Transportation Research Procedia

Volume 15, 2016, Pages 26–35

ISEHP 2016. International Symposium on Enhancing Highway

Performance

7KHQHZ*HUPDQ+LJKZD\&DSDFLW\0DQXDO
+%6
.HUVWLQ/HPNH
)HGHUDO+LJKZD\5HVHDUFK,QVWLWXWH%$6W%HUJLVFK*ODGEDFK*HUPDQ\
OHPNH#EDVWGH


$EVWUDFW
:LWK WKH LQWURGXFWLRQ RI WKH *HUPDQ +LJKZD\ &DSDFLW\ 0DQXDO +%6 LQ -DQXDU\  )*69
DOOPHWKRGVIRUWKHHYDOXDWLRQRIWKHSHUIRUPDQFHRIKLJKZD\IDFLOLWLHVZHUHIRUWKHILUVWWLPH
LQ *HUPDQ\ VLPXOWDQHRXVO\ XSGDWHG DQG FRQVROLGDWHG LQ D VLQJOH ZRUN IROORZLQJ WKH LGHDV RI WKH
$PHULFDQ+LJKZD\&DSDFLW\0DQXDO+&07KLVSDSHUJLYHVDQRYHUYLHZRIWKHQHZHGLWLRQ
RIWKH *HUPDQ +%6 DQG GHVFULEHV WKH FKDQJHV DV IRU H[DPSOHWKH DGGLWLRQ RI FKDSWHUV IRU IUHHZD\
UXUDOURDGVDQGPDMRUXUEDQVWUHHWIDFLOLWLHVFRPSULVLQJVHJPHQWVDQGLQWHUVHFWLRQV

.H\ZRUGV&DSDFLW\$QDO\VLV/HYHORI6HUYLFH&RQFHSWV3UHOLPLQDU\(QJLQHHULQJ

 6WDQGLQJRIWKH+%6LQ*HUPDQ\
,Q *HUPDQ\ LQ WKH SDVW WKH HYDOXDWLRQ RI WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RI KLJKZD\ IDFLOLWLHV ZDV EDVHG RQ
PHWKRGV WKDW ZHUH VHW RXW LQD QXPEHU RI GLIIHUHQW WHFKQLFDO UHJXODWLRQV DQGWKXV UHIOHFWHG GLIIHUHQW
VWDWHVRIWKHDUW :LWKWKHLQWURGXFWLRQRIWKH*HUPDQ+LJKZD\ &DSDFLW\ 0DQXDO+DQGEXFKIUGLH
%HPHVVXQJYRQ6WUD‰HQYHUNHKUVDQODJHQ+%6LQ-DQXDU\)*69DOOPHWKRGVZHUHIRU
WKHILUVWWLPHLQ*HUPDQ\VLPXOWDQHRXVO\XSGDWHGDQGFRQVROLGDWHGLQDVLQJOHZRUN)ROORZLQJWKH
FRQFHSWVRIWKH$PHULFDQ+LJKZD\&DSDFLW\0DQXDO+&0WKH+%6UDWHVWKHOHYHORIVHUYLFH/26
XVLQJVL[/26IURP$WR)
7KHEDVLVIRUWKHILUVWPDQXDOIRUPHGWKHUHVHDUFKUHSRUWIURP%ULORQ*UR‰PDQQ%ODQNH
ZKLFKDOWKRXJKQRWDSSURYHGE\DQ\FRPPLWWHHZDVXVHGE\SUDFWLWLRQHUVIRUSURMHFWGHVLJQ%HLQJ
DZDUH RI WKH SUDFWLFDO QHHGVD FRPPLWWHH ZDVVHW XS ZLWKLQ WKH )RUVFKXQJVJHVHOOVFKDIWIU 6WUD‰HQ
XQG9HUNHKUVZHVHQ)*695RDGDQG7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ5HVHDUFK$VVRFLDWLRQWKH*HUPDQFRXQWHUSDUW
RIWKH7UDQVSRUWDWLRQUHVHDUFK%RDUG75%,QWKH)*69UHSUHVHQWDWLYHVRIWKHIHGHUDOJRYHUQPHQW
WKHIHGHUDOVWDWHVDQGORFDODXWKRULWLHVLQVWLWXWLRQVRIKLJKHUHGXFDWLRQDQGHQJLQHHULQJFRQVXOWDQFLHV
ZRUN LQ DQ XQSDLG FDSDFLW\ RQ VHWV RI UHJXODWLRQV DQG WHFKQLFDO VWDQGDUGV LQ WKH ILHOG RI URDGV DQG
WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ 7KLV UHVSRQVLEOH FRPPLWWHH ILQDOO\ DSSURYHG WKH ILUVW *HUPDQ +LJKZD\ &DSDFLW\
0DQXDOLQ

26 Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Programme Committee of ISEHP 2016
 c The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
doi:10.1016/j.trpro.2016.06.003
The new German Highway Capacity Manual (HBS 2015) K. Lemke

