Postgraduate courses

VISION, MISSION, PROGRAM SPECIFIC

OUTCOMES, CURRICULUM, COURSE
OBJECTIVES, COURSE OUTCOMES AND SYLLABI

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY
ALIGARH (INDIA)

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 M.Sc. Physics- PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)

Upon completion of the Master’s degree program in physics at the Department

of Physics, students will be able to:

Demonstrate competence in advanced knowledge of Physics in the core

areas of Classical Physics, Mathematical Physics, statistical physics, and
Quantum mechanics.
Demonstrate proficiency in multiple allied areas of physics such as
Astrophysics, Condensed Matter Physics, Particle physics, Nuclear
Physics, High Energy Physics, Spectroscopy and Electronics.
Demonstrate advanced ability in techniques of scientific computing to
solve problems.
Demonstrate their ability to present information clearly, logically,
truthfully and critically, both in verbal and written communication.
Demonstrate both an understanding and the practical application of
ethical standards implicit in science as well as scientific temperament in
public and private life,
Demonstrate their competence for Doctoral study in physics and/or
careers in scientifically oriented jobs in the public or private sector.

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 CURRICULUM
M.Sc. (Physics)
Department of Physics
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

Semester-I
Course Course Title Credits Theory Tutorials Practical/
Code Lectures Research
hours/week
PHM-1001 Mathematical Physics 4 48 08 --
PHM-1002 Classical Mechanics 4 48 08 --
PHM-1003 Quantum Mechanics-I 4 48 08 --
PHM-1004 Electronics 4 48 08 --
PHM-1005 Experimental Techniques 2 24 04 --
PHM-1071 General Lab – I 6 -- -- 09
Total 24
Semester-II
PHM-2001 Classical electrodynamics 4 48 08 --
PHM-2002 Atomic, Molecular and Laser 4 48 08 --
Physics
PHM-2003 Nuclear and Particle Physics 4 48 08 --
PHM-2004 Condensed Matter Physics 2 24 04 --
PHM-2005 Astrophysics 2 24 04 --
PHM-2071 General Lab – II 6 -- -- 09
PHM-2072 Computational Lab – III 2 -- -- 03
Total 24
Semester-III
Core Papers
PHM-3001 Quantum Mechanics – II 4 48 08 --
PHM-3002 Statistical Mechanics 4 48 08 --
PHM-3071 General Lab – III 4 -- -- 06
Elective Papers (Students have to choose any two of the following)
PHM-3012 Atomic and Laser Spectroscopy 4 48 08 --
PHM-3013 Condensed Matter Physics-A 4 48 08 --
PHM-3017 Nonlinear Dynamics 4 48 08 --
PHM-3021 High Energy Physics -A 4 48 08 --
PHM-3022 Nuclear Physics-A 4 48 08 --
PHM-3023 Physics of Nano Materials 4 48 08 --
PHM-3024 String Theory 4 48 08 --
PHM-3034 Quantum Field Theory 4 48 08 --
Ability Enhancement Elective Papers (Students have to choose any one of the following)
PHM-3031 Programming and 2 24 04 --
Computational Physics -A
PHM-3032 Instrumentation and Analytical 2 24 04 --
Methods-A
PHM-3033 Atmospheric Physics 2 24 04 --
PHM------ Optical Electronics And 2 24 04 --

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 Applications
Elective Lab-I (Students have to choose any one of the following)
PHM-3072 Atomic, Molecular and Optical 2 -- -- 03
Physics Lab-A
PHM-3073 Nuclear Physics Lab-A 2 -- -- 03
PHM-3075 Condensed Matter Physics 2 -- -- 03
Lab-A
PHM-3076 Advance Computational Lab-A 2 -- -- 03
Total 24
Semester-IV
Core Papers
PHM-4071 General Lab – IV 4 -- -- 06
PHM-4077 Project 4 -- -- 04
Elective Papers (Students have to choose any two of the following)
PHM-4012 Molecular Physics 4 48 08 --
PHM-4013 Condensed Matter Physics-B 4 48 08 --
PHM-4015 High Energy Physics -B 4 48 08 --
PHM-4016 Nuclear Physics-B 4 48 08 --
PHM-4017 Physics Of Laser and Laser 4 48 08 --
Applications
PHM-4022 Quantum Electrodynamics 4 48 08 --
PHM-4036 Standard Model of Particle 4 48 08 --
Interactions
PHM-4037 Soft Matter Physics 4 48 08 --
Ability Enhancement Elective Papers (Students have to choose any one of the following)
PHM-4031 Programming and Comput. 2 24 04 --
Physics -B
PHM-4033 Digital Signal Process 2 24 04 --
PHM-4035 Instrumentation and Analytical 2 24 04 --
Methods-B
Elective Lab-II (Students have to choose any one of the following)
PHM-4072 Atomic, Molecular and Optical 2 -- -- 03
Physics Lab-B
PHM-4073 Nuclear Physics Lab-B 2 -- -- 03
PHM-4075 Condensed Matter Physics Lab- 2 -- -- 03
B
PHM-4076 Advance Computational Lab-B 2 -- -- 03
Open Elective Paper (Students have to choose a paper from any one of the Chemistry,
Mathematics, Statistics, Geology, Geography, Computer Science, Remote Sensing departments
while as Physics Department runs the following paper for other departments’ students)
PHM-4091 Elements of Modern Physics 4 48 08
Total 24
Grand Total 96

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 Syllabus with Course Objectives and Course Outcomes
M.Sc. (Physics) I Semester
Department of Physics
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

Course Title: MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS

Course Number: PHM-1001
Credits: 04
Type of course: Core (Theory)
Contact Hours: 4 Lectures per week (Total: 48 Lectures and 08 Tutorials)
Course Assessment:
Internal assessment (1 Hour): 30%
End Semester Examination (2.5 Hours): 70%

Course Objectives
To introduce students to methods of mathematical physics and to develop required
mathematical skills in the area of Tensors, Green’s Function and Group Theory to solve
problems in theoretical physics.

Course Outcomes
On completion of the course, students will be able to:
1. work with Tensors.
2. solve linear differential equations with inhomogeneous term by the method of Green’s
function.
3. apply the concept of Discrete and Continuous groups to physics problems, which is a
pre-requisite for deeper understanding of crystallography, particle physics, quantum
mechanics and energy bands in solids.
4. Understand the significance of Lie Algebra and solve problems on them.
5. apply Young’s diagram technique to unitary groups.

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 Syllabus for M.Sc. (Physics) I Semester
MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS
Paper Code: PHM-1001
(Credits: 04)
Theory: 48 Lectures, Tutorials: 08

UNIT-I: Review of Tensors Analysis and General Relativity

Tensor Algebra: Linear combinations, direct product, contraction, tensor densities,
transformation of affine connection, covariant differentiation, gradient, curl and divergence.

UNIT-II: Green’s Functions

Introduction to Green’s function method, Green’s function as a solution to Poisson’s equation
with a point source, symmetry of Green’s function, forms of Green’s functions, spherical
polar coordinate expansion, quantum mechanical scattering-Neuman series as well as Green’s
function solutions, eigen function expansion, one dimensional case, integral-differential
equation, linear Harmonic oscillator, Green’s function and Dirac delta function.

Unit-III: Group Theory I

Symmetries in classical and Quantum mechanics, Definition and examples of groups, Cyclic
groups, Subgroups, Conjugacy classes, Invariant subgroups, Cosets and Factor groups,
Homomorphism, Isomorphism, group representation, Schur’s Lemma, Orthogonality of
characters, Permutation group S N , Partition and Young Diagram. Point groups in the context
of crystals and molecules.

Unit-IV: Group Theory II

Continuous groups, Definition and example of Lie groups and Lie Algebras, Rotation groups
SO(2), SO(3) and their irreducible representations, Angular momentum algebra,
Rotation group SO(n). Connection between SU(2) and SO(3). Spin and Iso-spin groups,
Group SU(3), Unitary group SU(n), Many-particle Irreducible representation, Young
diagrams for Unitary groups and their simple application for SU(2) and SU(3).

Reference Books:
 Steven Weinberg : Gravitation and Cosmology (John Wiley)
 Arfken G. B. : Mathematical Methods for Physicist (Academic Press) Third Edition
 Joshi A. W. : Elements of Group theory for physicist (New Age)
 Tung W. K. : Group theory in Physics (World Scientific)

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 Syllabus with Course Objectives and Course Outcomes
M.Sc. (Physics) I Semester
Department of Physics
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

Course Title: CLASSICAL MECHANICS

Course Number: PHM-1002
Credits: 04
Type of course: Core (Theory)
Contact Hours: 4 Lectures per week (Total: 48 Lectures and 08 Tutorials)
Course Assessment:
Internal assessment (1 Hour): 30%
End Semester Examination (2.5 Hours): 70%

Course Objectives
Aim of this advanced level course on classical mechanics is to polish the learner’s
understanding of the subject, to learn how complex classical systems could be formulated and
solved using the Hamiltonian and Lagrangian by observing symmetries of the system and/or
through advanced co-ordinate transformation techniques such as canonical transformations of
various kinds and action-angle variable technique. In addition to it the students also learn
how to solve problems having large degrees of freedom such as rigid-bodies, complex and
chaotic systems and small oscillations.

Course Outcomes
On completion of the course, students will be able to:
1. Write and solve Lagrangian and Hamiltonian of the system, look for the symmetries
associated with the system and employ the corresponding the law of conservations.
2. Understand, transform and solve the problems using various canonical
transformations, Poisson bracket and action-angle variable techniques and classical
perturbation-theory
3. Learn to perceive the symmetries and associated conservation laws and their
applications to solve a classical system.
4. Understand how systems with large degrees of freedom such as rigid-bodies could be
solved and be able to extract the interesting dynamics which is displayed by rigid-
bodies while in motion via Euler-angles technique.
5. Derive the dynamics of complex systems and be able to develop an elementary
understanding of chaos and fractals.

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 Syllabus for M.Sc. (Physics) I Semester
CLASSICAL MECHANICS
Paper Code: PHM-1002
(Credits: 04)
Theory: 48 Lectures, Tutorials: 08

Unit-I: Lagrangian & Hamiltonian Dynamics

Review of variational calculus and Euler-Lagrange equations. Hamilton’s equations from
principle of least action. Equations of canonical transformations, properties of four special
type of canonical transformations, harmonic oscillator. Poisson bracket and its properties,
equation of motion, infinititesimal canonical transformation, conservations theorems in P.B.
formalism. Invariance of P.B. under canonical transformations.

Unit-II: Hamilton-Jacobi Theory and Rigid Body Motion-I

Hamilton-Jacobi equation for Hamilton’s principal and characteristic functions, harmonic
oscillator, Noether’s theorem, action angle variables, frequency of harmonic oscillator,
Kepler’s problem in action-angle variables.
Rigid Body Motion: Degrees of freedom, orthogonal transformations, statements of Euler’s
and Chasle’s theorems, infinitesimal rotations, rotating coordinate systems, centrifugal and
Coriolis force. Angular momentum and kinetic energy of a rigid body.

Unit-III: Rigid Body Motion-II and Small Oscillations

Inertia tensor, principal axes transformation Euler’s equation of motion for a rigid body,
torque free motion of symmetric top, precession of Earth’s axis of rotation and a charged
particle in magnetic field. Small Oscillations: General formalism, eigenvalue equation,
normal coordinates and normal modes.

Unit-IV: Continuous Media, Perturbation Theory and Chaos

Continuous Media: Coupled pendula, triatomic molecule, Linear chain of interacting
particles, elastic rod problem, Lagrangian formalism, stress energy tensor.
Classical Perturbation Theory: Time dependent perturbation theory, harmonic oscillator.
Qualitative discussion of Classical Choas, Phase space dynamics and stability analysis.

