CS2029-Advanced Database Technology
CS2029-Advanced Database Technology
CS2029-Advanced Database Technology
com
Star Lion College of Engineering and Technology
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and affiliated to Anna University of Technology- Chennai)
Manankorai, Thanjavur
CS2029 - ADVANCED DATABASE TECHNOLOGY
Question Bank
Two Marks Questions & Answers
1. Define DBMS
DBMS is Data Base Management System, which consists of a collection of interrelated data
and a set of programs to access those data. The collection of data is database. These are
designed to manage large bodies of information.
a. Physical level
b. Logical level
c. View level
a. The lowest level of abstraction that describes how the data is stored is physical level
data abstraction.
b. The next higher level of abstraction that describes what data are stored in the
database
and the relationship among those data is logical level data abstraction.
c. The highest level of abstraction describes only part of the entire database is view
level.
The entity relationship model is a collection of objects called entities and relationship
among those entities. An entity is awww.vidyarthiplus.com
thing or object in the real world entity.
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8. Define data model.
A collection of conceptual tools for describing data, data relationships, data semantics and
consistency constraints for underlying the structure of a database is data model.
a. Entity sets.
b. Relationship sets
c. Attributes.
The attributes that can be divided into further is simple (eg. Customer city). The
attributes that have subparts is composite attribute(eg. Customer name with first
name, middle name and last name).
a. Procedural
b. Non Procedural
It is a process of analyzing the given relation schemas based set of functional dependencies
and primary key to achieve the properties ,minimizing redundancy.
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19.Define lock.
Lock is the most common used to implement the requirement is to allow a transaction to
access a data item only if it is currently holding a lock on that item.
An integral part of a database system is a recovery scheme that can restore the database to
the consistent state that existed before the failure.
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UNIT II
a. Attribute_value skew
b. Partition skew
In Inter query parallelism, different queries or transactions execute in parallel with one
another. This form of parallelism can increase transaction throughput.
Intra query parallelism refers to the execution of a single query in parallel on multiple
processors and disks.
5. Execution of a single query can be parallelized in two ways. What are they?
Execution of the same operation in parallel on different sets of data is called data
parallism.
a. Pipelined parallelism
b. Independent parallelism
Operations in a query expression that do not depend on one another can be executed in
parallel. This form of parallelism is called independent parallelism.
9. Write some approaches for storing the relation in distributed data storage?
a. Replication
b. Fragmentation
c. Replication and fragmentation
The relation r is partitioned into a number of subsets r1,r2,…rn. Each tuple of relation r
must belong to at least one of the fragments, so that the original relation can be
reconstructed, if needed.
In its simplest form, vertical fragmentation is the same as decomposition. Each fragment ri of
r is defined by
ri=πRi (r)
we can reconstruct the relation r from the fragments by taking natural join
r=r1 r2 r3 r4 … rn
First, poor performance. Second, if the name server crashes, it may not be possible for any
site in the distributed system to continue to run.
The local transaction is those that access and update data in only one local database; the
global transaction is those that access and update data in several local database.
Failure of a site
Loss of messages
Failure of a communication link
Network partition
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18. Name some network topology.
19. What are the different ways for handling the failure?
a. Retransmission of a message.
b. Reconfigure the system.
A backup coordinator is a site that, in addition to other tasks, maintains enough information
locally to allow it to assume the role of coordinator with minimal disruption to the
distributed system. The main difference between the coordinator and its backup is that the
backup does not take any action that affects other sites.
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UNIT III
1.What are the goals of OODB?
i) To maintain direct correspondence between real world and database object, so that the
object will not loose its integrity and identity.
ii) The objects, which are complex, need not be scattered in the database, and hence to
create complex object structures.
Objects in OOPL exist only during program execution and are hence called transient
objects.
Objects in OODB can be extended, so that they can exist in permanent storage even after the
program termination. They are called persistent objects.
3. What is OID?
OO databases provide a unique system generated object-identifier (OID) for each object. Its
value is not visible to the external user and they are used to create and manage inter-object
references.
4.What are the characteristics an OID possess? (What are the properties of
OID?)
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The six type constructors are : Atom, Tuple, Array, List, Bag and Set.
Array, List, Bag and Set are called Collection types or Bulk types.
Set – The IODs for the set of objects are of same type. This does not allow duplicates.
Array - The IODs for the set of objects are single dimensional array of object identifier.
List – The list is similar to set, except that the OIDs are ordered.
Bag – Bag is also called multiset. This can also contain duplicate elements.
Two objects are said to have equal states, if their states at the atomic levels are the
same, but the values are reached through distinct objects.