,QWKH ODVW GHFDGHWKH +%6 EHFDPH RQH RI WKH PRVWVXFFHVVIXO JXLGHOLQHV IURP )*69,WV PDLQ
DSSOLFDWLRQOLHVDWWKH VWDJHRI SODQQLQJDQGSUHOLPLQDU\HQJLQHHULQJLQWKH ILHOGRIGHVLJQ DSSURYDO
DQVZHULQJ WKH TXHVWLRQ LI WKH GHVLJQ RI D IXWXUH RU UHEXLOW IDFLOLW\ ZLOO EH DEOH WR FRSH ZLWK WKH
H[SHFWHGGHPDQGZLWKLQDQDFFHSWDEOH/267KHDSSOLFDWLRQRIWKH+%6LVPDQGDWRU\IRUDQ\SURMHFW
ZLWKLQWKHIHGHUDOIUHHZD\DQGIHGHUDOKLJKZD\QHWZRUN7KHUHIRUHWKH)HGHUDO0LQLVWU\RI7UDQVSRUW
DV ZHOO DV WKH VXEVHTXHQW )HGHUDO +LJKZD\ 5HVHDUFK ,QVWLWXWH %$6W FORVHO\ FRRSHUDWHV ZLWK WKH
)*69 FRPPLWWHHV ZKHUHWHFKQLFDO VWDQGDUGV DQG JXLGHOLQHV DUH GHYHORSHG ZKLFK FDQEH DSSOLHG RQ
IHGHUDO WUXQN URDGV 7KLV XVXDOO\ DSSOLHV IRU VRFDOOHG VW FDWHJRU\ UHJXODWLRQV 5 :KHQ VXFK D
JXLGHOLQHKDVEHLQJGUDIWHGWKH)HGHUDO0LQLVWU\RI7UDQVSRUWVHQGVWKHGUDIWIRUFRPPHQWVWRWKH
IHGHUDO VWDWHV%XQGHVOlQGHU ZKLFK RQ EHKDOI RI DQG ILQDQFHG E\ WKH IHGHUDO JRYHUQPHQW FRQVWUXFW
PDLQWDLQDQGPDQDJHWKHIHGHUDOWUXQNURDGQHWZRUN$IWHUZDUGVWKHGUDIWRIWKHJXLGHOLQHLVUHYLVHG
FRQVLGHULQJWKHUHPDUNVDQGFRPPHQWVIURPWKHIHGHUDOVWDWHVLIQHFHVVDU\RUDSSURSULDWHDQGILQDOO\
DSSURYHG E\ WKH UHVSRQVLEOH FRPPLWWHH 7KH DGRSWLRQ E\ WKH )HGHUDO 0LQLVWU\ RI 7UDQVSRUW IRU WKH
IHGHUDO WUXQN URDGV LV DFFRPSOLVKHG E\ D VRFDOOHG $OOJHPHLQHV 5XQGVFKUHLEHQ 6WUD‰HQEDX $56
*HQHUDO &LUFXODU 5RDG &RQVWUXFWLRQ ZKLFK LV D NLQG RI OHWWHU WR WKH IHGHUDO VWDWHV DVNLQJ WKHP WR
DSSO\ WKH FRUUHVSRQGLQJ JXLGHOLQH 7KH  HGLWLRQ RI WKH +%6 HJ ZDV LQWURGXFHG E\ $56 1R
7KH$56LVXVXDOO\LQWHJUDWHGRQJUHHQSDJHVLQWRWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJJXLGHOLQHULJKWDIWHUWKH
WLWOH7KHUHIRUHWKHWHFKQLFDOJXLGHOLQHDQGWKHFRPPLWPHQWRIWKH)HGHUDO0LQLVWU\RI7UDQVSRUWIRUP
DXQLW)XUWKHUPRUHWKHIHGHUDOPLQLVWU\XVXDOO\UHFRPPHQGVWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRIWKHJXLGHOLQHWRRWKHU
URDGDXWKRULWLHVDQGWKHURDGQHWZRUNLQWKHLUUHVSRQVLELOLW\VXFKDVIHGHUDOVWDWHDQGGLVWULFWURDGV
'HVSLWH ORQJWHUP SROLWLFDO GLVFXVVLRQV XS WR QRZ WKHUH LV QR IHGHUDO KLJKZD\ DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ LQ
*HUPDQ\ $IWHU WKH *HUPDQ UHXQLILFDWLRQ LQ  WKH 'HXWVFKH (LQKHLW )HUQVWUD‰HQSODQXQJV
XQG EDX *PE+ '(*(6 *HUPDQ 8QLW\ PRWRUZD\ SODQQLQJ DQG FRQVWUXFWLRQ FRPSDQ\ ZDV
IRXQGHGLQZLWKWKHWDVNWRVXSSRUWWKHQHZHDVWHUQIHGHUDOVWDWHVLQUHFRQVWUXFWLQJWKHLUIHGHUDO
IUHHZD\ QHWZRUN DV TXLFNO\ DV SRVVLEOH '(*(6 QRZDGD\V VHUYHV DV FHQWUDO SODQQLQJ GHVLJQ DQG
FRQVWUXFWLRQVHUYLFHSURYLGHUIRUQRWRQO\WKHILYHQHZIHGHUDOVWDWHVEXWIRUDWRWDORIIHGHUDOVWDWHV
LQ*HUPDQ\ZKLFKDUHVKDUHKROGHUVRIWKH'(*(6,QRUGHUWRIXQGFRQVWUXFWLRQZRUNVLQWKHIHGHUDO
WUXQNURDGQHWZRUNDKHDY\JRRGVYHKLFOHV+*9WROOV\VWHPZDVLQWURGXFHGLQ7KH9HUNHKUV
LQIUDVWUXNWXUILQDQ]LHUXQJVJHVHOOVFKDIW PE+ 9,)* $VVRFLDWLRQ IRU 7UDQVSRUW ,QIUDVWUXFWXUH
)LQDQFLQJ/WGZDVIRXQGHGWRFUHDWHDQLQVWLWXWLRQDOIUDPHZRUNIRUWKHFROOHFWLRQDQGDOORFDWLRQRI
WKHWUXFNWROO,WQRZDOVRVHUYHVWRPDQDJH3XEOLF3ULYDWH3DUWQHUVKLSV333SURMHFWV
7KHKLJKO\HIILFLHQW*HUPDQWUXQNURDGQHWZRUNFXUUHQWO\FRPSULVHVDURXQGNPRIIHGHUDO
IUHHZD\VDQGDOPRVWNPRIIHGHUDOKLJKZD\VPDNLQJLWRQHRIWKHGHQVHVWWUXQNURDGQHWZRUNV
LQ (XURSH 7RJHWKHU ZLWK  NP RI IHGHUDO VWDWH DQG DOPRVW  NP RI GLVWULFW URDGV WKH
KLJKZD\QHWZRUNRILQWHUVWDWHWUDIILFFRPSULVHVDWRWDORINP,QWKHDYHUDJHGDLO\WUDIILF
$'7RQIHGHUDOIUHHZD\VZDVPRWRUYHKLFOHVKZLWKDQ+*9VKDUHRIDURXQG2Q
IHGHUDOKLJKZD\VRXWVLGHEXLOWXSDUHDVWKH$'7ZDVDURXQGPRWRUYHKLFOHVKZLWKDQ+*9
VKDUHRIDURXQG

 3ULQFLSOHVRI+%6
7KHILUVWHGLWLRQRIWKH+%6KDVEHHQIXQGDPHQWDOO\UHYLVHGDQGH[WHQGHGZLWKLQWKH)*69E\WKH
KLJKZD\ FDSDFLW\ DQG TXDOLW\ RI VHUYLFH FRPPLWWHH . $ WRWDO RI  ZRUNLQJ JURXSV KDYH EHHQ
IRUPHG WR DGGUHVV WKH YDULRXV WKHPDWLF DUHDV ZLWKLQ WKH +%6 ZLWK HDFK JURXS GHYHORSLQJ GUDIW
FKDSWHUV7KHUHYLVLRQZDVEDVHGRQWKHOHVVRQVOHDUQHGVRIDULQWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRIWKHFXUUHQW+%6
DQGQXPHURXVUHVHDUFKSURMHFWVWKDWKDYHVLQFHEHHQFRQFOXGHGRUDUHVWLOORQJRLQJVHHUHIHUHQFHV
7KLVPDGHLWSRVVLEOHWRILOOQXPHURXVJDSVLQWKHFXUUHQW+%6UHJDUGLQJPLVVLQJFURVVVHFWLRQVDQG
LQWHUVHFWLRQW\SHV

27

The new German Highway Capacity Manual (HBS 2015) K. Lemke

7KH +%6 IROORZVWKHLGHDRIWKH$PHULFDQ+LJKZD\ &DSDFLW\0DQXDO+&07KHREMHFWLYHRI

WKH +%6 LVWR IDFLOLWDWH DQ DVVHVVPHQW ± FRPSDUDEOH IRU GLIIHUHQWW\SHV RI KLJKZD\ IDFLOLW\ ± RI WKH
WUDIILFIORZIURPWKHSHUVSHFWLYHRIWKHXVHU/LNHWKH$PHULFDQ+&0WKH+%6UDWHVWKH/26XVLQJ
VL[JUDGHV±$WR)7KHFDSDFLW\RIDQ\JLYHQIDFLOLW\LVLQJHQHUDORQWKHERUGHUOLQHEHWZHHQJUDGHV(
DQG ) 7KH +%6 LWVHOI GRHV QRW VWLSXODWH D JUDGH WR EH DLPHG DW 7KLV LV WKH UHVSRQVLELOLW\ RI WKH
DXWKRULW\ UHVSRQVLEOH IRU FRQVWUXFWLRQ DQG PDLQWHQDQFH )RU WKH IHGHUDO WUXQN URDGV WKH )HGHUDO
0LQLVWU\ RI 7UDQVSRUW IL[HG ZLWK $56 1R  %09%6  IRU WKH  HGLWLRQ DQG ZLWK
$561R%09,IRUWKHHGLWLRQWKDWIDFLOLWLHVVKRXOGEHGHVLJQHGWRJUDGH',ID
JUDGHVLJQLILFDQWO\EHWWHUWKDQ'LVLGHQWLILHGWKHDVVHVVPHQWPXVWDOVRH[SODLQZK\JUDGH'FDQQRWEH
DFKLHYHGZLWKDVPDOOHUIDFLOLW\
)RU DOO PRWRU WUDIILF IDFLOLWLHV WKH DVVHVVPHQW LV SHUIRUPHG IRU D WUDIILF GHPDQG GHHPHG WR EH
DXWKRULWDWLYHLQWKHIRUPRIDQKRXUO\WUDIILFYROXPH:LWKWKHLQWURGXFWLRQRIWKH+%6LQWKH
FRQFHSWRIWKHQWKKLJKHVWKRXUZDVLQWURGXFHGIRUWKHILUVWWLPHIRUDOOGHVLJQPHWKRGV7KLVDFFHSWV
WKDW WKH KLJKZD\ IDFLOLW\ PD\ EH FRQJHVWHG IRU XS WR Q KRXUV RI D \HDU DQG IRU WKLV UHDVRQ WKH
GHVLUHG/26FDQQRWEHDFKLHYHG,QWKHFDVHRIWKHORZHUWUDIILFGHPDQGGXULQJWKHRWKHUKRXUVRQWKH
RWKHUKDQGWKHKLJKZD\IDFLOLW\LVQRWFRQJHVWHGDQGRSHUDWHVDWOHDVWDWWKH/26UHTXLUHG7KH+%6
LWVHOIGRHVQRWVWLSXODWHZKLFKKRXULVWREHFKRVHQDVWKHGHVLJQKRXU+HUHWRRWKHGHFLVLRQLVWDNHQ
E\ WKH DXWKRULW\ UHVSRQVLEOH IRU FRQVWUXFWLRQ DQG PDLQWHQDQFH $V D VHW RIWHFKQLFDO UHJXODWLRQVWKH
+%6RQO\SURYLGHVWKHWRRONLWIRUWKHDVVHVVPHQW:LWKLQWKHILUVWHGLWLRQRIWKH+%6IRUWKHIHGHUDO
WUXQNURDGVWKH)HGHUDO0LQLVWU\RI7UDQVSRUWGHILQHGWKHWKKLJKHVWKRXURIWKH\HDUDVGHVLJQKRXU
$561R%09%6EHFDXVHWKHWUDIILFYROXPHRIWKHWKKRXUZDVZHOOWDEXODWHGLQ
*HUPDQWUDIILFVWDWLVWLFV+RZHYHUIRUWKHHGLWLRQDVOLJKWUHGXFWLRQRIVWDQGDUGVZDVFRQGXFWHG
ZLWK D FKDQJH IURP WKH WK WR WKH WKKLJKHVW KRXU $56 1R  %09,  ZKLFK LV
FXVWRPDU\ LQ WKH 81(&(
V WUDQVSRUW VWDWLVWLFV )RU SODQQHG IDFLOLWLHV RQ IHGHUDO WUXQN URDGV LW LV
SRVVLEOH WR GUDZ RQ FHQWUDO UHTXLUHPHQW SODQ IRUHFDVWV E\ WKH )HGHUDO 0LQLVWU\ RI 7UDQVSRUW DQG
'LJLWDO,QIUDVWUXFWXUH&XUUHQWO\DQHZ)HGHUDO7UDQVSRUW,QIUDVWUXFWXUH3ODQ)7,3LVEHLQJGUDIWHG
DQGGLVFXVVHGEHWZHHQWKH)HGHUDOVWDWHDQGWKHIHGHUDOVWDWHV7KH)7,3SURYLGHVDSULRULW\UDQNLQJRI
LQYHVWPHQWVLQURDGLQIUDVWUXFWXUHE\DFRPSUHKHQVLYHDVVHVVPHQWIUDPHZRUNFRQWDLQLQJDPRQJRWKHUV
D FRVWEHQHILW DQDO\VLV 7KH DVVHVVPHQW RI WKH SURSRVHG SURMHFWV LV EDVHG RQ D QDWLRQZLGH WUDIILF
IRUHFDVWIRU7KHSUHGLFWHGWUDIILFGHPDQGIRUWKHVHOHFWHGSURMHFWVWKHQRQO\KDVWREHFRQYHUWHG
WRWKHDSSURSULDWHGHVLJQKRXUZLWKLQWKHIUDPHZRUNRIDSSO\LQJWKH+%6