Reference Books:
 Goldstein, H, Poole, C. and Safko, J. Classical Mechanics, 3rd Edition
(Pearson)
 Rana, N.C. and Joag, P.S. Classical Mechanics (Tata McGraw-Hill)

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 Syllabus with Course Objectives and Course Outcomes
M.Sc. (Physics) I Semester
Department of Physics
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

Course Title: QUANTUM MECHANICS-I

Course Number: PHM-1003
Credits: 04
Type of course: Core (Theory)
Contact Hours: 4 Lectures per week (Total: 48 Lectures and 08 Tutorials)
Course Assessment:
Internal assessment (1 Hour): 30%
End Semester Examination (2.5 Hours): 70%

Course Objectives
To acquire working knowledge of the Non-relativistic Quantum Mechanics and apply
mathematical formulation developed for the quantum mechanical systems on the physical
systems.

Course Outcomes
1. The students feel well equipped to understand physics of microscopic systems like the
topics in spectroscopy, condensed matter physics, nuclear physics, high energy
physics, statistical physics, etc.
2. The students observes that learning these topics are stepping stone to understand
quantum field theory, the theory where the microscopic objects move with a speed
close to the speed of light.
3. The topics covered in the syllabus show an understanding of quantization of angular
momentum.
4. Taking up this course students are able to apply techniques such as ladder operators,
scattering theory, etc. for selected problems in quantum mechanics.

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 Syllabus for M.Sc. (Physics) I Semester
QUANTUM MECHANICS-I
Paper Code: PHM-1003

(Credit: 04)
Theory: 48 Lectures, Tutorials: 08

UNIT-I: Matrix Formulation of Quantum Mechanics

Linear vector spaces, elements of Hilbert space, Dirac’s bra-ket notation, triangle inequality,
Schwartz inequality and Gram-Schmidt theorem, linear operators, projection operator,
Hermitian and unitary operators, matrix representation of operators, elements of
transformation theory, linear harmonic oscillator by operator method.
Time development of a quantum mechanical system: Schrödinger, Heisenberg and interaction
pictures, Heisenberg’s equation of motion.
Problems based on the above topics (Shankar)

UNIT-II: Approximation Methods

Time-independent perturbation theory
Nondegenerate perturbation theory: General formulation, First order theory, Second-order
energies.
Degenerate perturbation theory: Two-fold degeneracy, Higher-order degeneracy.
Application of the perturbation theory: Harmonic perturbation of a harmonic oscillator,
Harmonic oscillator with linear perturbation, The fine structure of hydrogen, The relativistic
correction, Spin-Orbit coupling, The Zeeman effect, Hyperfine splitting, Van der Waals
interaction, Stark effect.
The variational principle: Theory and its application to find out the ground state energies of
harmonic oscillator and helium atom.
Time Dependent perturbation theory: General formulation, sinusoidal perturbations,
Emission and absorption of radiation, Fermi's golden rule.

UNIT-III: Collision Theory

Definition of S- and T- matrices, the Lippmann-Schwinger equation, Derivation for the
scattering amplitude, Optical theorm (first and higher order), Born approximation, Scattering
from Yukawa and screened coulomb potentials, Low-energy soft-sphere scattering, , Eikonal
approximation, Method of partial waves, unitarity and phase shifts, determination of phase
shifts, hard sphere scattering, scattering from square well potential, Low-energy scattering
and bound states, Resonance scattering, Breit-Wigner formula.

UNIT-IV: Symmetries in Quantum Mechanics

Space and time displacements, displacement operators, symmetry and degeneracy, rotation
operator, orbital angular momentum operators and their commutation relations, eigen values
and eigen functions of L2 and Lz operators, spin angular momentum operators and their
1 3
algebra; Eigen states of spin - , 1, particles, total angular momentum J , coupling of two
2 2
angular momenta, Clebsch-Gordan Coefficients and their properties, Wigner-Eckart theorem
(statement and Explanation).

Reference Books:
 L. I. Schiff. : Quantum Mechanics, 3rd Ed. (McGraw Hill)
 R. Shankar : Principles of Quantum Mechanics (Plenum)

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  J. J. Sakurai : Modern Quantum Mechanics (Rev. Ed.,Addison-Wesley)
 David J. Griffiths: Introduction to Quantum Mechanics (2nd Ed.,Pearson)
 N. Zettili : Quantum Mechanics: Concepts and Applications (2nd Ed.,Wiley)

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 hSyllabus with Course Objectives and Course Outcomes
M.Sc. (Physics) I Semester
Department of Physics
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

Course Title: ELECTRONICS

Course Number: PHM-1004
Credits: 04
Type of course: Core (Theory)
Contact Hours: 4 Lectures per week (Total: 48 Lectures and 08 Tutorials)
Course Assessment:
Internal assessment (1 Hour): 30%
End Semester Examination (2.5 Hours): 70%

Course Objectives
To understand the basic concepts of Analog and Digital Electronics and apply it in
experimental Physics and also for various Engineering Applications.

Course Outcomes
On completion of the course, students will be able to:
1. Analyse and Design Combinational Logic Circuit.
2. Design different types of memories (ROM, RAM, EPROM etc).
3. Understand different ADCs & DACs and use them in practical applications.
4. Understand the basic concepts of OP-AMP, its various parameters and Oscillators.
5. Understand Schmitt trigger and use it in square wave, triangular wave generators and voltage
controlled oscillators.
6. Understand Astable/Monostable Multivibrators and timer 555.

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 Syllabus for M.Sc. (Physics) I Semester
ELECTRONICS
Paper Code: PHM-1004

(Credit: 04)
Theory: 48 Lectures, Tutorials: 08

UNIT-I: Codes, Basic and Combinational Logic Circuits

BCD, ASCII and Gray Codes. Basics logic gates, logic systems, laws and theorems of
Boolean algebra. Different ways of implementing exclusive-OR gate, TTL and CMOS logic
family characteristics. Open collector TTL gates, tri-state gates. Sum of product and product
of sum representation. Algebraic and Karnaugh map simplifications. binary adders, digital
(magnitude) comparators, parity checker/generator. Decoders/demultiplexers, data
selectors/multiplexers. Encoders Read only memory (ROM), ROM organization and
applications, PROMS, EPROMS, PAL and PLA.

UNIT-II : Sequential Logic Circuits and Very Large Scale Integrated System
Clocked S-R flip-flops, J-K and D-type flip-flops, edge triggering, preset and clear inputs.
Ripple counters, synchronous binary counters, decade counters, shift registers, shift and ring
counters, up/down counters. Static and dynamic random access memory (RAM),
Microprocessors and Microcontroller basics.

UNIT-III : Operational Amplifier Applications and Regulators

OP Amp, ideal characteristics, op amp as inverting amplifier, effect of finite open loop gain,
generalized basic equation of op amp with impedances, integrator and differentiator,
inverting and non-inverting summer, voltage follower. Op Amp parameters, offset voltage
and current, slew rate, full wave BW, CMRR. OP AMP as voltage regulator, fixed and
variable 3 pin regulator, switching regulator.

UNIT-IV : Waveform Generators, Waveshaping and Data Conversion

Barkhausen criterion of oscillation. Wein’s bridge and LC oscillators (op amp). Comparators,
regenerative comparator (Schmitt trigger), square and triangular wave generator, voltage
controlled generators. Multivibrators: astable/monostable and 555 timer. D-A converters:
weighted resistor, ladder and multiplying types. A-D converters: parallel, counter type,
successive approximation and dual slope integration types.

Reference Books:
 Millman, J. and Grabel, A.:Microelectronics; Digital Analog Circuits and Systems (Tata
McGraw Hill)
 Leach, D.P. and Malvino, A.P.Digital Principles and Applications (Tata McGraw Hill)
 Sedra, A.S. and Smith, K.C. :Microelectronics Circuits (Oxford University Press)
 Tocci, R.J. and Widmer, N.S.:Digital Systems, Principles and Applications (Prentice Hall)
 Moris Mano, M. Digital Design (Pearson)

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 Syllabus with Course Objectives and Course Outcomes
M.Sc. (Physics) I Semester
Department of Physics
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

Course Title: EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES

Course Number: PHM-1005
Credits: 02
Type of course: Core (Theory)
Contact Hours: 2 Lectures per week (Total: 24 Lectures and 04 Tutorials)
Course Assessment:
Internal assessment (1 Hour): 30%
End Semester Examination (2.5 Hours): 70%

Course Objectives
To develop experimental skill in Spectroscopy and Nuclear Techniques.

Course Outcomes
On completion of the course, students will be able to:
1. understand the principle and experimentation of UV-VIS-NIR, EPR and NMR
spectroscopy.
2. apply nuclear techniques in time of flight and coincidence measurements.
3. apply vacuum techniques in spectroscopy and nuclear physics experiments.
4. apply statistical interpretation and analysis in experimental data.
5. apply statistical interpretation and analysis in experimental data.

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 Syllabus for M.Sc. (Physics) I Semester
EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES
Paper Code: PHM-1005

(Credits:02)
Theory: 24 Lectures, Tutorials: 04

UNIT-I: Spectroscopic Techniques.

Light sources, Prism and grating spectrographs, Grating mountings: Czerny-Turner and Ebert
mountings, Monochromators. Resolution and dispersion of prism and grating spectrographs.
Light detectors: Photomultiplier, charged coupled device (CCD).

UNIT-II: Continuum sources for absorption studies: uv, visible and infrared sources, Single-
beam and double-beam infrared instruments, infrared detectors. Basic of Electron spin
resonance (ESR) and Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Chemical shift.

UNIT-III: Nuclear Instrumentations

Detectors: Ionization chamber, proportional counter, GM counter, scintillation detectors,
solid state detectors, surface barrier and HPGe detectors. Time of flight technique. Idea of
coincidence measurements. Determination of lifetime of nuclear levels.

UNIT-IV: Data Analysis and Vacuum Techniques

Data interpretation and analysis; Precision and accuracy, error analysis, propagation of errors,
least squares fitting, linear and nonlinear curve fitting, chi-square test;
Error analysis. Propagation of error. Plotting of Graphs. Least square fitting.
Vacuum Techniques: Basis idea of conductance, pumping speed, mechanical pump, diffusion
pump.
Gauges: Penning and Pirani.

Reference Books:
 Thorne, A., Litzen, U, Johansson, S : Spectrophysics (Springer)
 Banwell, C.S. : Fundamental of Molecular Spectroscopy (Tata McGrawHill)
 Sawyer, R.A. : Experimental Spectroscopy (Dover)
 Aruldhas, G. : Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy (Printice Hall of India)
 Leo, W.R. : Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments
(Narosa)
 Kapoor, S.S. & Ramamurthy, V.S. : Nuclear Radiation Detectors (New Age)
 Singru, R.M. : Introduction to Experimental Nuclear Physics (Wiley Eastern
Pvt.)
 Long, D.A.Raman Spectroscopy (McGraw Hill, New York

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 Syllabus with Course Objectives and Course Outcomes
M.Sc. (Physics) II Semester
Department of Physics
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

Course Title: CLASSICAL ELECTRODYNAMICS

Course Number: PHM-2001
Credits: 04
Type of course: Core (Theory)
Contact Hours: 4 Lectures per week (Total: 48 Lectures and 08 Tutorials)
Course Assessment:
Internal assessment (1 Hour): 30%
End Semester Examination (2.5 Hours): 70%

Course Objectives
To gain an understanding of Maxwell’s equations and the ability to apply them to explain the
behaviour of electromagnetic wave propagation in different media, phenomenon of
refraction, reflection, scattering, interference, diffraction and polarization.

