ICS 104 - Introduction to Programming in Python and C

Overview of C Language
Reading Assignment
Chapter 2: Sections 1-6.
Chapter 3: Section 1.
Chapter 4: Sections 1-4 and 7.
Chapter 5: Sections 1-8.

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Learning Outcomes
After going through these chapters, it is expected that we

become familiar with the general form of a **C program** and the basic elements in
a program.
understand the use of data types and the differences between the data types int,
double and char.
learn how C evaluates arithmetic expressions and how to write them in C.
develop C code using Control structures, conditions, relational and logic
operators.
develop C code using The while, for and do-while loops.

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Why Learn C?
Many companies and software projects do their programming in C.
C Produces optimized programs that run fast.
Low-Level access to computer memory via pointers.
Can be complied to run on a variety of computers.

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C Language Elements - Example
We will use the online C compiler in https://www.onlinegdb.com/online_c_compiler
(https://www.onlinegdb.com/online_c_compiler)

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/
/*

* Converts distances from miles to kilometers.

*/

#include <stdio.h> /* printf, scanf definitions */

#define KMS_PER_MILE 1.609 /* conversion constant */

int

main(void)

double miles, /* distance in miles */

kms; /* equivalent distance in kilometers */

/* Get the distance in miles. */

printf("Enter the distance in miles> ");

scanf("%lf", &miles);

/* Convert the distance to kilometers. */

kms = KMS_PER_MILE * miles;

/* Display the distance in kilometers. */

/
printf("That equals %f kilometers.\n", kms);
 return (0);

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Preprocessor Directives
The C program has two parts:
preprocessor directives; and
the main function

The preprocessor directives are commands that give instructions to the C

preprocessor, whose job it is to modify the text of a C program before it is compiled.
A preprocessor directive begins with a number symbol (#) as its rst nonblank
character.
The two most common directives appearing in the previous gure are:
#include
#define.

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The C language explicitly de nes only a small number of operations: Many actions
that are necessary in a computer program are not de ned directly by C.
Instead, every C implementation contains collections of useful functions and
symbols called libraries.
The ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standard for C requires that
certain standard libraries be provided in every ANSI C implementation.
A C system may expand the number of operations available by supplying additional
libraries; an individual programmer can also create libraries of functions.
Each library has a standard header le whose name ends with the symbols .h.

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The #include directive gives a program access to a library.

This directive causes the preprocessor to insert de nitions from a standard header
le into a program before compilation. The directive

#include <stdio.h> /*printf, scanf definitions*/

It noti es the preprocessor that some names used in the program (such as scanf
and printf ) are found in the standard header le <stdio.h> .

The other preprocessor directive

#define KMS_PER_MILE 1.609 /*conversion constant*/
associates the constant macro KMS_PER_MILE with the meaning 1.609. This
directive instructs the preprocessor to replace each occurrence of KMS_PER_MILE
in the text of the C program by 1.609 before compilation begins.

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Syntax Displays for Preprocessor Directives

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/
Function main

int main(void) marks the beginning of the main function where program execution
begins.
Every C program has a main function.
Braces { and } mark the beginning and end of the body of function main.
A function body has two parts:
Declarations - tell the compiler what memory cells are needed in the
function
Executable statements - (derived from the algorithm) are translated into
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machine language and later executed by the computer
Reserved Words
A word that has special meaning to C and can not be used for other purposes.
These are words that C reserves for its own uses
Built-in Types: int, double, char, void, etc.
Control ow: if, else, for, while, return, etc.
Always lower case.

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Standard Identi ers
Standard identi er is a word having special meaning but one that a programmer
may rede ne
But rede nition is not recommended.
Examples:
printf, scanf
For example, if you de ne your own function printf, then you cannot use the C
library function printf.