Two objects are said to be in identical states, if the objects are identical even though the
objects themselves are not as they have distinct OIDs.
9. What is encapsulation?
Encapsulation is also called information hiding, which is related to the concepts of abstract
data types. This defines the behavior of a types of object based on the operation it has to
perform.
The internal structure of object is hidden and the object is accessible only through the
predefined operations.
arguments.
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Visible attributes are the attributes that may be directly accessed for reading by external
operators or by high-level query language. Hidden attributes are the attributes that are
completely encapsulated and can be only applied through predefined operations.
Object constructors are the operations, which are used to create new object. Object
destructors are used to destroy objects. The object modifiers are the operations declared
to modify various attributes of an object.
Persistent objects are the objects stored in databases that persist even after the program
termination. The techniques to create persistence objects are: Naming and reachability.
Naming mechanism involves giving an object a unique persistent name through which it can
be retrieved with this and other programs. The named persistent objects are the entry points
to the database.
The reachability mechanism works by making the object reachable from some other
persistent object. Making the object to be referenced by another persistent object B can
make an object as persistent.
The subtype is the type, which must be formed from already existing type by inheriting some of
its features. The super type is the type from which the functions are inherited.
It refers to the operation’s ability to be applied to different types of objects. The operation’s
name may refer to each distinct implementation, depending on the type of objects it is
applied to.
If the type of object to which the function is applied is not known until runtime and in this
case the function must check the type of object and then invoke the appropriate method.
This is called late binding.
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If the types of object for invoking the function is known at the compile time itself it is
said to be early binding.
The ODMG model is intended to allow portability of application among object database
products.It provides a common model for these products by defining extensions to the MNG
object model that support object database requirements.
20.What is JASMINE?
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UNIT IV
i) Data warehouse is aggregate and summarized collection of data that makes data
mining efficient.
ii) Data warehouse supports decision-making
iii) Data mining helps to extract meaningful new patterns iv)
Data mining can be applied to operational databases.
4. What are the results of data mining? Give examples for each.
i) Association rules – Whenever the customer buys a video equipment he is likely to buy
electronic gadget.
ii) Sequential Patterns – If a customer buys camera, with in three months he will buy
photographic accessories.
iii) Classification trees – Customers of a supermarket can be classified based on the
frequency of visits.
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7. What are the ways to represent knowledge extracted during data mining?
i) Association rules
ii) Classification hierarchies
iii) Sequential patterns
iv) Patterns with in time series
v) Categorization and Segmentation .
Association rules is the result of data mining. Association rule is of the form X=>Y. If
customer buys X, he/She is likely to buy Y.
i) The relationship between item sets is very large and the volume of transaction is very high
as well.
ii) Transactions show variations based on the factors like geographic locations, seasons and
make sampling difficult.
iii) Item classifications exist along multiple dimensions
iv) Quality of data is variable.
Clustering is the data mining technique, that is directed towards goals of identification and
classification. It identifies the finite set of categories or clusters to which each data object
can be mapped.
i) Marketing
ii) Finance
iii) Manufacturing
iv) Health care
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(OR)
The goal of data warehouse is to provide access to data for complex analysis, knowledge
discovery and decision-making. They also support OLAP, DSS and Data mining.
OLAP- It has distributed computing capabilities, that require more storage and
processing power and help in analysis of Complex Data.
DSS-They support Organization’s decision makers with higher level data for complex and
more important decisions.
Data mining- Used for Knowledge discovery, process of searching data for new
knowledge.
18. What are the differences between relational databases and data warehouse?
i) Relational databases support insertions and updates, while Data warehouse support
extraction, Processing, Analysis and decision-making.
ii) Relational database data may be distributed, while data warehouse is integrated data
from multiple sources.
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20. What are the differences between transactional databases and data
warehouse?
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UNIT V
1. List the types of spatial queries?
Persistence
Privacy
Integrity control
Recovery
Query support.
Size
Capture Methods
Time constraint
Querying.
K-D trees
Quad trees
R-tree
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10. What is active-DBMS?
An active database is a database in which some operations are automatically executed once
a given situation arises.
The situation may correspond to the fact that
-some specified events arise
-Specific condition or state transtitions are detected.
DROP TRIGGERNAME
14.Define facts?
15.Definr Rules.
16.What is predicate?
A knowledge base is aspecial kind of database for knowledge management providing the
means for the computerized collection.organization and retrieval of knowledge.
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16 Marks Questions
UNIT I
1. Construct an E-R diagram for a hospital with a set of patients and a set of
medical doctors. Associate with each patient a log of the various tests and
examination conducted.
UNIT II
UNIT III
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UNIT V
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