Course Outcomes
On completion of the course, students will be able to:
1. Achieve an understanding of Maxwell’s equation, gauge transformation and boundary
conditions between different media.
2. Manipulate and apply Maxwell’s equations to deduce wave equation, electromagnetic
field energy, momentum and angular momentum density.
3. Analyse the phenomena of wave propagation in unbounded, bounded, vacuum,
dielectric and guided and unguided media.
4. Calculate the reflection and transmission coefficients at plane interface in bounded
media.
5. Know the features of planar, optical and rectangular wave guides and obtain the field
components, Eigen value equation and energy flow, phase and group velocities in the
dielectric media.
6. Familiarize about Lienard-Wiecherts potentials and fields, Larmor’s and Thomson’s
classical radiation and scattering concepts.
7. Understand various theories and mathematical concepts of interference and diffraction
of electromagnetic waves.

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 Syllabus for M.Sc. (Physics) II Semester
CLASSICAL ELECTRODYNAMICS
Paper Code: PHM-2001
(Credits: 04)
(Theory: 48 Lectures, Tutorials: 08)
Unit-I : Electromagnetic Waves-I
Review of Maxwell’s equation. The Maxwell stress tensor, Radiation pressure,
Propagation of e.m. waves in non-conducting medium. Propagation of e.m. waves in a
conducting medium. Skin depth. Linear, circular and elliptical polarization. Oblique
incidence – The Fresnel Equations, Total internal reflection, Brewster’s angle.

Unit-II : Electromagnetic Waves-II

Reflection and refraction from a metallic surface. Propagation of waves between perfectly
conducting planes. Waves in hollow conductors. T.E. and T.M. modes. Rectangular wave
guides (TE and TM cases). Resonant cavities.

Unit-III : Electromagnetic Radiation

Lienard-Weichert potentials. Fields produced by charged particles in motion. Radiation
from accelerated charged particles-Larmor’s formula and its relativistic generalization.
Scattering of e.m. radiation by free charges. Thomson scattering. Scattering by a system
of charges, dipole radiation. Dispersion relations in plasma.

Unit-IV : Interference and Diffraction of e.m. Waves

Interference: Interference of two coherent beams. Visibility and resolution of interference
fringes. Scalar Diffraction Theory: Helmholtz-Kirchhoff’s integral and Kirchhoff’s
diffraction theory. Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction. Fraunhofer diffraction by a single
slit and double slit. Fresnel diffraction by a straight edge.

Reference Books:
 Marion, J.B. : Classical Electromagnetic Radiation (Academic Press)
 Jackson, J.D. : Classical Electrodynamics (John Wiley)
 Laud, B.B. : Electromagnetics (Wiley Eastern)

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 Syllabus with Course Objectives and Course Outcomes
M.Sc. (Physics) II Semester
Department of Physics
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

Course Title: ATOMIC, MOLECULAR AND LASER PHYSICS

Course Number: PHM-2002
Credits: 04
Type of course: Core (Theory)
Contact Hours: 4 Lectures per week (Total: 48 Lectures and 08 Tutorials)
Course Assessment:
Internal assessment (1 Hour): 30%
End Semester Examination (2.5 Hours): 70%

Course Objectives
To develop basic theoretical knowledge in Atomic, Molecular and Laser Physics.

Course Outcomes
On completion of the course, students will be able to:
1. know the theoretical background of atomic spectra of one electron systems as well as
spectra of di-atomic molecule.
2. analyze and explain the atomic spectra (e.g. Hydrogen, Helium and Alkali type).
3. explain the various types of spectra of di-atomic molecules as well as Infrared/ Raman
spectra of linear molecules.
4. understand various types of Lasers, their working and applications.
5. understand the Physics of Lasers.
6. understand the Laser beam properties.

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 Syllabus for M.Sc. (Physics) II Semester
ATOMIC, MOLECULAR AND LASER PHYSICS
Paper Code: PHM-2002
(Credits: 04)
Theory: 48 Lectures, Tutorials: 08
Unit I: Atomic Spectroscopy
Quantum states of an electron in an atom. LS and JJ coupling schemes. Terms for equivalent
and non-equivalent electron atom. Spectra of one electron systems. Qualitative idea of the
following: Electron spin, spin orbit interaction, fine structure, relativity correction and
radiation correction (Lamb Shift). Electric dipole selection rules. Intensity rules.
Penetrating and non-penetrating orbits, quantum defect. Alkali type spectra. Spectrum of
helium. Normal and anomalous Zeeman effect. Paschen-Back effect. Stark effect. Hyperfine
structure and isotopic shifts. X-rays and Auger transitions.

Unit II: Molecular Spectroscopy

Born-Oppenheimer approximation. Rotational spectra of diatomic molecules. Vibrational
spectra of diatomic molecules. Rotation- Vibration spectra of diatomic molecules. Electronic
spectra of diatomic molecules. Hund’s cases. Vibrational structure of electronic transition.
- -Condon principle.
Intensity of bands in absorption and emission. Isotopic effect. Infrared and Raman spectra of
linear molecules.

Unit III: Laser Physics

Absorption, spontaneous and stimulated emission. Einstein coefficients, Trasition propability
and lifetime of an atom in an excited state. Population inversion. Laser rate equations: The
three level and four level systems. Line broadening mechanism. Shape and width of spectral
lines. Optical resonators: Quality factor. Losses inside the cavity. Threshold conditions.
Schawlow-Townes condition. Transverse and longitudinal mode selection.

Unit IV: Laser Systems

He-Ne laser. CO2 laser. Four level solid state lasers. Dye lasers. Ar+ laser. Excimer lasers.
Properties of laser beam: directionality, monochromacity, intensity, coherence (temporal and
Spatial). Applications of lasers: Laser induced fusion. Isotope separation.

Reference Books:
 White, H.E. : Introduction to Atomic Spectra (McGraw Hill)
 Bransden B.H. and Joachain C J :Physics of Atoms and Molecules( Pearson)
 King, G.W. : Spectroscopy and Molecular Structure (Rinehart and Winston)
 Herzberg, G. : Spectra of Diatomic Molecules (D. Van Nostrand)
 Thyagarayan, K. and Ghatak, A.K. : LASERS: Theory & Application
 Laud, B.B. : Laser and Non-linear Optics (Wetey-Eastern)

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 Syllabus with Course Objectives and Course Outcomes
M.Sc. (Physics) II Semester
Department of Physics
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

Course Title: NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS

Course Number: PHM-2003
Credits: 04
Type of course: Core (Theory)
Contact Hours: 4 Lectures per week (Total: 48 Lectures and 08 Tutorials)
Course Assessment:
Internal assessment (1 Hour): 30%
End Semester Examination (2.5 Hours): 70%

Course Objectives
1. To develop the understanding of nuclear decay, nuclear reaction and application of
liquid drop model.
2. To acquire basic understanding of particle nature and the interaction.

Course Outcomes
On completion of the course, students will be able to:
1. understand the microscopic theory of alpha, beta and gamma decay and will be able to
use the various selection rules to find the allowed and forbidden transitions.
2. identify the different types of nuclear reactions and able to apply the liquid drop
model to describe some basic features of nucleus.
3. get familiar with the various particle detectors.
4. determine the nature of particle and the role of symmetries in their interactions
5. know the idea of resonance (spin 3/2) and the quark model and be able to calculate the
magnetic moment and mass splitting of particles.
6. solve the particle flavor oscillation based on semi-quantum mechanical approach for
neutrino and K-mesons.

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 Syllabus for M.Sc. (Physics) II Semester
NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS
Paper Code: PHM-2003
(Credits: 04)
Theory: 48 Lectures, Tutorials: 08

Unit I - Nuclear Decay

Alpha decay; energetics of -decay, Geizer-Nuttal law, Gamow theory of -decay. Beta
decay: Neutrino hypothesis, energetics of -decay, Fermi theory of -decay, Fermi-Kurie
plot, comparative half life. Selection rules: allowed and forbidden transitions, Idea of electron
capture, Gamma decay: energetic of -decay, Multipole radiations, Selection rules, Idea of
Internal Conversion of -rays and Coulomb excitation.

Unit II – Nuclear Reactions

Kinds of nuclear reactions, energetics of nuclear reactions, standard Q-equation and its
solution, nuclear reaction, cross-section, idea of differential cross-section, compound reaction
mechanism and its verification – Ghoshal’s experiment, Idea of pre-compound emission,
direct reactions and their signatures.
Liquid drop model: Weizsacker’s semi-empirical mass formula and some of its applications.

Unit-III
Neutral units, Review of Particle Accelerations and Detectors, Linacs, Synchrotrons and
colliding-beam accelerators, principle of Cerenkov counters and calorimeters.
The fundamental fermions and interactions. Classification of particles into – fermions and
bosons, leptons and hadrons, particles and resonant states.
Space reflection and parity, parity of charged pion, parity non-conservation in -decay,
charge conjugation, time reversal, CPT theorem, symmetry and conservation rules.
Neutrino flavours, mass limits, neutrino detection helicity of neutrino, energy of neutrino for
pion decay in flight and decay at rest, difference between v and v and ve and v and
neutrino flavour oscillations.

Unit-IV
Introduction to Spin ½ and Spin 3/2 Resonances, Quark model of hadrons, quark flavours,
confinement and QCD potential. Isospin and Gell-Mann-Nishijima relation. Baryon decuplet
and octet. Colour degree of freedom. Magnetic moments of baryons, Mass relations and
splittings. Mesons built of light and heavy quarks.
Weak, electromagnetic and strong decays of particles, calculation of branching ratios, weak
decays of strange particles and Cabbibo theory. Decay rates for       (  ) and
   e  e ( e ) processes.
Regeneration phenomenon, strangeness oscillations, KL—KS mass difference and CP non-
conservation in K0 –decays.

Reference Books:
 Enge, H.A. : Introduction to Nuclear Physics (Addison Wesley)
 Preston, M.A. & Bhaduri, R. : Nuclear Physics (Addison Wesley)
 Roy, R.R. & Nigam, B.P. : Nuclear Physics (John Wiley)
 Evans, R.D. : Atomic Nucleus (McGraw Hill)
 Halliday, D. : Introductory Nuclear Physics (John Wiley)

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  Ghosal, S.N. : Atomic and Nuclear Physics (S. Chand & Company Ltd.)
 Segre, E. : Nuclei and Particles (2nd Ed.) (Benjamin/Cummings)
 Hughes, I.S. : Elementary Particles (Cambridge)
 Perkins, D.H. : Introduction to High Energy Physics (Addison Wesley)
 Povh. Rith. Scholz Zetche : Particles and Nuclei (Springer)

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 Syllabus with Course Objectives and Course Outcomes
M.Sc. (Physics) II Semester
Department of Physics
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

Course Title: CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS

Course Number: PHM-2004
Credits: 02
Type of course: Core (Theory)
Contact Hours: 2 Lectures per week (Total: 24 Lectures and 04 Tutorials)
Course Assessment:
Internal assessment (1 Hour): 30%
End Semester Examination (2.5 Hours): 70%

Course Objectives
To make aware students about the useful concepts of condensed matter physics at post
graduate level. These include symmetry operations, crystal defects, reciprocal lattice,
semiconductors, magnetism and superconductivity.

Course Outcomes
On completion of the course, students will be able to:
1. Understand the basic symmetry operations performed in crystals and various types of
defects that exist in crystals.
2. Construct the reciprocal lattice of any given direct lattice.
3. To perform the structure factor calculations.
4. Appreciate the need of band theory and figure out different types of band structures.
5. Explain the quantum theory of magnetism.
6. Grasp the concepts and basic ideas related to superconductivity.

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 Syllabus for M.Sc. (Physics) II Semester
CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS
Paper Code: PHM-2004
(Credits: 02)
Theory: 24 Lectures, Tutorials: 04
UNIT –I
Symmetry Elements: Symmetry operations, proper rotation axis, improper rotation axis,
rotoreflection, rotoinversion, glide planes, screw axes.
Symmetry Groups: Point groups, space groups; Quasi crystals.
Imperfections: Types of imperfections: Point defects (Schottky and Frenkel), Dislocations,
Illustration of types of dislocation, Burger’s vector, Low angle grain boundaries.