2QHRIWKHPDMRUFKDQJHVZLOODIIHFWWKHVWUXFWXUHRIWKH+%66LQFHWKHLQWURGXFWLRQRIWKHILUVW
+%6 WKH GHVLJQ JXLGHOLQHV LQ *HUPDQ\ KDYH EHHQ IXQGDPHQWDOO\ UHVWUXFWXUHG 7KH EDVLV IRU WKH
GHVLJQLVWKHURDGFDWHJRU\ZKLFKLVGHWHUPLQHGLQWKHJXLGHOLQHVRQQHWZRUNSODQQLQJ5,1)*69
E :KHUHDV SUHYLRXVO\ URDG GHVLJQ RXWVLGH EXLOWXS DUHDV ZDV GLIIHUHQWLDWHG E\ FURVV VHFWLRQ
DOLJQPHQWDQGLQWHUVHFWLRQVWKHQHZJHQHUDWLRQRIGHVLJQJXLGHOLQHVGLIIHUHQWLDWHVE\IUHHZD\VUXUDO
URDGVDQGXUEDQVWUHHWV7KXVWKHJXLGHOLQHVIRUIUHHZD\V5$$)*69DIRUUXUDOURDGV5$/
)*69  DQG XUEDQ VWUHHWV 5$6W )*69  GHWHUPLQH WKH VWUXFWXUH RI WKH QHZ +%6
7KHUHIRUHWKHHGLWLRQRIWKH+%6LVWREHVXEGLYLGHGLQWRWKUHHSDUWV±IUHHZD\V$UXUDOURDGV
/DQGXUEDQVWUHHWV6±SOXVDFROOHFWLRQRIVDPSOHDSSOLFDWLRQVLQDGLJLWDOYROXPH7KHDLPLVWR
SURYLGH XVHUV ZLWK DOO WKH UHOHYDQW PHWKRGV IRU WKH /26 DVVHVVPHQW RI WKH IDFLOLWLHV XQGHU
FRQVLGHUDWLRQLQDFRPSDFWIRUP7RWKLVHQGHDFKFKDSWHUQXPEHULVSUHFHGHGE\WKHOHWWHURIWKHSDUW
7KLV QHZ VWUXFWXUH ZLOO DOVR PDNH LW SRVVLEOH WR LQFOXGH QHZ PDWHULDO ZLWKRXW KDYLQJ WR UHJXODUO\
UHQXPEHUWKHFKDSWHUV7DEOHVKRZVWKHQHZVWUXFWXUHRIWKH+%6
 

28

The new German Highway Capacity Manual (HBS 2015) K. Lemke


*HQHUDO  ,QWURGXFWLRQ
 3ULQFLSOHVDQGGHILQLWLRQV
 $UHDRIDSSOLFDWLRQ
3DUW$)UHHZD\V $ 3XUSRVHDQGVFRSH
$ 7UDIILFGHPDQG
$ )UHHZD\VHJPHQWV
$ )UHHZD\GLYHUJHPHUJHDQGZHDYLQJVHJPHQWV
$ )UHHZD\IDFLOLWLHV
3DUW/±5XUDO5RDGV / 3XUSRVHDQGVFRSH
/ 7UDIILFGHPDQG
/ 6HJPHQWVRIUXUDOURDGV
/ 6LJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQV
/ 8QVLJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQV
/ +LJKZD\GLYHUJHPHUJHDQGZHDYLQJVHJPHQWV
/ 5XUDOURDGIDFLOLWLHV
3DUW6±8UEDQ6WUHHWV 6 3XUSRVHDQGVFRSH
6 7UDIILFGHPDQG
6 6HJPHQWVRIPDMRUXUEDQVWUHHWV
6 6LJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQV
6 8QVLJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQV
6 0DMRUXUEDQVWUHHWVIDFLOLWLHV
6 7UDQVLWYHKLFOHVIDFLOLWLHV
6 %LF\FOHIDFLOLWLHV
6 3HGHVWULDQIDFLOLWLHV
6 $FFHVVHVWRSDUNLQJIDFLOLWLHV
&ROOHFWLRQRI([DPSOHV $ 
GLJLWDORQO\ /
6
7DEOH6WUXFWXUHRIWKH+%6)*69E

7KH DSSOLFDWLRQ IUDPHZRUN RI WKH +%6 LV DV IROORZV )LUVW RI DOO WKH H[SHFWHG GHPDQG LV WR EH
GHWHUPLQHGLQIRUPRIWKHVRFDOOHGGHVLJQKRXUYROXPHLQFKDSWHUV)RUEDVLFIUHHZD\VHJPHQWVDV
ZHOO DV EDVLF UXUDO URDG VHJPHQWV WKH GHVLJQKRXU YROXPH LV JLYHQ LQ YHKLFOHVK ZLWK WKH VKDUH RI
KHDY\JRRGVYHKLFOHVLQSHUFHQWDVLQIOXHQFLQJSDUDPHWHU)RUGLYHUJHPHUJHDQGZHDYLQJVHJPHQWV
RQIUHHZD\VDVZHOODVIRUVLJQDOL]HGDQGXQVLJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQVDFRQYHUVLRQLQSDVVHQJHUFDUVLV
QHFHVVDU\
,QDVHFRQGVWHSWKHFDSDFLW\RIWKHIDFLOLW\DQGWKHGHILQHGSHUIRUPDQFHPHDVXUH7DEOHDUHWR
EH GHWHUPLQHG ZKLFKWKHQ DOORZWKHGHWHUPLQDWLRQ RIWKH UHVXOWLQJ /26 7KLVLVGRQH VHSDUDWHO\ IRU
HYHU\ EDVLV VHJPHQW DQG HYHU\ GLYHUJH PHUJH ZHDYLQJ VHJPHQW RU SDUW RI D VLJQDOL]HG RU
XQVLJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQ7KLVDOORZVIRUWKHDQVZHUWRWKHTXHVWLRQLIWKHIDFLOLW\XQGHUFRQVLGHUDWLRQ
ZLOO EH DEOHWR FRSH ZLWKWKH H[SHFWHG GHPDQGRULILW QHHGV DQ HQODUJHPHQW 7KLVLV DYHU\ OLPLWHG
DVVHVVPHQWRIWKHIDFLOLWLHV¶SHUIRUPDQFH
 

