which utilize to work with data organization, collection, presentation, and outline. 
 In other words, statistics is all about achieving some methods on the raw information to
make it easier to understand.
 The model of Statistics helps apply statistics scientific, industrial and social problems. 

Statistical Concepts our life is full of events and phenomena that enhance us to study
either natural or artificial phenomena could be studied using different fields one of them
is statistics. In general, statistics is a study of data: describing properties of the data,
which is called descriptive statistics, and drawing conclusions about a population of
interest from information extracted from a sample, which is called inferential statistics.

 Statistics is referred to as a methodology developed by scientists and mathematicians

 Statistics example

Let’s assume that you have ask to calculate 80 students’ average weight in your class. It is not
easy to calculate the student’s average weight manually. This is where statistics play an
essential role. To calculate the 80 students’ average weight, you can use statistics functions.
With the help of Many statistics functions you can calculate the student’s average weight.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

 The terms mean, median, mode, and range describe properties of statistical
distributions. In statistics, a distribution is the set of all possible values for terms that
represent defined events. The value of a term, when expressed as a variable, is called a
random variable.

Mean, Median, Mode will discuss in lesson 4 by another presenter. Under also of definition of
terms in basic concepts of statistics are the two major types of statistical Distributions.

 There are two major types of statistical distributions. The first type contains discrete
random variables. This means that every term has a precise, isolated numerical value.
The second major type of distribution contains a continuous random variable.
A continuous random variable is a random variable where the data can take infinitely many
values. When a term can acquire any value within an unbroken interval or span, it is called a
probability density function.

The next topic for basic concepts in statistical is the Descriptive vs Inferential Statistics.

Descriptive statistics is the branch of statistics that involves organizing, displaying, and
describing data.

Inferential statistics is the branch of statistics that involves drawing conclusions about a
population based on information contained in a sample taken from that population.

Descriptive Statistics

Descriptive statistics is the type of statistics that probably springs to most people’s minds when
they hear the word “statistics.” In this branch of statistics, the goal is to describe. Numerical
measures are used to talk about features of a set of data. There are a number of items that
belong in this portion of statistics, such as:

 The average, or measure of the center of a data set, consisting of the mean,
median, mode, or midrange
 The spread of a data set, which can be measured with the range or standard
deviation
 Overall descriptions of data such as the five number summary
 Measurements such as skewness and kurtosis
 The exploration of relationships and correlation between paired data
 The presentation of statistical results in graphical form

These measures are important and useful because they allow scientists to see patterns among
data, and thus to make sense of that data. Descriptive statistics can only be used to describe
the population or data set under study: The results cannot be generalized to any other group or
population.

Inferential Statistics

Inferential statistics are produced through complex mathematical calculations that allow
scientists to infer trends about a larger population based on a study of a sample taken from it.
Scientists use inferential statistics to examine the relationships between variables within a
sample and then make generalizations or predictions about how those variables will relate to a
larger population.

It is usually impossible to examine each member of the population individually. So, scientists
choose a representative subset of the population, called a statistical sample, and from this
analysis, they are able to say something about the population from which the sample came.
There are two major divisions of inferential statistics:
  A confidence interval gives a range of values for an unknown parameter of the
population by measuring a statistical sample. This is expressed in terms of an interval
and the degree of confidence that the parameter is within the interval.
 Tests of significance or hypothesis testing where scientists make a claim about the
population by analyzing a statistical sample. By design, there is some uncertainty in this
process. This can be expressed in terms of a level of significance.

Here are the table shown what are the difference between descriptive and inferential.

The primary difference between descriptive and inferential statistics is that descriptive statistics
measure for definitive measurement while inferential statistics note the margin of error of
research performed. You'll need to account for the deadlines you have for research and
development to choose which statistic is more viable for you.

DATA AND CATEGORIES OF DATA

There are different types of data in Statistics, that are collected, analyzed, interpreted
and presented. The data are the individual pieces of factual information recorded, and it
is used for the purpose of the analysis process. The two processes of data analysis are
interpretation and presentation. Statistics are the result of data analysis. Data
classification and data handling are important processes as it involves a multitude of
tags and labels to define the data, its integrity and confidentiality. In this reference, I’m
going to discuss some types of data in statistics in detail.

NOMINAL DATA
Nominal data is one of the types of qualitative information which helps to label the variables
without providing the numerical value. Nominal data is also called the nominal scale. It cannot
be ordered and measured. But sometimes, the data can be qualitative and quantitative.
Examples of nominal data are letters, symbols, words, gender etc.

The nominal data are examined using the grouping method. In this method, the data are
grouped into categories, and then the frequency or the percentage of the data can be
calculated. These data are visually represented using the pie charts.

ORDINAL DATA

Ordinal data/variable is a type of data that follows a natural order. The significant feature of the
nominal data is that the difference between the data values is not determined. This variable is
mostly found in surveys, finance, economics, questionnaires, and so on.

The ordinal data is commonly represented using a bar chart. These data are investigated and
interpreted through many visualization tools. The information may be expressed using tables in
which each row in the table shows the distinct category.

QUANTITATIVE OR NUMERICAL DATA

Quantitative data is also known as numerical data which represents the numerical value (i.e.,
how much, how often, how many). Numerical data gives information about the quantities of a
specific thing. Some examples of numerical data are height, length, size, weight, and so on. The
quantitative data can be classified into two different types based on the data sets. The two
different classifications of numerical data are discrete data and continuous data.

DISCRETE DATA

Discrete data can take only discrete values. Discrete information contains only a finite number
of possible values. Those values cannot be subdivided meaningfully. Here, things can be
counted in whole numbers.

CONTINUOUS DATA

Continuous data is data that can be calculated. It has an infinite number of probable values that
can be selected within a given specific range.

VARIABLE AND CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES

 Variable
A variable is simply something that can vary with time and we can measure this variation. In
other words, a variable is a characteristic or a phenomenon which is capable of being measured
and changes its value over time.

 Classification of Data

The main objective of the organization of data is to arrange the data in such a form that it
becomes fairly easy to compare and analyze. Generally, we can do this by distributing data into
various classes on the basis of some attribute or characteristic. This distribution of data into
classes is the classification of data. Further, each division of data is a class. All in all, through
the process of classification we can group and divide data into classes according to a general
attribute, which facilitates comparison and analysis.

A variable is simply something that can vary with time and we can measure this variation. In
other words, a variable is a characteristic or a phenomenon which is capable of being measured
and changes its value over time. A variable is classified into two: A discrete variable’s value
changes only in complete numbers or increases in jumps.

In addition to the types of variables, there also several ways to classify variables. Two ways to
classify variables is experimental and mathematical.

 There are the two ways to classify variables

Two ways to classify variables is experimental and mathematical.

 Experimental classification is used to classify variables by the function they serve in the
experiment. In experimental research, we have independent and dependent variables.
Independent variables are variables that are controlled by the researcher and are
believed to have an effect on the dependent variable. Dependent variables are affected
by the independent variables.
 The second type of classification is mathematical. A continuous variable is can assume
an infinite number of values. An example would be weight or height. A discrete variable
consists of a limit number of values.