UNIT –II
Reciprocal Lattice: Concept of Brillouin zone; reciprocal lattice, its significance,
relationships between direct and reciprocal primitive translation vectors. Construction of
reciprocal lattices; determination of reciprocal lattice of SC, BCC, FCC.
Diffraction from Crystals and Crystal Structure Study:
Bragg diffraction, Bragg formulation, Laue formulation, Fourier analysis, Structure factor of
BCC, FCC, diamond and Polyatomic lattice.

UNIT-III
Free Electron Fermi Gas: Review of Sommerfeld model of free election gas; Boltzmann
transport equation, derivation of the expression for d.c. conductivity.
Energy Bands: Electron wave equation in periodic crystal potential, solution for energy at
zone boundary, comparative picture of the band structures of metals, semi-metals and
insulators.
Semiconductors: Band gap, concept of hole; equations of motion of charge carriers in electric
and magnetic fields, effective mass, intrinsic and extrinsic conductivity, law of mass action.

UNIT –IV
Magnetism: Origin of magnetism. Quantum theory of diamagnetism and paramagnetism.
Curie law. Superconductivity: Occurrence of superconductivity, Meissner effect, London
equation, effect of magnetic field, type I & type II superconductors. Cooper pairs and
elementary discussion of BCS model.

Reference Books:
 Kittel, C. : Introduction to Solid State Physics, 8th Ed. (John-Wiley)
 Srivastava, J.P. : Elements of Solid State Physics (Prentice-Hall of India)
 Wahab, M.A.: Solid State Physics: Structure and Properties of Materials (Alpha
Science International Ltd.)
 Ali Omar, M. : Elementary Solid State Physics : Principles and Applications
(Addison-Wesley Professional).

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 Syllabus with Course Objectives and Course Outcomes
M.Sc. (Physics) II Semester
Department of Physics
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

Course Title: ASTROPHYSICS

Course Number: PHM-2005
Credits: 02
Type of course: Core (Theory)
Contact Hours: 2 Lectures per week (Total: 24 Lectures and 04 Tutorials)
Course Assessment:
Internal assessment (1 Hour): 30%
End Semester Examination (2.5 Hours): 70%

Course Objectives
To develop an elementary understanding of universe and applications of physical processes
including elementary relativistic physics.

Course Outcomes
On completion of the course, students will be able to:
1. Explain radiation mechanism and radiative transport of energy under various
conditions.
2. Describe physical states of the matter and application of Saha & Boltzmann formula
in stellar classification.
3. Differentiate between the roles of sources of energy (thermal, gravitational and
nuclear) and its role in star and galactic formulation
4. Explain structures of our sun and physical process involved in the interior and exterior
of the sun
5. Explain the various era of the evolution of universe.

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 Syllabus for M.Sc. (Physics) II Semester
ASTROPHYSICS
Paper Code: PHM-2005
(Credits: 02)
Theory: 24 Lectures, Tutorials: 04

Unit-I
Photometric Concepts(Intensity, Radiation and Luminosity). Stellar Magnitudes (Apparent,
Absolute, Photographic, Visual and Bolometric) and Colour Indices. Recapitulation of
Radiation Mechanisms. Emission & Absorption Coefficients and Optical Thickness.
Radiative Transfer Equation in an atmosphere and its Simple Applications

Unit-II
Virial Theorem & its Applications. Boltmann & Saha Ionization Formula and its
Applications in Spectral Classification (Harvard and Yerkes). H-R Diagrams. Equation of
Stellar Structure (Hydrostatic Equilibrium, Mass &Temperature Distribution and Energy
Transport in Stellar Interiors) and Physical State of the gas.

Unit-III
Stellar Energy Sources and Nucleosynthesis [Basic Conditions, Thermonuclear Reaction
Rates and Nuclear Burning (P-P, CNO, Triple Alpha, Carbon & Other Heavy Elements)],
Internal Structure of the Sun and Solar Neutrino Problem.

Unit-IV
Various Era of the Evolution of Universe ( Hadron Era, Lepton Era, Radiation Era, Matter
Era and Formation of the Galaxies). Cosmological Observations (Huble Law, Hubble
Constant, Age of the Universe, Redshift, Microwave Background Radiation, Isotropy of the
Matter & Radiation and Relative Helium Abundance).

Reference Books:
 The New Cosmos: Albrecht Unsold and Bodo Baschek (Springer-Verlag)
 Fundamentals of Astronomy: H. Karttunen, P. Kroger, H. Oja, M.Poutanen and K.J.
Donner (Springer-Verlag)
 Stellar Structure and Evolution: R. Kippenhahn and A. Weigert (Springer-Verlag)
 Text Book of Astronomy and Astrophysics with Elements of Cosmology: V.B. Bhatia
(Narosa Publishing House).
 Stellar Evolution and Nucleosynthesis (Cambridge): S.G. Ryan and A.J. Norton

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 Syllabus with Course Objectives and Course Outcomes
M.Sc. (Physics) III Semester
Department of Physics
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

Course Title: QUANTUM MECHANICS-II

Course Number: PHM-3001
Credits: 04
Type of course: Core (Theory)
Contact Hours: 4 Lectures per week (Total: 48 Lectures and 08 Tutorials)
Course Assessment:
Internal assessment (1 Hour): 30%
End Semester Examination (2.5 Hours): 70%

Course Objectives
To impart knowledge to make the students able to pursue research in theoretical physics in
general and to the fields of nuclear physics, particle physics and astrophysics in particular.

Course Outcomes
After completion of the course, students have knowledge and ability to apply Quantum
mechanics and Quantum Field Theory to particles and fields. Attached syllabus is self
explanatory.

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 Syllabus for M.Sc. (Physics) III Semester
QUANTUM MECHANICS-II
Paper Code: PHM-3001
(Credits: 04)
Theory: 48 Lectures, Tutorials: 08

UNIT-I: Relativistic Wave Equation

Relativity and problems will Schrodinger equation, Free particle Klein-Fock-Gordon
equation and physical problems associated with it, continuity equation, minimal
electromagnetic coupling, non-relativistic reduction.
Dirac equation, Covariant and adjoint Dirac equations, continuity equation, free-particle
solution, Dirac and Feynman interpretations of negative energy states, Dirac equation in
electromagnetic field, non-relativistic reduction.

UNIT-II:
Dirac Equation in a Central Field, spin-orbit energy, spin angular momentum, constants of
motion for central field and their simultaneous eigen-functions, energy levels of relativistic
hydrogen atom, anomalous magnetic moment.

Unit-III: Quantization of Klein-Gordon and Dirac field

Lagrangian field theory. Statement of Noether’s theorem and conserved energy momentum
tensor.
Quantization of Klein-Gordon field (number representation), Hermitian and non-Hermitian
fields energy, momentum and charged operators for scalar fields. Covariant commutation
rules and meson propagator.
Quantization of Dirac field (number representation), Covariant commutation rules and the
fermion propagator.

Unit-IV: Quantization of e.m. field

Covariant quantization of e.m. field. Four polarization vector. Covariant commutation rules
and the photon propagator.
QED Lagrangian. The S-matrix expansion. Statement of Wick’s theorem. Feynman diagrams
in configuration space. Scattering from an external field.

Reference Books:
 Biswas, S.N. : Quantum Mechanics; Chapters 8 & 9 (Books and Allied )
 Schiff, L.I. : Quantum Mechanics, Chapters 13,14 (McGraw Hill; 3rd Edition)
 Bjorken, J.D. and Drell, S.D. : Relativistic Quantum Mechanics; Chapters 1 and
3 (McGraw Hill)
 Mandl, F. and Shaw, G. : Quantum Field Theory (John-Wiley)
 Sakurai, J.J. : Advanced Quantum Mechanics (Benjamin/Cummings)

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 Syllabus with Course Objectives and Course Outcomes
M.Sc. (Physics) III Semester
Department of Physics
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

Course Title: STATISTICAL PHYSICS

Course Number: PHM-3002
Credits: 04
Type of course: Core (Theory)
Contact Hours: 4 Lectures per week (Total: 48 Lectures and 08 Tutorials)
Course Assessment:
Internal assessment (1 Hour): 30%
End Semester Examination (2.5 Hours): 70%

Course Objectives
Aim of this course is to develop an understanding of how the physics laws of statistical
systems are formulated from scratch at the classical as well as quantum level with the aid of
statistical distributions, and thereby partition function and entropy of the system. In addition
the learners also get acquainted with some exotic phenomenon of the nature which are based
upon the phase-transitions of various types, random walk, Heisenberg and Ising model for
Magnetic materials.

Course Outcomes
On completion of the course, students will be able to:
1. Understand, derive and apply the classical and quantum statistical distribution
function from scratch for different statistical systems.
2. Formulate statistical models and derive the associated thermo-dynamical properties
such as entropy, temperature, pressure and chemical potentials.
3. Differentiate between Bosonic and Fermionic systems and understand the allied
phenomenon such as black-body radiation, Bose-Einstein condensations.
4. Learn and apply the ideas of phase-transitions of first and second order,
ferromagnetism using Ising and Heisenberg models.
5. Formulate random walk problem and should be able to apply it to realistic systems in
nature.

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 Syllabus for M.Sc. (Physics) I Semester
STATISTICAL PHYSICS
Paper Code: PHM-3002
(Credits: 04)
Theory: 48 Lectures, Tutorials: 08
Unit-I:
Introduction to statistical physics, phase space and phase space trajectory, concept of
statistical ensemble, distribution function, mean value of a physical quantity, statistical
equilibrium, statistical independence and quasi-closed systems. Fluctuations and its
dependence on number of particles.
Liouville’s theorem and its significance, microcanonical distribution in classical statistics,
statistical matrix, statistical distribution in quantum statistics.
Entropy. Law of increase of entropy. Thermodynamic quantities: temperature, pressure, free
energy and thermodynamic potential. Theorem of small increments (no derivation), Concept
of chemical potential, dependence of thermodynamic quantities on number of particles. An
ideal gas in microcanonical ensemble.

Unit-II:
Gibbs canonical distribution. The Maxwellian distribution. Free energy and partition
function.
Grand canonical distribution and partition function. Ideal gas in canonical and grand
canonical ensemble.
Energy fluctuations in canonical and concentration fluctuations in grand canonical ensemble.
Boltzmann distribution. The Boltzmann distribution in classical statistics. Free energy and
equation of state of an ideal gas. Chemical potential of a monatomic ideal gas.

Unit-III:
F-D and B-E distributions. Equation of state of ideal F-D and B-E gases of elementary
particles.
Degenerate electron gas, equation of state, degeneracy temperature, specific heat. The
electron gas in metals, Richardson effect.
Degenerate Bose gas – Bose-Einstein condensation, condensation temperature, specific heat,
entropy and pressure.
Black-body radiation: Planck’s formula and Boltzmann’s law.
Magnetism of an electron gas – Pauli paramagnetism, Landau diamagnetism, de-Hass Van
Alphen effect.

Unit-IV:
Ferromagnetism – First and second order phase transition, the Bragg-Williams
approximation, Heisenberg and Ising model in one dimension; an idea in two dimensions.
Fluctuations : The Gaussian distribution for one and more than one variable. Fluctuations in
thermodynamic qualities. Fluctuations in ideal gas. Poisson’s formula. Energy fluctuations in
canonical and concentration fluctuations in grand canonical ensemble – application to perfect
classical/quantum gas. Random Walk and Brownian motion, introduction to non-equilibrium
process.