29

The new German Highway Capacity Manual (HBS 2015) K. Lemke


)DFLOLW\ 3HUIRUPDQFH0HDVXUH 3DUDPHWHU
)UHHZD\VHJPHQWV YROXPHWRFDSDFLW\ [
)UHHZD\GLYHUJHPHUJHDQGZHDYLQJVHJPHQWV YROXPHWRFDSDFLW\ [
6HJPHQWVRIUXUDOURDGV GHQVLW\ N
+LJKZD\GLYHUJHPHUJHDQGZHDYLQJVHJPHQWV GHQVLW\ N
6LJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQV GHOD\ W:
8QVLJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQV GHOD\ W:
6HJPHQWVRIPDMRUXUEDQVWUHHWV GHQVLW\ N
%LF\FOHIDFLOLWLHV WXUEXOHQFHUDWH 6
3HGHVWULDQIDFLOLWLHV GHQVLW\ N
$FFHVVHVWRSDUNLQJIDFLOLWLHV GHOD\ W'
7DEOH3HUIRUPDQFHPHDVXUHVWRGHWHUPLQH/26LQWKH+%6)*69E

)URP WKH SRLQWRI YLHZ RI DQHWZRUN GHVLJQHU KRZHYHU LW LV LPSRUWDQW WR NQRZLI SODFHV LQWKH
FRXQWU\ DUH FRQQHFWHG ZLWKLQ DQ DFFHSWDEOH WUDYHO WLPH 7KHUHIRUH WKH *HUPDQ *XLGHOLQHV IRU
,QWHJUDWHG 1HWZRUN 3ODQQLQJ 5,1 )*69 E VHW XS D IUDPHZRUN IRU WKH VHUYLFH TXDOLW\
DVVHVVPHQW LQ PXOWLPRGDO QHWZRUNV RQ WKH OHYHO RI 2'SDLUV ,Q SDUWLFXODU WKH GLUHFW VSHHG GLUHFW
GLVWDQFH DV WKH FURZ IOLHV  WULS WLPH EHWZHHQ WZR FLWLHV LV GHILQHG DV D SHUIRUPDQFH PHDVXUH WR
UHSUHVHQWWKHTXDOLW\RIVHUYLFHLQQHWZRUNSODQQLQJ)ULHGULFK
$VLQWHUPHGLDWHVSDWLDOOHYHOEHWZHHQLQGLYLGXDOVHJPHQWVRULQWHUVHFWLRQVDQG2'SDLUVWKH5,1
GHILQHVVRFDOOHGQHWZRUNVHJPHQWV1HWZRUNVHJPHQWVDUHURDGOLQNVLQWKHQHWZRUNEHWZHHQQRGHV
ZLWK RWKHU URDGV RI WKH VDPH FDWHJRU\ HJ IRU DQ LQWHUVWDWH IUHHZD\ EHWZHHQ WZR QHLJKERULQJ
LQWHUFKDQJHV IUHHZD\ ± IUHHZD\ 7KHUHIRUH QHWZRUN VHJPHQWV JHQHUDOO\ FRPSULVH VHYHUDO EDVLF
GLYHUJHPHUJHDQGZHDYLQJVHJPHQWVRULQWHUVHFWLRQV7KHQHWZRUNVHJPHQWLQWKLVVHQVHUHSUHVHQWV
DVSHFLDOW\SHRIIDFLOLW\%HFDXVHWKHDVVHVVPHQWIUDPHZRUNLVDSSOLFDEOHRQDQ\IDFLOLW\LQJHQHUDOLQ
WKLVSDSHUWKHPRUHFRPPRQWHUPIDFLOLW\LVXVHGLQVWHDGRIQHWZRUNVHJPHQWVHH7DEOH
)RU WKH QHWZRUN VHJPHQWV WKH 5,1 VSHFLILHV FRUULGRUV IRU PHDQ WUDYHO VSHHGV RI SDVVHQJHU FDUV
GHSHQGLQJRQWKHURDGFDWHJRU\%XWWKH5,1GRQRWSURYLGHDQ\IUDPHZRUNWRFDOFXODWHWUDYHOVSHHGV
7KH\RQO\UHIHUWRWKHGHVLJQKRXUDFFRUGLQJWRWKH+%67KHUHIRUHFRPSDUHGWRWKHFXUUHQW+%6WKH
QHZHGLWLRQ ZDVWREHVXSSOHPHQWHGE\WKHDGGLWLRQRI DFKDSWHU IRUQHWZRUNVHJPHQWVRU IDFLOLWLHV
FRPSULVLQJVHJPHQWVDQGLQWHUVHFWLRQVLQHDFKSDUW%DVHGRQDQHDUOLHUUHVHDUFKE\6WHLQDXHUHWDO
 %DLHU HW DO  DQG %DLHU +DUWNRSI  GHYHORSHG D OHYHO RI VHUYLFH FRQFHSW IRU
QHWZRUNVHJPHQWVEDVHGRQDVSHHGLQGH[DVSHUIRUPDQFHPHDVXUHLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKHLGHDVRIWKH
5,1
:LWKWKH+%6HGLWLRQLWLVRQO\SRVVLEOHWRFDOFXODWHPHDQWUDYHOVSHHGVIRUEHORZFDSDFLW\
WUDIILF YROXPHV 7KLV PHDQV WKDW IRU WKH WLPH EHLQJ LW LV RQO\ EH SRVVLEOH WR LGHQWLI\ FRQJHVWLRQ
VLWXDWLRQV EXW QRW WR DVVHVV RYHUVDWXUDWHG FRQGLWLRQV LQ D GLIIHUHQWLDWHG PDQQHU 1RU GRHV WKH +%6
SURYLGHIRUFRQFUHWHDSSURDFKHVIRUDVVHVVLQJWKHUHOLDELOLW\RIKLJKZD\IDFLOLWLHV7KH+%6PHWKRGV
FDQKRZHYHUEHXVHGDVSDUWRIZKROH\HDUDQDO\VHVWRHVWLPDWHWKHIUHTXHQF\RIFRQJHVWLRQLQD\HDU
FI%ULORQ(VWHO$QDWWHPSWWRDVVHVVRYHUVDWXUDWHGFRQGLWLRQVRQIUHHZD\VLVWKHGHYHORSPHQW
RID*HUPDQ)5((9$/WRROFI+DUWPDQQ9RUWLVFK