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User-De ned Identi ers
We choose our own identi ers to
Name memory cells that will hold data and program results
Name functions that we de ne
Rules for Naming Identi ers:
An identi er consists only of letters, digits, and underscores
An identi er cannot begin with a digit
A C reserved word cannot be used as an identi er
A standard C identi er should not be rede ned
Examples of Valid identi ers:
letter1, inches, KM_PER_MILE
Examples of Invalid identi ers:
1letter, Happy$trout, return

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 Hello World! Example
In [ ]: #include <stdio.h>
int main() {
// printf() displays the string inside quotation
printf("Hello, World!");
return 0;
}

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Key Points for Python Programmers
The rst thing a Python programmer notices is signi cant overhead to simply print
a string.
The #include works like import in Python (not really, but the analogy works for
now) so in this case the input/output stream library is brought in.
The int main() begins the declaration of the main function, which in C indicates
the rst function to be executed, i.e. "begin here". In Python, main was the start of
the program by convention only.
The curly braces { and } delimit the beginning and end of a block of code (compound
statement), in this case the beginning and end of the function main. Python
identi es blocks through indentation.

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Variable Declarations
Variables: The memory cells used for storing a program’s input data and its
computational results
The Value of a Variable can change at runtime
Variable declarations: Statements that communicate to the compiler the names of
variables in the program and the type of data they can store.
Examples:
double miles, kms;
int count, large;
char answer;
C requires that you declare every variable in the program.

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/
Key Points for Python Programmers
In C, all variables must be declared before use.
Python gures out types based on the objects you assign names to, but C wants to
know up front.
Python allows names to refer to different types of objects while the program is
running; in C the type remains xed.

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Data Types
Data Types: a set of values and a set of operations that can be performed on those
values
int: Stores signed integer values: whole numbers -Examples: 65, -12345
double: Stores real numbers that use a decimal point
Examples: 3.14159 or 1.23e5 (which equals 123000.0)

Key Points for Python Programmers

Some C types are similar:
int, oat, string
Data type char is different:

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Data Type char
char represents an individual character value
a letter, a digit or a special symbol.
Each value of type char is enclosed in apostrophes (single quotes):
For example, 'A','z', ':'

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ASCII code: a particular code that speci es the integer representing each char
value.

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Input/Output Operations and Functions
Input operation: data transfer from the outside world into computer memory
Output operation: program results can be displayed to the program user
Input/Output functions: special program units that do all input/output operations
printf : output function
scanf : input function
Function call: used to call or activate a function
Asking another piece of code to do some work for you

Output: That equals 16.090000 Kilometers.

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Placeholders
Placeholders always begin with the symbol %
% marks the place in a format string where a value will be printed out or
will be read
Format strings can have multiple placeholders, if you are printing multiple values

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The scanf Function

The & is the address (reference) operator. It tells scanf the address of variable miles
in memory.
The reason is that parameters in function calls in C are all called by value.
Exactly like Python.
When user inputs a value, it is stored in miles.
The placeholder %lf tells scanf the type of data to store into variable miles.

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Arithmetic Expressions
To solve most programming problems, you need to write arithmetic expressions
that compute data of type int and double (and sometimes char)
Arithmetic expressions contain variables, constants, function calls, arithmetic
operators, as well as sub-expressions written within parentheses.

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/
Data Type of an Expression
What is the type of expression x+y when x and y are both of type int?
(answer: type of x+y is int)
The data type of an expression depends on the type(s) of its operands
If both are of type int, then the expression is of type int.
If either one or both operands are of type double, then the expression is of
type double.
An expression that has mixed operands of type int and double is a mixed-type
expression.

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Mixed-Type Assignment Statement
The expression being evaluated and the variable to which it is assigned have
different data types
The expression is rst evaluated; then the result is assigned to the variable to the
left side of = operator
Example: what is the value of y = 5/2 when y is of type double? (answer:
5/2 is 2; y = 2.0)
Warning: assignment of a type double expression to a type int variable causes the
fractional part of the expression to be lost.
Example: what is the type of the assignment y = 5.0 / 2.0 when y is of type
int? (answer: 5.0/2.0 is 2.5; y = 2 )

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Type Conversions Through CASTS
C allows the programmer to convert the type of an expression by placing the
desired type in parentheses before the expression.
This operation is called a type cast.
(double)5 / (double)2 is the double value 2.5
(int)(9 * 0.5) is the int value 4
When casting from double to int, the decimal fraction is truncated (NOT rounded).