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Reference Books:
 Landau, L.D. and Lifshitz, E.M : Statistical Physics (3rd Edition) Vol. V, Part-I
(Pergamon Press)
 Pathria, R.K. Statistical Mechanics (Butterworth-Heinemann)
 W. Greiner, Ludwig Neise & Horst Stoecker : Thermodynamics and Statistical
Mechanics (Springer)
 Yu. B. Rumer & M. Sh. RajvkinThermodynamics, Statistical Physics, and
Kinematics (Mir Publisher, Moscow)

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 Syllabus with Course Objectives and Course Outcomes
M.Sc. (Physics) III Semester
Department of Physics
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

Course Title: ATOMIC AND LASER SPECTROSCOPY

Course Number: PHM-3012
Credits: 04
Type of course: Elective (Theory)
Contact Hours: 4 Lectures per week (Total: 48 Lectures and 08 Tutorials)
Course Assessment:
Internal assessment (1 Hour): 30%
End Semester Examination (2.5 Hours): 70%

Course Objectives
To develop theoretical and experimental knowledge in Atomic, Molecular and Laser
Spectroscopy

Course Outcomes
On completion of the course, students will be able to:
1. Apply the experimental techniques like optogalvanic, ionization, optoacoustic, laser
induced fluorescence, optical double resonance and nonlinear techniques (saturation,
polarization, two-photon spectroscopy, to atoms and molecules.
2. Analyze and explain the complex spectra of atoms/molecules.
3. Apply these techniques for advance studies at research levels.
4. Apply the atomic and laser spectroscopy to environmental and astrophysical studies.
5. Apply the nonlinear laser spectroscopy to test the fundamentals of physics in general.

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 Syllabus for M.Sc. (Physics) III Semester
ATOMIC AND LASER SPECTROSCOPY
Paper Code: PHM-3012
(Credits: 04)
Theory: 48 Lectures, Tutorials: 08
Unit-I: Atomic Structure
Complex Spectra: Vector model for three or more valence electrons. Scandium and oxygen
spectra. Inverted terms. Compound doublet. Series perturbation, nature and conditions for
term perturbations, anomalous principal series in copper and diffuse series in cadmium.
Inner-Shell Excitation and Autoionization, autoionization in calcium. Line intensities,
Transition probabilities, oscillator strength and sum rules. Forbidden transitions (M1, M2 and
E2).

Unit-II: The Analysis of Atomic Spectra

Observations, Recording of spectrum on high resolution grating spectrograph. Triggered
Spark source. Wavelength calibration using a polynomial fit. Predictions : Semi-empirical
Relations, Ab Initio Theoretical predictions (Qaulitative), Parametric predictions.
Isoelectronic Sequences and Highly Charged Ions, Term Analysis in Practice. Beam-Foil
Spectroscopy. Time delayed Spectroscopy. Inter-combination transitions. Lifetime
measurement of the excited states using Beam-Foil technique. Precision lifetime
measurements in fast beam with lasers. Determination of the Ionization Energy (I.P.)

Unit-III: Laser Spectroscopy

Laser as spectroscopic light sources. Absorption spectroscopy with lasers. Frequency
modulation, photoacaustic, optogalvanic and ionization spectroscopy. Laser induced
fluorescence. Optical pumping. Double Resonance Methods: Optical-RF and optical-optical
double resonance. Stepwise excitation, characteristic properties of Rydberg atoms,
spectroscopy of Rydberg states.

Unit-IV: Non-Linear and Molecular Beam Laser Spectroscopy

Hole burning, Lamb dip, Saturation spectroscopy. Polarization spectroscopy. Two-photon
absorption. Multiphoton spectroscopy. Molecular Beam: Reduction of Doppler widths, sub-
Doppler spectroscopy in collimated molecular beam.

Reference Books:
 White, HE : Introduction to Atomic Spectra (McGraw-Hill)
 A.Thorne,U.Litzen and S. Johansson : Spectrophysics: Principles and Applications
 Kuhn, HC : Atomic Spectra (Longman)
 Demtroder, W : Laser Spectroscopy (Springer Verlag)
 Hollas, JM : High Resolution Spectroscopy (John Wiley)

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 Syllabus with Course Objectives and Course Outcomes
M.Sc. (Physics) III Semester
Department of Physics
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

Course Title: CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS-A

Course Number: PHM-3013
Credits: 04
Type of course: Core (Theory)
Contact Hours: 4 Lectures per week (Total: 48 Lectures and 08 Tutorials)
Course Assessment:
Internal assessment (1 Hour): 30%
End Semester Examination (2.5 Hours): 70%

Course Objectives
To familiarize the students about the advanced concepts of condensed matter physics at post
graduate level. These include lattice vibrations, plasma oscillations, thermal properties of
solids, band structure calculations, Fermi surfaces, magneto-conductivity and magnetic
materials.

Course Outcomes
On completion of the course, students will be able to:
1. Understand the general theory of harmonic approximations in ideal and real crystals
and theory of neutron-phonon scattering.
2. Grasp the knowledge of plasma oscillations and thermal properties of solids including
quantum theory of lattice heat capacity, thermal expansion, phonon collision
processes, occurrence of thermal resistance and phonon thermal conductivity.
3. Calculate the band structures using tight binding approximation and Wigner-Seitz
cellular method.
4. Construct the Fermi surfaces and study these surfaces using Cyclotron resonance, de
Haas van Alphen effect.
5. Distinguish between various types of paramagnetic materials and explain the origin of
the domains.

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 Syllabus for M.Sc. (Physics) III Semester
CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS –A
Paper Code: PHM-3013
(Credits: 04)
Theory: 48 Lectures, Tutorials: 08

Unit-I:
Review of the concept of reciprocal lattice, Properties of reciprocal lattice, reciprocal lattice
of a hexagonal space lattice, calculation of structure factor for FCC and hexagonal crystals.
Lattice Vibrations: Adiabatic approximation. General Theory of harmonic approximation for
a three-dimensional crystal, normal modes of real crystals, dispersion curve. Theory of
neutron-phonon scattering, the determination of vibration spectra by inelastic neutron
scattering, experimental set up.

Unit-II:
Plasmons, Polaritons: Plasma oscillations, plasmons. Transverse optical modes in plasma,
application to optical phonon modes in ionic crystals, interaction of e.m. waves with optical
modes (polaritons). LST relation.
Thermal Properties: Classical lattice heat capacity, quantum theory of lattice heat capacity
(Einstein model; Phonon density of states, Debye continuum model). Electron heat capacity.
Anharmonic effects, thermal expansion, phonon collision processes, occurrence of thermal
resistance, phonon thermal conductivity, temperature dependence, influence of isotope
scattering, size effect.

Unit-III:
Electron Energy Bands: Failure of free electron model (a review). Periodicity of Bloch
functions and their eigen values, zone schemes. Tight binding approximation, Wigner-Seitz
cellular method.
Fermi Surface: Construction of Fermi surface. Electrons in a uniform magnetic field, Onsager
quantization condition. Experimental methods of studying Fermi surface (Cyclotron
resonance, de Haas van Alphen effect), closed and open orbits.

Unit-IV:
Magnetotransport: Classical theory of mgnetoconductivity, a.c. conductivity of metals.
Boltzmann equation in the magnetic field, Hall effect, magnetoresistance in two-band model.
Magnetism: Quantum theory of magnetic susceptibility, van Vleck paramagnetism, Pauli
paramagnetism. Temperature dependence of spontaneous magnetization. Exchange
interaction (two electron system), Heisenberg model (spin Hamiltonian). Ferromagnetic
domains. Anisotropy energy, Bloch wall.

Reference Books:
 Kittel, C.: Introduction to Solid State Physics 8th Ed. (John Wiley)
 Srivastava, J.P. : Elements of Solid State Physics (Prentice-Hall)
 Ziman, J.M. : Principles of the Theory of Solids (Vikas)
 Animalu, A.O.E. : Intermediate Quantum Theory of Crystalline Solids
(Prentice-Hall)

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 Syllabus with Course Objectives and Course Outcomes
M.Sc. (Physics) III Semester
Department of Physics
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

Course Title: NONLINEAR DYNAMICS

Course Number: PHM-3017
Credits: 04
Type of course: Elective (Theory)
Contact Hours: 4 Lectures per week (Total: 48 Lectures and 08 Tutorials)
Course Assessment:
Internal assessment (1 Hour): 30%
End Semester Examination (2.5 Hours): 70%

Course Objectives
To develop basic understanding of the fundamentals of Nonlinear Dynamics namely the
qualitative behaviour of the solution of dynamical systems and synchronization in coupled
chaotic maps and flows.

Course Outcomes
On completion of the course, students will be able to:
1. Find equilibria in 1, 2 and 3 dimensional systems and determine their local stability
using linear analysis or graphical means.
2. Identify various types of bifurcations that leads to chaos in maps and flows.
3. Understand sensitivity to initial conditions and use Lyapunov exponents to
characterise chaos.
4. Explain synchronization of chaotic systems and other natural systems.
5. Describe dynamics in case of conservative and stochastic systems.

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 Syllabus for M.Sc. (Physics) I Semester
NONLINEAR DYNAMICS
Paper Code: PHM-3017
(Credits: 04)
Theory: 48 Lectures, Tutorials: 08

Unit-I
Physics of nonlinear systems, conservative versus dissipative systems, dynamical equations
and constants of motion, phase space, fixed points, periodic orbits, limit cycles. Linearization
and stability analysis.

Unit-II
Bifurcations: Saddle-Node, transcritical, pitchfork, Hopf, period doubling and universality.
Poincare section and iterative maps. Chaos, features of chaos; continuous and discrete
dynamical systems.

Unit-III
Sensitive dependence on initial condition, Lyapunov exponents, Logistic map, Henon map,
Lorenz system. Attractors and dimensions- Cantor set, Coupled systems, quasiperiodicity,
ergodicity.

Unit-IV
Stochastic systems, Oscillation and chaos in chemistry, biology and social sciences: some
examples, Control of chaos, synchronization- complete, phase, lag, generalized;
multistability.

Reference Books:
 Steven H. Strogatz : Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos (Westview Press)
 Edward Ott : Chaos in Dynamical Systems, 2nd Edition (Cambridge Univ. Press)
 K. Alligood, T. Sawer & J. Yorke : Chaos: An Introduction to Dynamical Systems
(Springer

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 Syllabus with Course Objectives and Course Outcomes
M.Sc. (Physics) III Semester
Department of Physics
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

Course Title: HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS –A

Course Number: PHM-3021
Credits: 04
Type of course: Elective (Theory)
Contact Hours: 4 Lectures per week (Total: 48 Lectures and 08 Tutorials)
Course Assessment:
Internal assessment (1 Hour): 30%
End Semester Examination (2.5 Hours): 70%

Course Objectives
To study the physics of elementary particles through the collisions of particles and nuclei at
relativistic energies. Production and detection of particles and concept of origin of the
Universe.

Course Outcomes
On completion of the course, students will be able to:
1. Apply concept of relativistic kinematics in solving related problems.
2. Explain the mechanism and features of particle production in hadronic and ion
collisions.
3. Describe validity and failure of models of particle production.
4. Discuss the design of detectors in Mega Experiments like CMS, ALICE, PHENIX,
CBM, etc.

39 | P a g e
 Syllabus for M.Sc. (Physics) III Semester
HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS –A
Paper Code: PHM-3021
(Credits: 04)
Theory: 48 Lectures, Tutorials: 08

Unit-I: Relativistic Kinematics

Review of Lorentz transformations for energy and momentum, four-vectors and invariants,
Laboratory and Centre-of-momentum systems, calculation of energy, momentum and angle
of particles produced in nuclear reactions in Lab. and centre-of-momentum frames and their
transformations and calculation of threshold energies for particle production.
Mandelstam variables, Fermi Golden Rule, differential and total scattering cross sections,
Lorentz invariant phase space, calculation of decay rates and phase space for two- and three-
body decays, Dalitz plots and their applications to three-body decays.