30

The new German Highway Capacity Manual (HBS 2015) K. Lemke

 1HZFRQWHQWVRIWKH+%6
7KH QXPHURXV DGDSWDWLRQV RI WKH FRQWHQWV DUH EDVHG RQ D ODUJH QXPEHU RI UHVHDUFK SURMHFWV
FRQGXFWHGVLQFHWKHLQWURGXFWLRQRIWKHILUVWHGLWLRQRIWKH+%67KHFKDSWHUVRQWUDIILFGHPDQG$
/DQG6KDYHEHHQFRPSOHWHO\UHZULWWHQRQWKHEDVLVRIVWXGLHVE\$UQROGHWDODQG
 DQG :DOWKHU HW DO  ILQGLQJV IURP WKH )HGHUDO +LJKZD\ 5HVHDUFK ,QVWLWXWH
V WUDIILF
VWDWLVWLFVDQGDZLGHUDQJHRISUDFWLFDOH[SHULHQFH7KHUHIHUHQFHSHULRGVDQGYHKLFOHW\SHVKDYHEHHQ
PRUH FOHDUO\GHOLPLWHG,QDGGLWLRQXVHUV DUHWREHSURYLGHGZLWKSUDFWLFDOLQIRUPDWLRQRQKRZWKH\
FDQGHULYHWKHGDWDWKH\UHTXLUHLQDQ\JLYHQGHVLJQFDVHZLWKDJLYHQVHWRIUDZGDWD)RUWKLVUHDVRQ
LW LV QHFHVVDU\ WR UHIHU PRUH VSHFLILFDOO\ WR WKH SDUDPHWHUV WKDW FDQ EH GHULYHG IURP DVVLJQPHQW
PRGHOV 7KH VSHFLDO UHTXLUHPHQWV LQYROYHG LQ GHVLJQLQJ DQ LQWHUVHFWLRQ PXVW EH WDNHQ LQWR DFFRXQW
7KH UHVXOW PXVW EH WR VSHFLI\ GLIIHUHQWLDWHG FRPSXWDWLRQ VWHSV WKDW SURYLGH WKH QHFHVVDU\ GHVLJQ
GHPDQGVIRUYHULILFDWLRQSURFHGXUHVLQWKH+%6FI/HPNH
)RU IUHHZD\ VHJPHQWV WKH VWXGLHV E\ %ULORQ *HLVWHIHOGW   LQ DGGLWLRQ WR )ULHGULFK
(QJHOPDQQ  KDYH SURYLGHG LPSRUWDQW QHZ ILQGLQJV RQ FDSDFLWLHV DQG UHODWLRQVKLSV EHWZHHQ
WUDIILF YROXPHV DQG VSHHG RQ IUHHZD\V 1XPHURXV YDOXHV DQG FXUYHV KDYH EHHQ PRGLILHG DQG
FRPSOHPHQWHGFI*HLVWHIHOGW
,QUHFHQW\HDUVQXPHURXVVWXGLHVKDYHEHHQFRQGXFWHGLQWRGLIIHUHQWHOHPHQWVRIJUDGHVHSDUDWHG
LQWHUVHFWLRQVWKDWKDGQRWEHHQFRYHUHGVRIDU%ULORQ%HW])ULHGULFKHWDODQG
:HLVHU 6LOOXV /LSSROG  $ QHZ XQLIRUP RQHSLHFH PRGHO WR GHWHUPLQH WKH OHYHO RI VHUYLFH
GHYHORSHGE\:XLVXVHGIRUWKHGLDJUDPVFI:X/HPNH
,QWKHFDVHRIVHJPHQWVRIUXUDOURDGVRQO\WZRODQHUXUDOURDGVKDYHEHHQDGGUHVVHGVRIDU1RZ
RQWKHEDVLVRIWKHVWXG\E\%UDQQROWH%DVHODX'RQJVHFWLRQVFDQDOVREHDVVHVVHGDQG
RQ WKH EDVLV RI UHVHDUFK E\ 0DLHU %HUJHU  DOVR VKRUW VHFWLRQV RI IRXUODQH GXDOFDUULDJHZD\
VHJPHQWV ,Q DSURMHFW E\ :HLVHU HW DO WKH DVVHVVPHQW RI WZRODQH UXUDO URDGVZKLFK LQWKH
SDVW ZDV GRQH RQ D FURVVVHFWLRQ EDVLV LV FRQYHUWHG WR DQ DVVHVVPHQW RI HDFK GLUHFWLRQ 7KH
LQIOXHQFLQJSDUDPHWHUVDUHVWLOOWKHJUDGHDQGWKHEHQGLQHVV7KHSHUIRUPDQFHPHDVXUHIRUUXUDOURDG
VHJPHQWVLQJHQHUDOLVWKHWUDIILFGHQVLW\:KLOHIRUVLQJOHFDUULDJHZD\URDGVWZRODQHDQGURDGV
WKHGHQVLW\SHUODQHLVWKHUHOHYDQWPHDVXUHRQVKRUWVHFWLRQVRIGXDOFDUULDJHZD\URDGVLQWKHUXUDO
URDGQHWZRUNWKHGHQVLW\DSSOLHVWRWKHHQWLUHFDUULDJHZD\ODQHVFI:X/HPNH7KXVWKH
FKDSWHU QRZ FRQVLGHUV DOO QHZ FURVV VHFWLRQV W\SHV IURP WKH 5$/ )*69  %DVHG RQ WKH
GHPDQGKRXU YROXPH DQG WKH VKDUH RI KHDY\ JRRGV YHKLFOHV WKH WUDYHO VSHHG KDV WR EH WDNHQ IURP
VSHHGIORZFXUYHVDQGWKXVWKHGHQVLW\LVFDOFXODWHG7KURXJKWKHODFNRIHPSLULFDOGDWDDSUDJPDWLF
DSSURDFK ZDV ILQDOO\ VHOHFWHG WR HVWLPDWH WUDYHO VSHHG DQG GHQVLW\ IRU RQO\ SDUWO\ URDGV 7KH
H[LVWLQJGDWDVKRZVWKDWVLQJOHODQHVHFWLRQVRIURDGVH[SHULHQFHKLJKHUVSHHGVWKDQQRUPDOWZR
ODQHURDGV7KHVSHHGVFHUWDLQO\GHSHQG RQWKHGLVWDQFHIURPWKHODVWVHFWLRQ ZLWKWZRODQHVIRUWKH
GLUHFWLRQXQGHUUHYLHZEHFDXVHRISODWRRQLQJ7KXVLWZDVGHFLGHGWRDSSO\WKHURDGVFXUYHVXS
WRGLVWDQFHVRINPDQGWKHQFKDQJHWRWKHFXUYHVRIWZRODQHURDGV
:LWKUHJDUGWRVLJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQVLWKDVEHHQSRVVLEOHWRJDLQPDQ\ILQGLQJVIURPVWXGLHVRI
WKH SDUDOOHO XSGDWHG JXLGHOLQHV IRU WUDIILF VLJQDOV )*69 D )RU VWRSFRQWUROOHG DQG \LHOG
FRQWUROOHG LQWHUVHFWLRQV WKH JDS DFFHSWDQFH PHWKRG KDV EHHQ PRGLILHG RQ WKH EDVLV RI DSSURDFKHV
IURP WKH FRQIOLFW PDWUL[ PHWKRG FI %ULORQ 0LOWQHU  DQG 0DLHU HW DO  7KHUH DUH QHZ
ILQGLQJV RQ URXQGDERXWV IURP %ULORQ %lXPHU  DQG %ULORQ :X  %DVHG RQ D VWXG\ E\
%DLHU HW DO  QRZ DOVR PLQLURXQGDERXWV DUH FRYHUHG E\ WKH +%6 %ULORQ *HSSHUW 
GHYHORSHGDIUDPHZRUNIRUWKHDVVHVVPHQWRIWXUERURXQGDERXWVZKLFKZHUHQRWLQFOXGHGLQWKH+%6
EXWLQWKHZRUNLQJSDSHURQWXUERURXQGDERXWV)*69F$QHZPHWKRGIRULQWHUVHFWLRQVZKHUH
WKHGULYHURQWKHULJKWKDVWKHULJKWRIZD\KDVDOVREHHQLQFOXGHGFI%ROW]H6WHSKDQ
$QDVVHVVPHQW PHWKRGIRUPDMRUXUEDQVWUHHW IDFLOLWLHVZDVILQDOO\GHYHORSHGE\ %DLHU+DUWNRSI
EDVHGRQHDUOLHUVWXGLHV%DLHUHWDO/DQNHWDODQG6PPHUPDQQHWDO
5HJDUGLQJ WKH FKDSWHUV RQ WUDQVLW YHKLFOHV IDFLOLWLHV SHGHVWULDQ IDFLOLWLHV DQG DFFHVVHV WR SDUNLQJ

31

The new German Highway Capacity Manual (HBS 2015) K. Lemke

IDFLOLWLHV WKH H[LVWLQJ WH[WV ZHUH HVVHQWLDOO\ UHHGLWHG 7KH FKDSWHU RQ ELF\FOH IDFLOLWLHV ZDV DEVHQW
IURPWKHHGLWLRQRIWKH+%6DQGDFRPSOHWHO\QHZFKDSWHUKDVEHHQGHYHORSHGRQWKHEDVLVRI
WKHVWXGLHVE\)DONHQEHUJHWDO