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/* Computes a test average */

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)

int total; /* total score */

int students; /* number of students */

double average; /* average score */

printf("Enter total students score> ");

scanf("%d", &total);

printf("Enter number of students> ");

scanf("%d", &students);

average = (double) total / (double) students;

printf("Average score is %.2f\n", average);

return 0;
}

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Expression with Multiple Operators
Operators are of two types: unary and binary
Unary operators take only one operand
Unary minus (-) and Unary plus (+) operators
Binary operators take two operands
Examples: addition (+), subtraction (–), multiplication (*), division (/) and
integer remainder (%) operators
A single expression could have multiple operators
Example: -a + b*c – d/2

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Rules for Evaluating Expressions
Parentheses rule - All expressions in parentheses must be evaluated separately.
Nested parenthesized expressions must be evaluated from the inside out,
with the innermost expression evaluated rst.
Operator precedence rule – Multiple operators in the same expression are
evaluated in the following order:
First: unary +, –
Second: *, /, %
Third: binary +, –
Associativity rule
Unary operators in the same subexpression and at the same precedence
level are evaluated right to left
Binary operators in the same subexpression and at the same precedence
level are evaluated left to right

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Step-By-Step Expression Evaluation

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/
Key Points for Python Programmers
Arithmetic expression in C are similar to Python:
+,-,*,/,%
+=, -=,*=,/=

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Selection Structure
In C, selection structures are similar to those in Python, but
parentheses are required around the expression,
semi-colon is required, if the body of the if is a single statement, and
indentation is not required, but highly recommended.

if ( <condition> )

statement;

if ( <condition> ) {

statement1;

statement2;

...

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 For example,

Key Points for Python Programmers

Like Python, C allows an "else" clause:

Key Points for Python Programmers

C does not have the "elif" keyword. Instead, you must use "else if".

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Key Points for Python Programmers
Python uses indentation to indicate a block of statement(s).
C uses curly braces, { and } to delimit blocks of statements.
Indentation is highly recommended.
For example:

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Key Points for Python Programmers

Examples of Relational and Equality Operators

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Note: In the C Language,
There is no Boolean type. Results of logical expressions are either zero (false) or
one (true).
Any nonzero value is considered to be true. For example:

/* true vs. false */

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)

if (1+2)

printf("1 + 2 is true. The value of the condition 1 + 2 == 3 is %d", 1+2 == 3);

if (1-1)

printf("I should not see this printf statement, since the value is 0");

return 0;

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/
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Student Activity
Do You Remember This Example?

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Develop its implementation in C.

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#include <stdio.h>

#define RATE1 0.10

#define RATE2 0.25

#define RATE1_SINGLE_LIMIT 32000.0

#define RATE1_MARRIED_LIMIT 64000.0

int main() {

double income;

char maritalStatus;

double tax1, tax2;

double totalTax;

/* read income and marital status */

printf("Please enter your income: ");

scanf("%lf", &income);

printf("Please enter s for single, m for married: ");

scanf(" %c", &maritalStatus);

/* The space before %c is to consume any whitespace before reading the character */

/
/* Compute taxes due */
 tax1 = 0;

tax2 = 0;

/* Enter the if statement[s] here */

totalTax = tax1 + tax2;

printf("The tax is $%.2f\n",totalTax);

return 0;

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Loops

While loop
The C while loop will be familiar to you, and shares the same syntax rules with the
C if statement:
Parentheses are required for the expression.
Curly braces delimit a block (required for compound statements)
For example,

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Example

#include <stdio.h>

int

main(void)

double total_pay; /* company payroll */

int count_emp; /* current employee */

int number_emp; /* number of employees */

double hours; /* hours worked */

double rate; /* hourly rate */

double pay; /* pay for this period */

/* Get number of employees. */

printf("Enter number of employees> ");

scanf("%d", &number_emp);

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 /* Compute each employee's pay and add it to the payroll. */

total_pay = 0.0;

count_emp = 0;

while (count_emp < number_emp) {

printf("Hours> ");

scanf("%lf", &hours);

printf("Rate > $");

scanf("%lf", &rate);

pay = hours * rate;

printf("Pay is $%6.2f\n\n", pay);

total_pay = total_pay + pay; /* Add next pay. */

count_emp = count_emp + 1;

printf("All employees processed\n");

printf("Total payroll is $%8.2f\n", total_pay);

return (0);

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 For Loop
The "for" loop in C is quite different from Python.