Unit-II: High Energy Hadron-Nucleon and Hadron-Nucleus Interactions

High energy hadron-nucleon collisions: Features of relativistic hadron-nucleon collisions
upto very high energy, behaviour of elastic, inelastic and total cross-sections as a function of
incident energy, multiplicity distribution, Negative Binomial Distribution, KNO scaling and
Feynman scaling.
Relativistic hadron-nucleus and ion-ion collisions: Rapidity and pseudorapidity variables.
Lab. and CM-rapidity, Maximum and minimum rapidities, Pseudorapidity distribution in
projectile, target and central fragmentation regions..
Fluctuations and correlations: Two-particle correlations, short- and long-range multiplicity
correlations, particle correlation and clusterization, Multiplicity fluctuations, Entropy and its
generalization; Shanon and Renyi entropies.
Features of non-statistical fluctuations: Intermittency and beyond-; erraticity, Multifractality
and multifractal specific heat.

Unit-III: Ultra-relativistic Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions, QGP formation and its

Signatures.
Ultra-relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions: Glauber model of nucleus-nucleus collision,
participant-spectator model, Bjorken estimate of the initial energy density, hadron structure
and quark confinement, hydrodynamics of Quark-Gluon Plasma and phase diagram,
deconfinement phase transition, global observables at RHIC and LHC energies, possible
signatures of Quark-Gluon Plasma formation, dilepon production, Drell-Yan Process in
nucleus-nucleus collision, direct photon production, De-bye screening in the QGP, J/
suppression in the QGP, strangeness enhancement, correlation and event-by-event
fluctuations, Handbury-Brown-Twiss effect, transverse mass, transverse energy, an isotropic
flow and jet quenching.

Unit-IV: Detectors in High Energy Physics Experiments

General characteristics of detectors:
Sensitivity, energy resolution and fano factor, detector efficiency and dead time.
Multiwire and Drift Chambers:
Ionization, drift and diffusion of charges in gases, pulse formation and its shape in
proportional counters, Multiwire proportional counter:-basic principle of working,
construction and readout method, The drift chamber:-principle of working, drift gases and

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spatial resoulution, Di-Muon Spectrometer of ALICE and MuCh of CBM, Cerenkov counter
and its applications.
Calorimetry in High-Energy Physics:
Idea of radiation length and critical energy, electromagnetic shower and hadronic shower
detectors.
Review of some Major High Energy Physics Experiments:
Neutrino Flavour Oscillation experiments and Physics Scenarios at RHIC and LHC energies.

Reference Books:
 Pilkuhn, H. : The Interactions of Hadrons
 Martin, L.P. : High Energy Hadron Physics (John Willey)
 Collins, P.D.B. & Martin, A.D.: Hadron Interactions (Adam Hingler)
 Hagedorn, R. : Relativistics Kinematics (Benjamin)
 Perkins, D.H. : Introduction to High Energy Physics (Addison Wesley)
 Halzen, F. and Martin, A. : Quarks and Leptons (John-Wiley)
 Wong, C.Y. : Introduction to High Energy Heavy Ion Collisions (World Scientific)
 Ferbel, T. : Experimental Techniques in High Energy Physics (Addison Wesley)
 Leo, W.R. : Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments (Narosa)
 Kleinknecht, W.: Detectors for Particle Radiation (Cambridge)

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 Syllabus with Course Objectives and Course Outcomes
M.Sc. (Physics) III Semester
Department of Physics
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

Course Title: NUCLEAR PHYSICS-A

Course Number: PHM-3022
Credits: 04
Type of course: Core (Theory)
Contact Hours: 4 Lectures per week (Total: 48 Lectures and 08 Tutorials)
Course Assessment:
Internal assessment (1 Hour): 30%
End Semester Examination (2.5 Hours): 70%

Course Objectives
To impart knowledge to make the students able to pursue research in experimental and
theoretical nuclear physics.

Course Outcomes
Students are able to apply realistic NN potential to nuclei in the framework of many-body
theories. The shell model and deformed shell model and their applications to nuclear systems
and various processes are taught in detail. Besides, the semi classical treatment of heavy-ion
reactions is also taught to them that includes scatterings, diffraction theories, exotic and super
heavy nuclei, complete and incomplete fusion. These are important for reactor physics too.

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 Syllabus for M.Sc. (Physics) III Semester
NUCLEAR PHYSICS-A
Paper Code: PHM-3022
(Credits: 04)
Theory: 48 Lectures, Tutorials: 08
Unit-I: The Two-Nucleon Problem
The nucleon-nucleon potential:
Conservation laws and invariance principles, general form of the nucleon-nucleon potential.,
the tensor potential, the V14 potential, nucleon-nucleon states.
The ground state of the deuteron:
Ground state of the deuteron and D-state admixture, Magnetic and electric quadrupole
moments.
Electromagnetic properties of nuclei:
Transition probabilities, electric and magnetic multipole moments.

Unit-II: The Shell Model

General considerations, evidence of shell effects, average potential of the nucleus, spin-orbit
coupling. Symmetry properties, isotopic spin.
The extreme single particle model, the single particle model, seniority, reduced isotopic spin.
Nordheim’s rule and ground state spins of odd-odd nuclei, configuration mixing. The
independent particle model, LS and JJ coupling schemes, experimental evidence of the single
particle states.

Unit-III: The Deformed Shell Model and The Collective Model

The Deformed shell model:
Experimental evidence (Rotational bands, Very large quadrupole moments, Fission isomers,
Single particle structure, Strongly enhanced quadrupole transition probabilities, hexadecupole
shapes, etc.), General deformed potential, Nuclear rotational motion, rotational energy
spectra and the nuclear wave functions for even-even and odd-A nuclei, nuclear moments.
The Collective model (Bulk properties):
Deformation parameters, Nuclear shapes with quadrupole, octupole and hexadecupole
deformations, Collective oscillations and the liquid drop model, Kinetic energy and potential
energy for quadrupole deformations. The Nilsson model, coupling between modes of
collective excitation: rotation-vibration interaction, Rotation-particle coupling, core
excitation.

Unit-IV: The Heavy-Ion Physics

Physical description of heavy ion interaction, elementary idea of classical and approximate
quantum mechanical theories, classical and semi-classical analysis of heavy ion reaction data,
nuclear rainbow scattering, exotic and super heavy nuclei, complete and incomplete fusion,
idea of sub-barrier fusion, high-spin states.

Reference Books:
 Deshalit, A. and Freshbach, H. : Theoretical Nuclear Physics, Vol.1: Nuclear
Structure, (JohnWiley)
 Preston, M.A. and Bhaduri, R.K. : Structure of the Nucleus (Addison-Wesley).
 Roy, R.R. and Nigam, B.P. : Nuclear Physics, Theory and Experiment (John-Wiley
and Sons, INC.)
 Hodgson, P.E. et al. : Introductory Nuclear Physics (Oxford University Press).

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  Brinkk, D.M. : Semi-Classical Methods on Nucleus-Nucleus Scattering (Cambridge
University Press).
 Allan Bromley, D. : Treatise on Heavy Ion Physics Vol. 3 & 4 (Plenum Press).
 P Ring and P. Schuk (Springer) : The Nuclear many-body Problem.
 P. E. Hodgson (Oxford) : The Heavy Ion Reactions.
 Greiner (Springer) : The nuclear Models.
 L. R. B. Elton : The Nucleus.

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 Syllabus with Course Objectives and Course Outcomes
M.Sc. (Physics) III Semester
Department of Physics
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

Course Title: PHYSICS OF NANOMATERIALS

Course Number: PHM-3023
Credits: 04
Type of course: Elective (Theory)
Contact Hours: 4 Lectures per week (Total: 48 Lectures and 08 Tutorials)
Course Assessment:
Internal assessment (1 Hour): 30%
End Semester Examination (2.5 Hours): 70%

Course Objectives
To comprehend the fundamental theory and influence of dimensionality on the properties of
nanomaterials with their prospects in advanced devices. This course will also familiarize the
student not only with existing techniques and underlying principles/concepts involved in the
fabrication of nanomaterials but also to make them well versed in various characterization
techniques.

Course Outcomes
On completion of the course, students will be able to:
1. familiarize about the principles and background to nanotechnology.
2. optimize suitable process to synthesize nanostructures of desired size, shape and
surface properties.
3. Perceive the basic theories, properties, characterization techniques and applications of
nanomaterials.
4. familiarize with the structure, synthesis and properties of different fullerenes and
identify their potential applications.
5. Comprehend the meaning and significance of the phenomenon of single electron
transistors and their novel applications in industry.

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 Syllabus for M.Sc. (Physics) III Semester
PHYSICS OF NANO MATERIALS
Paper Code: PHM-3023
(Credits: 04)
Theory: 48 Lectures, Tutorials: 08

Unit-I: Introduction to Nanomaterials and properties

Brief history and overview of nanomaterials; Synthesis techniques: Top down and Bottom
up approaches (High energy ball milling, Sol-gel process, Chemical bath deposition, Plasma
Arc discharge, Chemical vapor deposition, Sputtering, Pulsed Laser deposition,
Molecular beam epitaxy).
Mechanical, Thermal, Electrical, Magnetic and Optical properties.

Unit-II: Characterization tools of Nanomaterials

Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM): Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM), Local
density of states, Tunneling current, Applications, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM);
Electron Microscopy: Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Transmission Electron
Microscope (TEM), High resolution TEM.

Unit-III: Carbon based Nanomaterials

Nature of carbon bond, Carbon structures, Small carbon clusters; Fullerenes: Synthesis
and Properties, various forms of fullerene materials; Graphene: Synthesis and
Applications; Carbon nanotubes: classification, synthesis, properties (Electrical,
Vibrational & Mechanical) and applications, Nanodimond.

Unit-IV: Quantum Nanostructures and Nanostructured Ferromagnetism

Quantum wells, wires and dots, Fabrication of Quantum Nanostructures, Size effect,
Conduction electron and dimensionality, Fermi gas and density of states. Partial
confinement, Single electron transistor (SET), Single electron capacitor, Quantum effects
on SET, Fabrication of SET, Bulk Nanostructuring and Magnetic properties, Dynamics of
Nanomagnets, Nanopore containment of magnetic particles.

Reference Books:
 Poole Jr., C.P. & Owens, F.J. Introduction to Nanotechnology (Wiley
 Interscience)
Edelstein A.S., and Cammarata, R.C. Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties and
Applications Edn. (Institute of Physics
 Fujita, F.E. Physics of New Materials, Second Edn. (Springer-Verlag)
 Zhen Guo, Li Tan Fundamentals and Applications of nanomaterials
 Gaber L. H. Harry F. Tibbals, Joydeep Dutta and John J. Moore Introduction
to Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CRC Press)
 K.K. Chattopadhyay & A.N. Banerjee Introduction to Nanoscience &
Nanotechnology (PHI Learning Pvt.
 Michael F. Ashby, Paulo J. Ferreira & Daniel L. Schodek

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 Syllabus with Course Objectives and Course Outcomes
M.Sc. (Physics) III Semester
Department of Physics
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

Course Title: STRING THEORY

Course Number: PHM-3024
Credits: 04
Type of course: Core (Theory)
Contact Hours: 4 Lectures per week (Total: 48 Lectures and 08 Tutorials)
Course Assessment:
Internal assessment (1 Hour): 30%
End Semester Examination (2.5 Hours): 70%

Course Objectives
To develop a thorough background of the classical and quantum theory of strings.

Course Outcomes
On completion of the course, students will be able to:
1. Describe the technical route we have to take to reach string theory starting with the
standard model of particle physics.
2. Solve mathematical problems using higher mathematics needed in string theory.
3. Explain classical theory of strings.
4. Describe stringy concepts like compactification and dualities.
5. Describe very sophisticated theoretical technology called the AdS/CFT
correspondence.