5HIHUHQFHV
%09%6  $OOJHPHLQHV 5XQGVFKUHLEHQ 6WUD‰HQEDX $56 *HQHUDO &LUFXODU 5RDG
&RQVWUXFWLRQ 1R  %XQGHVPLQLVWHULXP IU 9HUNHKU %DX XQG :RKQXQJVZHVHQ
)HGHUDO0LQLVWU\RI7UDQVSRUW%XLOGLQJDQG8UEDQ'HYHORSPHQW%RQQ0D\
%09,$OOJHPHLQHV5XQGVFKUHLEHQ6WUD‰HQEDX$56*HQHUDO&LUFXODU5RDG&RQVWUXFWLRQ
1R%XQGHVPLQLVWHULXPIU9HUNHKUXQGGLJLWDOH,QIUDVWUXNWXU)HGHUDO0LQLVWU\RI
7UDQVSRUWDQG'LJLWDO,QIUDVWUXFWXUH%RQQ$XJXVW
)*69(G+DQGEXFKIUGLH%HPHVVXQJYRQ6WUD‰HQYHUNHKUVDQODJHQ+%6HGLWLRQ
YHUVLRQ*HUPDQ+LJKZD\&DSDFLW\PDQXDO)RUVFKXQJVJHVHOOVFKDIWIU6WUD‰HQXQG
9HUNHKUVZHVHQ)*695RDGDQG7UDQVSRUW$VVRFLDWLRQ&RORJQH
)*69(G5LFKWOLQLHQIUGLH$QODJHYRQ6WDGWVWUD‰HQ5$6W'LUHFWLYHVIRUWKHGHVLJQRI
XUEDQ VWUHHWV )RUVFKXQJVJHVHOOVFKDIW IU 6WUD‰HQ XQG 9HUNHKUVZHVHQ )*69 5RDG DQG
7UDQVSRUW$VVRFLDWLRQ&RORJQHWUDQVODWLRQ
)*69(GD5LFKWOLQLHQIUGLH$QODJHYRQ$XWREDKQHQ5$$*XLGHOLQHVIRUWKHGHVLJQRI
PRWRUZD\V )RUVFKXQJVJHVHOOVFKDIW IU 6WUD‰HQ XQG 9HUNHKUVZHVHQ )*69 5RDG DQG
7UDQVSRUW$VVRFLDWLRQ&RORJQHWUDQVODWLRQ
)*69 (G E 5LFKWOLQLHQ IU LQWHJULHUWH 1HW]JHVWDOWXQJ 5,1 *XLGHOLQHV IRU LQWHJUDWHG
QHWZRUN SODQQLQJ )RUVFKXQJVJHVHOOVFKDIW IU 6WUD‰HQ XQG 9HUNHKUVZHVHQ )*69 5RDG
DQG7UDQVSRUW$VVRFLDWLRQ&RORJQH
)*69(G5LFKWOLQLHQIUGLH$QODJHYRQ/DQGVWUD‰HQ5$/*XLGHOLQHVIRUWKHGHVLJQRI
PRWRUZD\V )RUVFKXQJVJHVHOOVFKDIW IU 6WUD‰HQ XQG 9HUNHKUVZHVHQ )*69 5RDG DQG
7UDQVSRUW$VVRFLDWLRQ&RORJQH
)*69 (G D 5LFKWOLQLHQ IU /LFKWVLJQDODQODJHQ 5L/6$ *XLGHOLQHV RQ WUDIILF VLJQDOV
)RUVFKXQJVJHVHOOVFKDIW IU 6WUD‰HQ XQG 9HUNHKUVZHVHQ )*69 5RDG DQG 7UDQVSRUW
$VVRFLDWLRQ&RORJQHHGLWLRQ
)*69(GE+DQGEXFKIUGLH%HPHVVXQJYRQ6WUD‰HQYHUNHKUVDQODJHQ+%6(GLWLRQ
*HUPDQ +LJKZD\ &DSDFLW\ 0DQXDO )RUVFKXQJVJHVHOOVFKDIW IU 6WUD‰HQ XQG
9HUNHKUVZHVHQ)*695RDGDQG7UDQVSRUW$VVRFLDWLRQ&RORJQHHGLWLRQ
)*69 (G F $UEHLWVSDSLHU 7XUERNUHLVYHUNHKUH :RUNLQJ SDSHU WXUERURXQGDERXWV
)RUVFKXQJVJHVHOOVFKDIW IU 6WUD‰HQ XQG 9HUNHKUVZHVHQ )*69 5RDG DQG 7UDQVSRUW
$VVRFLDWLRQ&RORJQH

$UQROG0%|WWFKHU6%HPHVVXQJVYHUNHKUVVWlUNHQYRUGHP+LQWHUJUXQGVLFKYHUlQGHUQGHU
3HJHO 5DWHG WUDIILF YROXPHV EDVHG RQ YDULDWLRQV LQ OHYHO )RUVFKXQJ 6WUD‰HQEDX XQG
6WUD‰HQYHUNHKUVWHFKQLN1R%RQQ
$UQROG 0 +HGHOHU 0  +RFKUHFKQXQJVYHUIDKUHQ IU .XU]]HLW]lKOXQJHQ DXI
+DXSWYHUNHKUVVWUD‰HQ LQ *UR‰VWlGWHQ 7UDIILF SDUDPHWHU HVWLPDWLRQ EDVHG RQ VKRUWWHUP
FRXQWVLQPDMRUFLWLHV)RUVFKXQJ6WUD‰HQEDXXQG6WUD‰HQYHUNHKUVWHFKQLN1R%RQQ

$UQROG0.OXWK7 =LHJOHU+7KRPDV%%HPHVVXQJVYHUNHKUVVWlUNHQDXIHLQEDKQLJHQ
/DQGVWUD‰HQ'HPDQGYROXPHVIRUVLQJOHFDUULDJHZD\KLJKZD\V%HULFKWHGHU%XQGHVDQVWDOW
IU6WUD‰HQZHVHQ1R9%HUJLVFK*ODGEDFK