In [ ]: for x in range(5):
print("Inside the loop, x =",x)
print("Outside the loop, x =",x)

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

int x;

for (x=0; x <= 4; x++)

printf("Inside the for loop, x = %d\n", x);

printf("Outside the for loop, x = %d\n", x);

return 0;

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Program Style - Formatting the for Statement
For clarity, we usually place each expression of the for heading on a separate line.
If all three expressions are very short, we may place them together on one line.
For example,

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/* Compute the payroll for a company */

#include <stdio.h>

int

main(void)

double total_pay; /* company payroll */

int count_emp; /* current employee */

int number_emp; /* number of employees */

double hours; /* hours worked */

double rate; /* hourly rate */

double pay; /* pay for this period */

/* Get number of employees. */

printf("Enter number of employees> ");

scanf("%d", &number_emp);

/* Compute each employee's pay and add it to the payroll. */

total_pay = 0.0;

for (count_emp = 0; /* initialization */ /

 count_emp < number_emp; /* loop repetition condition */

count_emp += 1) { /* update */

printf("Hours> ");

scanf("%lf", &hours);

printf("Rate > $");

scanf("%lf", &rate);

pay = hours * rate;

printf("Pay is $%6.2f\n\n", pay);

total_pay = total_pay + pay; /* Add next pay. */

printf("All employees processed\n");

printf("Total payroll is $%8.2f\n", total_pay);

return (0);

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Increment and Decrement Operators
The for loops examples we have seen all included assignment expression of the
form

The increment operator ++ takes a single variable as its operand.

The side effect of applying the ++ operator is that the value of its operand is
incremented by one.
Frequently, ++ is used just for this side effect, as in the following loop in which the
variable counter is to run from 0 up to limit:

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The value of the expression in which the ++ operator is used depends on the
position of the operator.
When the ++ is placed immediately in front of its operand (pre x increment), the
value of the expression is the variable’s value after incrementing.
When the ++ comes immediately after the operand (post x increment), the
expression’s value is the value of the variable before it is incremented.
Compare the action of the two code segments in following gure, given an initial
value of 2 in i.

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 C also provides a decrement operator that can be used in either the pre x or post x
position.
For example, if the initial value of n is 4

prints

3 3

prints

4 3

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Example
Function factorial computes the factorial of an integer represented by the formal
parameter n.
The loop body executes for decreasing values of i from n through 2, and each value
of i is incorporated in the accumulating product.
Loop exit occurs when i is 1.

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/
#include <stdio.h>

int factorial (int n) ; /* function prototype (declaration) */

int

main(void)

int x, fact_x;

printf("Enter the value of x: ");

scanf("%d", &x);

fact_x = factorial(x);

printf("The factorial of %d = %d\n", x, fact_x);

return (0);

/*

* Computes n!

* Pre: n is greater than or equal to zero

/
*/
int

factorial(int n)

int i, /* local variables */

product; /* accumulator for product computation */

product = 1;

/* Computes the product n x (n-1) x (n-2) x . . . x 2 x 1 */

for (i = n; i > 1; --i) {

product = product * i;

/* Returns function result */

return (product);

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Nested Loops
Consist of an outer loop with one or more inner loops.
Each time the outer loop is repeated, the inner loop are reentered and executed.
Example

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#include <stdio.h>

void stars (int n); /* Function prototype (declaration) */

int

main(void)

int x;

printf("Enter the maximum number of stars: ");

scanf("%d", &x);

printf("\nThe result of stars(%d) is:\n", x);

stars(x);

return (0);

void stars (int n) {

int i, j;

for (i=1; i<=n; i++) { /

 for (j=1; j<=i; j++) {

printf("*");

printf("\n");

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The do-while Statement
The for and while statements evaluate the loop condition before the execution of
the loop body The do-while statement evaluates the loop condition after the
execution of the loop body Syntax:

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/
Using do-while to Repeat Program
#include <stdio.h>

int

main(void)

char ch;

ch = 'y'; /* User response [y/n] */

do {

printf("%c\n", ch); /* display character */

printf("Repeat again [y/n]? ");

scanf(" %c",&ch); /* read character */

} while (ch=='y' || ch == 'Y');

return (0);