47 | P a g e
 Syllabus for M.Sc. (Physics) III Semester
STRING THEORY
Paper Code: PHM-3024
(Credits: 04)
Theory: 48 Lectures, Tutorials: 08
Unit-I: Before String Theory
Achievements and problems with the standard model (SM) of particle interactions. Grand
unified theories, supersymmetry and supergravity. Spheres in various dimensions, Planck
length in higher dimensions.

Unit-II: String Theory Primer

Point particle, relativistic strings, closed strings, world sheet and background aspects,
bosonic string theory, Gupta Bleuler, light cone and BRST quantizations, superstrings of type
I, IIA, IIB and heterotic strings.

Unit-III: Physical Aspects of String Theory

Compactification and supersymmetry breaking. Calabi-Yau manifolds and their mathematical
properties, examples of Calabi-Yau manifolds, T-Duality in presence of background fields,
Low energy effective actions, S-duality, M-Theory.

Unit-IV: AdS/CFT
Branes, D-brances & hints for gauge gravity duality in branes and scalar absorption.
Maldacena conjecture. AdS5 and AdS3 case. Applications.

Reference Books:
 Kiritsis, E. : String Theory in a Nut-shell (Princeton)
 Becker, K., Becker, M., Schwarz, J.H. : String Theory and M-Theory (Cambridge)
 Zwiebach, B. : A First Course in String Theory (Cambridge)

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 Syllabus with Course Objectives and Course Outcomes
M.Sc. (Physics) III Semester
Department of Physics
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

Course Title: PROGRAMMING AND COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS-A

Course Number: PHM-3031
Credits: 02
Type of course: Ability Enhancement Elective (Theory)
Contact Hours: 2 Lectures per week (Total: 24 Lectures and 04 Tutorials)
Course Assessment:
Internal assessment (1 Hour): 30%
End Semester Examination (2.5 Hours): 70%

Course Objectives
Objective of the course is to develop basic understanding and skills to C++ language and its
application in solving problems.

Course Outcomes
On completion of the course, students will be able to:
1. Write and execute C++ codes that solve problems especially physics problems
numerically.
2. Use both in-build and customise functions, read and write to and from a file.
3. Use advanced arrays and pointers e.g. dynamical memory allocation techniques to
optimise the basic C++ codes.
4. Convert a code written in some other language e.g. in Fortran to a C++ code

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 Syllabus for M.Sc. (Physics) III Semester
PROGRAMMING AND COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS-A
Paper Code: PHM-3031
(Credits:02)
Theory: 24 Lectures, Tutorials: 04
Unit I
Basic concepts of Object Oriented Programming (OOP); benefits and application of OOP;
Introduction to C++ language and its application; C/C++ statements, Structure of C++
program, creating source file, compiling and linking. Identifiers and Keywords.
Constants: String, Numeric, Character constants; Variables: integer, float and character
variables, local and global variables
Operators: Arithmetic, logical operators
Type conversion; declaration of constants and variables
Exercises

Unit II
Input / output: scanf(), printf(), cin, cout statements, Unformatted/ Formatted I/O operations
Control and iterative statements: simple if, if-else, nested if, switch-case statements, while
and do-while loop, for loop, Break, continue statements, goto statement and the conditional
expression (? : operator); Simple programs based on these statements

Unit III
Header files: standard and user defined
Functions: Introduction, types of functions, in-built functions, defining functions, arguments,
function prototype, parameters, calling functions, return statement, recursion. Void function
and function returning results
File handling: file concepts, file creation, I/O operations on files and file functions, stream
state member function. Opening, closing and rewinding a file, reading data from a file,
writing output to a file.

Unit IV
Arrays: notations, declaration and initialization, multidimensional arrays
Pointers: definition, applications of pointers, pointer declaration, pointer operator, address
operator, pointer expressions, pointer arithmetic. Pointers and function call by value and by
reference. Pointers to functions. Pointers and arrays. Dynamic, memory allocation.
Structure: declaration and initialization. Functions and structures.
Unions: The union tag, processing with unions, Initialization of unions.
Exercises

References Books:
 Object-oriented Programming with C++, E. Balagurusamy
 Programming with C++, John Hubbard and Atul Kahate
 Practical C++ Programming, Stew Oualline
 Thinking in C Including Object Oriented Programming with C++, P.B. Mahapatra

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 Syllabus with Course Objectives and Course Outcomes
M.Sc. (Physics) III Semester
Department of Physics
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

Course Title: INSTRUMENTATION AND ANALYTICAL METHODS-A

Course Number: PHM-3032
Credits: 02
Type of course: Ability Enhancement Elective (Theory)
Contact Hours: 2 Lectures per week (Total: 24 Lectures and 04 Tutorials)
Course Assessment:
Internal assessment (1 Hour): 30%
End Semester Examination (2.5 Hours): 70%

Course Objectives
To develop theoretical and experimental knowledge in advance experimental and analytical
methods of electronics and spectroscopy.

Course Outcomes
On completion of the course, students will be able to:
1. Use electronic circuits for the study of different type transducers/detectors.
2. Make the electric circuits which will be suitable to give input and output of
transducers.
3. Apply phase sensitive detection system for accurate measurement of signal.
4. Apply FTIR Raman & UV-visible electronic spectroscopy for characterization of
materials.
5. Apply FTIR and Raman microscopy to study of condensed and biological materials in
research labs. And industries.
6. Apply atomic absorption and x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy for elemental analysis
of sample in research labs. And industries.

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 Syllabus for M.Sc. (Physics) III Semester
INSTRUMENTATION AND ANALYTICAL METHODS-A
Paper Code: PHM-3032
(Credits:02)
Theory: 24 Lectures, Tutorials: 04
UNIT-I: Transducers
Transducers:Temperature, magnetic field and vibration, linear position transducer:
Piezoelectric. Optical detectors.

UNIT-II: Signal Measurement

Signal conditioning and recovery, impedance matching, amplification (Op-amp based,
instrumentation amp, feedback), filtering and noise reduction, shielding and grounding; lock-
in detector, box-car integrator, modulation techniques.

UNIT-III: Spectroscopy Techniques-I

Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). FTIR Microscopy and ATR-FTIR. Raman
spectroscopy : Dispersive, FT- Raman and micro Raman spectroscopy. Raman Imaging.

UNIT-IV: Spectroscopy Techniques-II

UV-Visible spectroscopy. Fluoresence and Photoluminiscence Spectroscopy. X-ray
Fluorescence and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry.

Reference Books:
 Spectroscopy Volume 1, 2 and 3: B.P. Straughan and S. Walker.
 Long, D.A. : Raman Spectroscopy (McGraw Hill, New York)
 Herzberg, G. : Molecular Spectra & Molecular Structure Vol. II & III (D. Van
Nostrand)
 Griffiths, P.A. : Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (John Wiley & Son).
 Lakowicz, J.R. : Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy
 Demtroder, W : Laser Spectroscopy (Springer Verlag)
 A.K. Ghosh : Introduction to Measurements and Instrumentation, 3rd Edition, PHI,
Learning Pvt. Ltd.
 D.V.S. Murty : Transducers and Instrumentation, 2nd Edition, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
 C.S. Rangan, G.R. Sarma, V.S.V. Mani : Instrumentation Devices and Systems, Tata
McGraw Hill
 D. Patranabis: Principles of Electronic Instrumentation, , PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.

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 Syllabus with Course Objectives and Course Outcomes
M.Sc. (Physics) III Semester
Department of Physics
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

Course Title: ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS

Course Number: PHM-3033
Credits: 02
Type of course: Ability Enhancement Elective (Theory)
Contact Hours: 2 Lectures per week (Total: 24 Lectures and 04 Tutorials)
Course Assessment:
Internal assessment (1 Hour): 30%
End Semester Examination (2.5 Hours): 70%

Course Objectives
To develop understanding of elements of atmosphere and concepts of physical and dynamical
meteorology.

Course Outcomes
On completion of the course, students will be able to:
1. Explain the basic elements of atmosphere.
2. Describe the physical and dynamical meteorological concepts and apply them to study
various aspects of atmospheric physics.
3. Learn numerical methods in atmospheric physics such as finite difference method, the
finite difference equation for sound, gravity and Rossby waves, filtering of gravity
and Rossby waves, the equivalent-Barotropic model, essentials of numerical weather
analysis and forecasting.
4. Describe the working principle of conventional and modern observational techniques
such as LIDARS, SODARS, RADARS to measure pressure, temperature, humidity,
wind, precipitation, visibility etc.

53 | P a g e
 Syllabus for M.Sc. (Physics) III Semester
ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS
Paper Code: PHM-3033
(Credits:02)
Theory: 24 Lectures, Tutorials: 04

Unit – I: Elements of Atmosphere and Physical Meteorology

Atmospheric composition, laws of thermodynamics of the atmosphere, Adiabatic processes,
potential temperature, The Clausius-Claperon equation, radiative transfer and the laws of
black body radiation, solar and terrestrial radiation.

Unit – II: Dynamical Meteorology

The fundamental forces, hydrostatic equation, Lapse rate, Enthalpy equation, Entropy of dry
air and entropy change, The circulation theorem, vorticity, potential vorticity and potential
vorticity equations.

Unit – III: Numerical Methods in Atmospheric Physics

The finite difference method, the finite difference equation for sound, gravity and Rossby
waves, filtering of gravity and Rossby waves, The equivalent-Barotropic model, essentials of
numerical weather analysis and forecasting.

Unit – IV: Observational Techniques in Atmospheric Physics

Conventional observational techniques, conventional measurement of pressure, temperature,
humidity, wind, precipitation, visibility.
Modern Observational Techniques: LIDARS, SODARS, RADARS.

Reference Books:
 Salby, M.L. : Fundamentals of Atmospheric Physics (Academic Press)
 Vallace, J.M. and Hobbs, P.W. : Atmospheric Science: An Introductory Survey
(Academic Press)
 Holton, H.R. : An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology (Academic Press)
 Iribarne, J.V. and Godson, W.L. : Atmospheric Thermodynamics (D. Reidel)
 Thomson, P.D. : Numerical Weather Analysis and Prediction (Macmillan)
 WMO Guide to Meteorological Instrument and observing Practices WMO – Report
No.8, TP 3, Secretariat of the WMO, Geneva-Switzerland.

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 Syllabus with Course Objectives and Course Outcomes
M.Sc. (Physics) III Semester
Department of Physics
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

Course Title: QUANTUM FIELD THEORY

Course Number: PHM-3034
Credits: 04
Type of course: Core (Theory)
Contact Hours: 4 Lectures per week (Total: 48 Lectures and 08 Tutorials)
Course Assessment:
Internal assessment (1 Hour): 30%
End Semester Examination (2.5 Hours): 70%

Course Objectives
Quantum Field Theory (QFT) is a theoretical framework that combines classical field theory,
special relativity, and quantum mechanics. Objective of the course is to develop basic
understanding and skills of the subject of quantum mechanics and quantum field theory in
path integral formalism.

Course Outcomes
On completion of the course, students will be able to:
1. Demonstrate the path integral formalism of quantum mechanics and able to solve
harmonic oscillator problem in path integral formalism.
2. Develop the path integral formalism of scaler field theory and calculate n-point
functions.
3. Solve problems involving Grassmann algebra and develop the path integral
quantisation of Dirac field theory.
4. Fix the gauge in electromagnetic theory by Faddeev-Popov procedure.

55 | P a g e
 Syllabus for M.Sc. (Physics) III Semester
QUANTUM FIELD THEORY
Paper Code: PHM-3034
(Credits: 04)
Theory: 48 Lectures, Tutorials: 08

Unit I: Path integral in quantum mechanics

Path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, harmonic oscillator problem in path integral
formalism, revision of canonical quantization for scalar, Dirac and gauge fields, functional
integrations and differentiations, Grassmann variables, functional integrations and derivatives
over Grassmann variables.