32

The new German Highway Capacity Manual (HBS 2015) K. Lemke

%DLHU0.DWKPDQQ7%DLHU56FKlIHU.9HUNHKUVTXDOLWlWDXI6WUHFNHQDEVFKQLWWHQYRQ

+DXSWYHUNHKUVVWUD‰HQ 7UDIILFTXDOLW\RQDUWHULDOURDGVHFWLRQV%HULFKWH GHU%XQGHVDQVWDOW
IU6WUD‰HQZHVHQ1R9%HUJLVFK*ODGEDFK
%DLHU 5 /HX 3 .OHPSV.RKQHQ $ 5HLQDUW] $ 0DLHU 5 6FKPRW] 0 
0LQLNUHLVYHUNHKUH±$EOHLWXQJLKUHU(LQVDW]EHUHLFKHXQG(LQVDW]JUHQ]HQ0LQLURXQGDERXWV
±GHULYDWLRQRIDSSOLFDWLRQDUHDVDQGDSSOLFDWLRQOLPLWDWLRQV%HULFKWHGHU%XQGHVDQVWDOWIU
6WUD‰HQZHVHQ1R9%HUJLVFK*ODGEDFK
%DLHU 0 6FKXFNOLH‰ : 0DLHU 5 6FKPRW] 0  4XDOLWlWVVWXIHQNRQ]HSWH ]XU
DQODJHQEHUJUHLIHQGHQ %HZHUWXQJ GHV 9HUNHKUVDEODXIV DXI $X‰HURUWVVWUD‰HQ /HYHORI
6HUYLFH &RQFHSWV IRU +LJKZD\ )DFLOLW\ 3HUIRUPDQFH %HULFKWH GHU %XQGHVDQVWDOW IU
6WUD‰HQZHVHQ1R9%HUJLVFK*ODGEDFK
%DLHU 0 +DUWNRSI *  9HUIDKUHQ ]XU %HZHUWXQJ GHU 9HUNHKUV XQG $QJHERWVTXDOLWlW YRQ
+DXSWYHUNHKUVVWUD‰HQ 0HWKRGRORJLHV IRU (YDOXDWLQJ 0DMRU 8UEDQ 6WUHHW 6HJPHQW DQG
)DFLOLW\ 3HUIRUPDQFH %HULFKWH GHU %XQGHVDQVWDOW IU 6WUD‰HQZHVHQ 1R 9  %HUJLVFK
*ODGEDFK
%UDQQROWH 8 %DVHODX & 'RQJ 3  =XVDPPHQKlQJH ]ZLVFKHQ 9HUNHKUVVWlUNH XQG
9HUNHKUVDEODXIDXIQHXHQ4XHUVFKQLWWHQQDFK5$648QWHUVXFKXQJGHV9HUNHKUVDEODXIV
DXIGHP6WUD‰HQW\S545HODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQWUDIILFLQWHQVLW\DQGWUDIILFIORZRQQHZ
VHFWLRQV DFFRUGLQJ WR 5$64  ,QYHVWLJDWLRQV RI WUDIILF IORZ RQ URDG W\SH 54 
)RUVFKXQJ6WUD‰HQEDXXQG6WUD‰HQYHUNHKUVWHFKQLN1R%RQQ
%ULORQ:*UR‰PDQQ0%ODQNH+9HUIDKUHQIUGLH%HUHFKQXQJGHU/HLVWXQJVIlKLJNHLW
XQG GHU 4XDOLWlW GHV 9HUNHKUVDEODXIV DXI 6WUD‰HQ 3URFHGXUH IRU FDOFXODWLQJ WKH HIILFLHQF\
DQGTXDOLW\RIWKHIORZRIWUDIILFURDGV)RUVFKXQJ6WUD‰HQEDXXQG6WUD‰HQYHUNHKUVWHFKQLN
1R%RQQ
%ULORQ : %lXPHU +  hEHUSUIXQJ YRQ .UHLVYHUNHKUHQ PLW ]ZHLVWUHLILJ PDUNLHUWHU RGHU
HLQVWUHLILJ PDUNLHUWHU DEHU ]ZHLVWUHLILJ EHIDKUEDUHU .UHLVIDKUEDKQ (YDOXDWLRQV RI
URXQGDERXWV ZLWK GRXEOHODQH RU VLQJOHODQH PDUNLQJ DQG GRXEOHODQH WUDIILF )RUVFKXQJ
6WUD‰HQEDXXQG6WUD‰HQYHUNHKUVWHFKQLN1R%RQQ
%ULORQ:%HW]&(QWZXUIXQG%HPHVVXQJYRQ$XWREDKQNQRWHQXQWHU%HUFNVLFKWLJXQJGHU
:HFKVHOZLUNXQJHQ ]ZLVFKHQ GHQ (OHPHQWHQ 'HVLJQ DQG HYDOXDWLRQ RI PRWRUZD\
LQWHUVHFWLRQV FRQVLGHULQJ WKH LQWHUDFFWLRQV EHWZHHQ HOHPHQWV )RUVFKXQJ 6WUD‰HQEDX XQG
6WUD‰HQYHUNHKUVWHFKQLN1R%RQQ
%ULORQ : (VWHO $  'LIIHUHQ]LHUWH %HZHUWXQJ GHU 4XDOLWlWVVWXIHQ LP +%6 LP %HUHLFK GHU
hEHUODVWXQJ 'LIIHUHQWLDWHG DVVHVVPHQW RI TXDOLW\ OHYHOV LQ +%6 LQ WKH FRQJHVWLRQ DUHD
)RUVFKXQJ6WUD‰HQEDXXQG6WUD‰HQYHUNHKUVWHFKQLN1R%RQQ
%ULORQ:*HLVWHIHOGW-/LSSROG&.XF]RUD9$XWREDKQHQXQG$XWREDKQNQRWHQSXQNWH
PLWYLHUVWUHLILJHQ5LFKWXQJVIDKUEDKQHQ±*HVWDOWXQJXQG%HPHVVXQJ3ODQQLQJDQGGHVLJQRI
PRWRUZD\ VHFWLRQV DQG LQWHUFKDQJHV ZLWK IRXUODQH FDUULDJHZD\V )RUVFKXQJ 6WUD‰HQEDX
XQG6WUD‰HQYHUNHKUVWHFKQLN1R%RQQ
%ULORQ : *HLVWHIHOGW -  hEHUSUIXQJ GHU %HPHVVXQJVZHUWH GHV +%6 IU
$XWREDKQDEVFKQLWWHDX‰HUKDOEGHU.QRWHQSXQNWH5HYLVLRQRIWKHGHVLJQFDSDFLWLHVDQGIORZ
VSHHGGLDJUDPVJLYHQLQWKH+%6IRUEDVLFPRWRUZD\VHJPHQWV)RUVFKXQJ6WUD‰HQEDXXQG
6WUD‰HQYHUNHKUVWHFKQLN1R%RQQ
%ULORQ : *HSSHUW $  9HUNHKUVTXDOLWlW DQ ]ZHLVWUHLILJHQ .UHLVYHUNHKUHQ XQWHU
%HUFNVLFKWLJXQJGHU$EELHJHEH]LHKXQJHQXQGDNWXHOOHU*UHQ]XQG)ROJH]HLWOFNHQ7UDIILF
SHUIRUPDQFHRIWZRODQHURXQGDERXWVZLWKVSHFLDOUHJDUGWRWXUQLQJWUDIILFDQGFXUUHQWFULWLFDO
KHDGZD\VDQGIROORZXSKHDGZD\V)RUVFKXQJ6WUD‰HQEDXXQG6WUD‰HQYHUNHKUVWHFKQLN1R
%RQQ
%ULORQ : 0LOWQHU 7  9HUNHKUVTXDOLWlW XQWHUVFKLHGOLFKHU 9HUNHKUVWHLOQHKPHUDUWHQ DQ
.QRWHQSXQNWHQRKQH/6$4XDOLW\RIWUDIILFIRUYDULRXVW\SHVRIURDGXVHUVDWXQVLJQDOL]HG

33

The new German Highway Capacity Manual (HBS 2015) K. Lemke

LQWHUVHFWLRQV%HULFKWHGHU%XQGHVDQVWDOWIU6WUD‰HQZHVHQ1R9%HUJLVFK*ODGEDFK

%ULORQ::X1.DSD]LWlWYRQ.UHLVYHUNHKUHQ$NWXDOLVLHUXQJ&DSDFLW\RIURXQGDERXWV±
8SGDWLQJ6WUD‰HQYHUNHKUVWHFKQLN1R
%ROW]H 0 6WHSKDQ 5  .DSD]LWlW XQG 9HUNHKUVVLFKHUKHLW YRQ .QRWHQSXQNWHQ PLW GHU
5HJHOXQJVDUW ³UHFKWV YRU OLQNV´ &DSDFLW\ DQG WUDIILF VDIHW\ RI LQWHUVHFWLRQV UHJXODWHG E\
ÄSULRULW\ WRWKH ULJKW³)RUVFKXQJ6WUD‰HQEDXXQG6WUD‰HQYHUNHKUVWHFKQLN1R%RQQ

)DONHQEHUJ * HW DO  %HPHVVXQJ YRQ 5DGYHUNHKUVDQODJHQ XQWHU YHUNHKUVWHFKQLVFKHQ
*HVLFKWVSXQNWHQ 7UDIILF )DFWRUV 5HJDUGLQJ WKH 'LPHQVLRQLQJ RI %LF\FOH 7UDIILF
,QVWDOODWLRQV%HULFKWHGHU%XQGHVDQVWDOWIU6WUD‰HQZHVHQ1R9%HUJLVFK*ODGEDFK

)ULHGULFK%(QJHOPDQQ)9HUNHKUVDEODXIDQ)DKUVWUHLIHQUHGXNWLRQHQ7UDIILFIORZRQODQH
UHGXFWLRQV)RUVFKXQJ6WUD‰HQEDXXQG6WUD‰HQYHUNHKUVWHFKQLN1R%RQQ
)ULHGULFK%+RIIPDQQ6,U]LN00DWVFKNH,=ZHLVWUHLILJH(LQIDKUWHQDQGUHLVWUHLILJHQ
5LFKWXQJVIDKUEDKQHQ±9HUNHKUVVLFKHUKHLW9HUNHKUVDEODXI7ZRODQHRQUDPSVWRWKUHHODQH
FDUULDJHZD\V ± WUDIILF VDIHW\ DQG WUDIILF IORZ )RUVFKXQJ 6WUD‰HQEDX XQG
6WUD‰HQYHUNHKUVWHFKQLN1R%RQQ
)ULHGULFK %,U]LN 0 +RIIPDQQ 6  9HUNHKUVDEODXI DQ $XWREDKQDXVIDKUWHQGHV 7\SV $ 
GHU5$/.)ORZRIWUDIILFDW5$/.$W\SHPRWRUZD\H[LWV)RUVFKXQJ6WUD‰HQEDX
XQG6WUD‰HQYHUNHKUVWHFKQLN1R%RQQ
)ULHGULFK 0  (YDOXDWLQJ WKH 6HUYLFH 4XDOLW\ LQ PXOWLPRGDO 7UDQVSRUW 1HWZRUNV
7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ 5HVHDUFK 3URFHGLD ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 6\PSRVLXP RQ (QKDQFLQJ +LJKZD\
3HUIRUPDQFH%HUOLQ
*HLVWHIHOGW-$QDO\VLVRI%DVLF)UHHZD\6HJPHQWVLQWKH*HUPDQ+LJKZD\&DSDFLW\0DQXDO
 DQG %H\RQG 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ 5HVHDUFK 3URFHGLD ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 6\PSRVLXP RQ
(QKDQFLQJ+LJKZD\3HUIRUPDQFH%HUOLQ
+DUWPDQQ 0 9RUWLVFK 3 9LHWHQ 0 &KDW]LSDQDJLRWLGRX < +DXJ $ 6SDQJOHU 0 
:HFKVHOZLUNXQJHQ]ZLVFKHQ6WUHFNHQDEVFKQLWWHQXQG.QRWHQSXQNWHQEHLGHU(UPLWWOXQJYRQ
)DKUWJHVFKZLQGLJNHLWHQ,QWHUDFWLRQVEHWZHHQVWUDLJKWVHJPHQWVDQGMXQFWLRQVZLWKUHJDUGWR
WUDYHO VSHHGV 5HVHDUFK UHSRUW )( **% RQ EHKDOI RI WKH )HGHUDO +LJKZD\
5HVHDUFK,QVWLWXWH8QSXEOLVKHG
+DUWPDQQ09RUWLVFK3$UDWLRQDOHIRUHQKDQFLQJWKH*HUPDQ+LJKZD\&DSDFLW\0DQXDO
WR LQFRUSRUDWH RYHUVDWXUDWHG IUHHZD\ IDFLOLW\ DQDO\VLV 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ 5HVHDUFK 3URFHGLD
,QWHUQDWLRQDO6\PSRVLXPRQ(QKDQFLQJ+LJKZD\3HUIRUPDQFH%HUOLQ
.|KOHU8(LNHQEHUJ24XDOLWlWVVWXIHQLPVWUD‰HQJHEXQGHQHQg319OHYHOVRIVHUYLFHRI
URDGEDVHG SXEOLF WUDQVSRUW 5HSRUW RQ EHKDOI RI WKH 5RDG DQG 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ 5HVHDUFK
$VVRFLDWLRQ)*69XQSXEOLVKHG.DVVHO
/DQN & 6PPHUPDQQ $ 6WHLQDXHU % %DXU 2 .HPSHU ' 3UREVW ' %DLHU 0 %DLHU 5
.OHPSV.RKQHQ $ -DFKWPDQQ < +HEHO &  %HZHUWXQJVYHUIDKUHQ IU 9HUNHKUV
XQG 9HUELQGXQJVTXDOLWlWHQ YRQ +DXSWYHUNHKUVVWUD‰HQ (YDOXDWLRQ SURFHGXUHV IRUWKHWUDIILF
DQG OLQNLQJ TXDOLWLHV RI PDLQ URDGV %HULFKWH GHU %XQGHVDQVWDOW IU 6WUD‰HQZHVHQ 1R 9
%HUJLVFK*ODGEDFK
/HPNH .  (VWLPDWLRQ RI WKH 3HDNKRXU GHPDQG LQ WKH *HUPDQ +LJKZD\ &DSDFLW\ 0DQXDO
3URFHGLD 6RFLDO DQG %HKDYLRUDO 6FLHQFHV WK ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 6\PSRVLXP RQ +LJKZD\
&DSDFLW\DQG4XDOLW\RI6HUYLFH9ROXPH(OVHYLHU6WRFNKROP6ZHGHQ-XQH±-XO\
0DLHU5%HUJHU56FKPDOH]ZHLEDKQLJYLHUVWUHLILJH/DQGVWUD‰HQ5HJHOTXHUVFKQLWW54
1DUURZGXDOFDUULDJHZD\URDGV54%HULFKWHGHU%XQGHVDQVWDOWIU6WUD‰HQZHVHQ1R
9%HUJLVFK*ODGEDFK

34

The new German Highway Capacity Manual (HBS 2015) K. Lemke

0DLHU5(QNH06FKPRW]0%DLHU0 %HUHFKQXQJVYHUIDKUHQIU.QRWHQSXQNWHRKQH

/LFKWVLJQDODQODJH XQWHU (LQEH]LHKXQJ QLFKWPRWRULVLHUWHU 9HUNHKUVWHLOQHKPHU &DOFXODWLRQ
PHWKRGV IRU MXQFWLRQV ZLWKRXW WUDIILF VLJQDO V\VWHPV WDNLQJ QRQPRWRULVHG URDG XVHUV LQWR
DFFRXQW)RUVFKXQJ6WUD‰HQEDXXQG6WUD‰HQYHUNHKUVWHFKQLN1R%RQQ
6WHLQDXHU%6FKXFNOLH‰:%HFKHU7hEHUJUHLIHQGH%HZHUWXQJYRQ6WUHFNHQDEVFKQLWWHQ
XQG .QRWHQSXQNWHQ DXI /DQGVWUD‰HQ &RPSUHKHQVLYH HYDOXDWLRQ RI EDVLF VHJPHQWV DQG
LQWHUVHFWLRQV RQ KLJKZD\V )RUVFKXQJ 6WUD‰HQEDX XQG 6WUD‰HQYHUNHKUVWHFKQLN 1R 
%RQQ
6PPHUPDQQ $ /DQN & 6WHLQDXHU % %DLHU 0 %DLHU 5 .OHPSV.RKQHQ $ 
9HUNHKUVTXDOLWlWVVWXIHQNRQ]HSWH IU +DXSWYHUNHKUVVWUD‰HQ PLW VWUD‰HQEQGLJHQ 6WDGW
6WUD‰HQEDKQN|USHUQ 4XDOLW\ RI VHUYLFH FRQFHSWV IRU PDLQ URDGV ZLWK
PHWURSROLWDQFRPPXWHUUDLOZD\V\VWHPVERUGHULQJ RQ WKHURDG%HULFKWHGHU%XQGHVDQVWDOW
IU6WUD‰HQZHVHQ1R9%HUJLVFK*ODGEDFK
:DOWKHU&:D‰PXWK9:LHF]RUHN7-RKlQQLQJ.7VFKDUDNWVFKLHZ69HUEHVVHUXQJ
GHU 0HWKRGHQ ]XU 3URJQRVH GHU .I]%HPHVVXQJVYHUNHKUVVWlUNHQ ,PSURYHPHQW RI WKH
PHWKRGH UHJDUGLQJ WKH IRUHFDVW RI PRWRU YHKLFOH GHPDQG FDOFXODWLRQV )RUVFKXQJ
6WUD‰HQEDXXQG6WUD‰HQYHUNHKUVWHFKQLN1R%RQQ
:HLVHU ) 6LOOXV $ /LSSROG &  9HUNHKUVVLFKHUKHLW XQG 9HUNHKUVDEODXI DQ SODQIUHLHQ
.QRWHQSXQNWHQ PLW )DKUVWUHLIHQVXEWUDNWLRQ 7UDIILF VDIHW\ DQG WKH WUDIILF SURFHVV DW JUDGH
VHSDUDWHG LQWHUVHFWLRQV ZLWK ODQH VXEWUDFWLRQV )RUVFKXQJ 6WUD‰HQEDX XQG
6WUD‰HQYHUNHKUVWHFKQLN1R%RQQ
:HLVHU)-lJHU65LHGO&/RKRII-9HUNHKUVWHFKQLVFKH%HPHVVXQJYRQ/DQGVWUD‰HQ±
:HLWHUHQWZLFNOXQJ GHU 9HUIDKUHQ /HYHO RI VHUYLFH RI UXUDO URDGV  IXUWKHU GHYHORSPHQW RI
PHWKRGRORJ\%HULFKWHGHU%XQGHVDQVWDOWIU6WUD‰HQZHVHQ1R9%HUJLVFK*ODGEDFK

:X1/HPNH.7KHQHZ3URFHGXUHVIRU'LYHUJH0HUJHDQG6PDOO:HDYLQJ6HJPHQWVLQ
WKH QHZ 9HUVLRQ RI *HUPDQ +LJKZD\ &DSDFLW\ 0DQXDO +%6  7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ
5HVHDUFK 3URFHGLD ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 6\PSRVLXP RQ (QKDQFLQJ +LJKZD\ 3HUIRUPDQFH %HUOLQ




35