Unit II: Path integral quantization

Path integral for scalar fields, generating functional, 2-point function, n-point functions and
Wicks contraction, interacting theory, Feynman diagrams in configuration space, connected
diagrams, Feynman diagram in momentum space, Greens functions, 1-loop diagrams, path
integral for Dirac field.

Unit III: Path integral quantization of electromagnetic field

Path integral for electromagnetic field, gauge fixing, Faddeev-Popov procedure, symmetries
and Ward identities, LSZ reduction for the gauge field and scattering amplitudes.

Unit IV: Renormalization in QED

Renormalization of photon propagator, electron propagator and QED vertex function, QED
beta function at one loop, renormalization group evolution and running coupling.

Reference Books:
 F. Mandl and G. Shaw, Quantum Field Theory, 2nd edition, Wiley publication.
 L. H. Ryder, Quantum Field Theory, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press.
 Mark Srednicki, Quantum Field Theory, 1st edition, Cambridge University Press.

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 Syllabus with Course Objectives and Course Outcomes
M.Sc. (Physics) III Semester
Department of Physics
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

Course Title: OPTICAL ELECTRONICS AND APPLICATIONS

Course Number: PHM-
Credits: 02
Type of course: Ability Enhancement Elective (Theory)
Contact Hours: 2 Lectures per week (Total: 24 Lectures and 04 Tutorials)
Course Assessment:
Internal assessment (1 Hour): 30%
End Semester Examination (2.5 Hours): 70%

Course Objectives
1. To introduce the basic effects such as the electro optic, acousto optic and magneto
optic used in modulation and switching of optical signals and to apply them in device
design and materials properties.
2. To provide a platform both for the selection of suitable devices for various
applications in light detection and optoelectronics and an idea for the development of
next generation devices.

Course Outcomes
On completion of the course, students will be able to:
1. Explain the concept of electro optic, acousto optic and magneto optic effects and their
applications in device design and properties.
2. Describe the basic principle of detection of optical radiations.
3. Explain the concepts of light absorbing, display and other devices.
4. Get an idea for the development of next generation devices and life-skills in hands-on
mode so as to increase their employability.

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 Syllabus for M.Sc. (Physics) III Semester
OPTICAL ELECTRONICS AND APPLICATIONS
Paper Code: PHM-
(Credits:02)
Theory: 24 Lectures, Tutorials: 04
Unit I: Introduction
Light sources, Colour temperature, Radio metric and photometric units, PN junction, Carrier
recombination and diffusion, Injection efficiency, Heterojunction, Internal quantum
efficiency, External quantum efficiency, Light propagation through anisotropic media,
Electro optic (EO), Acousto optic (AO) and magneto optic (MO) effects.

Unit II: Light detection

Basic principle of detection of optical radiations, Thermal detectors, Photo detectors, Photo
multipliers, Photoconductive detectors, Photodiodes, Avalanche photodiodes, PIN diode,
Charge coupled devices, Image intensifiers, Arrays, Noise considerations.

Unit III: Optoelectronic modulators and light emitting devices

Basic principle of modulators, Birefringence, EO, MO, and AO modulators, EO switches,
Spatial light modulators, Transmitters, Optical transmitter circuits, LED and laser drive
circuits, LED-Power and efficiency, LED structures, LED characteristics.

Unit IV: Light absorbing, display and other devices

Camera chips and solar cells, Display devices, EL display, LED display, Plasma panel
display, Liquid crystals: Properties, LCD displays, Acousto optic tunable filter, Acousto optic
deflector, Scanner and spectrum analyser, Nanophotonic devices.

Reference Books:
 Ghatak, A. and Thyagarajan K. : Optical Electronics (Cambridge University Press,
1989)
 Yariv, A. and Yeh, P. : Photonics (Oxford Univ. Press, 2007)
 Saleh, B.M.A. and Teich, M.C. : Fundamentals of Photonics (John Wiley, NY, 2007)
 Boyd, R. W. : Nonlinear Optics (Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier, 2008)
 Agarwal, G. P. : Nonlinear Fiber Optics (Academic Press, Boston, 2013)
 Ghatak, A. and Thyagarajan K. : Introduction to fiber optics (Cambridge Univ. Press,
UK, 1998)
 Streetman, B. G. and Banerjee, S. K. : Solid state electronic devices (PHI Learning
Pvt. Ltd., 2009)
 Wilson, J. and Jis Hawkers, J. F. B. : Opto electronics - An introduction (PHI, 1996)
 Bhattacharya, P. :Semiconductor optoelectronic devices (Prentice Hall of India, 1995)

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 Syllabus with Course Objectives and Course Outcomes
M.Sc. (Physics) IV Semester
Department of Physics
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

Course Title: MOLECULAR PHYSICS

Course Number: PHM-4012
Credits: 04
Type of course: Elective (Theory)
Contact Hours: 4 Lectures per week (Total: 48 Lectures and 08 Tutorials)
Course Assessment:
Internal assessment (1 Hour): 30%
End Semester Examination (2.5 Hours): 70%

Course Objectives
To develop theoretical and experimental knowledge in Advance Molecular Physics and
Spectroscopy.

Course Outcomes
On completion of the course, students will be able to:
1. Apply the molecular symmetry Group Theory to find the point group normal
modes and their activity in infrared and Raman spectroscope of molecules.
2. Understand and analyse the electronic rotational, vibrational spectra of molecules.
3. Understand the quantum mechanics of simple molecules.
4. Apply the experimental techniques in molecular spectroscopy like FTIR, Raman
matrix isolation and microwave spectroscopy.
5. Apply the knowledge of spectroscopy for characterization of material in research
laboratories and industry.

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 Syllabus for M.Sc. (Physics) IV Semester
MOLECULAR PHYSICS
Paper Code: PHM-4012
(Credits: 04)
Theory: 48 Lectures, Tutorials: 08

Unit-I: Molecular Symmetry and Vibrations Spectra

Elements of symmetry. Point groups. Matrix representation of symmetry elements of a point
group. Reducible and irreducible representations. Point group character tables: C 2v and C3v .
Normal modes. Distribution of normal modes in symmetry species. Vibrational selection
rules. Group vibrations. Aharmomonicity: anharmonic vibrations, Fermi and Darling-
Dennison resonance. Inversion vibration.

Unit-II: Rotational and Vibration-rotation Spectra of Polyatomic Molecules

Rotational spectra of linear molecules. Intensities. Vibrational satellites. Coriolis interaction
and effect of l-type doubling in linear molecules. Rotational spectra of symmetric (prolate
and oblate) and asymmetric rotor molecules. Nuclear spin statistical weights and their effect
on intensities. Structure determination from rotational constants.
Vibration-rotation spectra of polyatomic molecules: Parallel and perpendicular bands of
linear molecules and symmetric top ( prolate and oblate) molecules.

Unit-III: Molecular Orbital Theory and Electronic Spectra

Molecular Orbitals. LCAO treatment of H2+ and H2, Heitler and London theory for H2.
Rydberg orbitals. Crystal field and Ligand field molecular orbitals.
Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Quantum yield, Kasha’s Rule, Jablanski diagram , Time-
resolved Fluorescence, Determination of excited state life time.

Unit-IV: Experimental Techniques in Spectroscopy

Microwave spectroscopy, Fourier transform spectroscopy, Matrix isolation
spectroscopy.Linear Raman spectroscopy, Non-linear Raman spectroscopy: Stimulated
Raman spectroscopy, coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering, resonance Raman spectroscopy,
hyper Raman effect. Surface -Enhanced Raman Scattering.

Reference Books:
 Barow, G.M. : Introduction to Molecular Spectroscopy (McGraw Hill)
 Hollas, J.M. : High Resolution Spectroscopy (John Wiley)
 Townes, C. : Microwave Spectroscopy (Dover)
 Long, D.A. :Raman Spectroscopy (McGraw Hill, New York)
 Herzberg, G. : Molecular Spectra & Molecular Structure Vol. II & III (D. Van
Nostrand)
 Griffiths, P.A.: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (John Wiley & Son).
 Lakowicz,J.R. : Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy
 Demtroder, W. : Laser Spectroscopy (Springer Verlag)

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 Syllabus with Course Objectives and Course Outcomes
M.Sc. (Physics) IV Semester
Department of Physics
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

Course Title: CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS-B

Course Number: PHM-4013
Credits: 04
Type of course: Elective (Theory)
Contact Hours: 4 Lectures per week (Total: 48 Lectures and 08 Tutorials)
Course Assessment:
Internal assessment (1 Hour): 30%
End Semester Examination (2.5 Hours): 70%

Course Objectives
This Condensed Matter Physics-B covers the remaining topics of the Condensed Matter
Physics-A paper taught in M.Sc I Semester to give a complete understating of Solid State
Physics at the Post Graduate level. The objective of the course is to develop understanding of
the crystalline structure, physical properties and underlying principles of the solid state.

Course Outcomes
On completion of the course, students will be able to:
1. Explain the theories of Ferro, Antiferromagnetism and Ferrimagnetism, Magnons
in Ferromagnets and Antiferromagnets, Cooling by adiabatic demagnetization,
Magnetic Resonance Phenomena in Solids, Pyroelectricity, Ferroelectricity,
Polarization catastrophe, Soft modes and Landau’s theory of phase transition of
Antiferroelectricity. Piezoelectric crystals.
2. Differentiate between defects, Diffusion, Excitons (Frenkel, Mott-Wannier),
Polarons, alkali halide and molecular crystals Colour centres, and describe their
production and properties.
3. Describe Surfaces and Interfaces, Reconstruction and Relaxation, Surface
Crystallography, Reflection high energy electron diffraction, Surface electronic
structure, Work function, Thermionic emission, Surface states, tangential surface
transport, Magnetoresistance in two dimensional channel, Integral Quantized Hall
Effect (IQHE), Fractional Quantum Hall Effect, Solar Cell’s and Photovoltaic
detectors, Alloys, Substitutional Solid Solution, Hume-Rothery Rules Order-
disorder transformation, Elementary Theory of orders and Kondo effect.
4. Describe the phenomenon of superconductivity, key properties, BCS theory,
Ginzburg-Landau theory, London equation., flux quantization, coherence length,
Giaever tunnelling, Josephson tunnelling, super current quantum interference and
salient features of High Tc Superconductors.

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 Syllabus for M.Sc. (Physics) IV Semester
CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS- B
Paper Code: PHM-4013
(Credits: 04)
Theory: 48 Lectures, Tutorials: 08
UNIT-I
Magnetism: Weiss theory of ferromagnets and Curie-Weiss law, Neel model of
antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism. Spin waves, magnons in ferromagnets, dispersion
relation (classical treatment), Bloch T3/2 law; magnons in antiferromagnets, dispersion
relation (classical treatment). Nuclear paramagnetism. Cooling by adiabatic demagnetization.
Magnetic Resonance: Electron spin resonance (ESR). Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).
Spin relaxation (spin-lattice, spin-spin). Applications.

UNIT-II
Defects: Diffusion. Colour centres: production and properties. Excitons (Frenkel, Mott-
Wannier), dispersion, experimental studies (alkali halide and molecular crystals). Polarons.
Pyroelectricity and Ferroelectricity: Pyroelectric and ferroelectric crystals. Polarization
catastrophe, soft modes. First and second-order phase transitions, Landau theory of phase
transition, experiments on ferroelectric crystals. Antiferroelectricity. Piezoelectric crystals,
applications.

UNIT-III
Surfaces and Interfaces: Reconstruction and Relaxation, Surface Crystallography, Reflection
high energy electron diffraction (RHEED), Surface electronic structure, Work function,
Thermionic emission, Surface states, tangential surface transport, Magnetoresistance in two
dimensional channel, Integral Quantized Hall Effect (IQHE), Fractional Quantum Hall
Effect, Solar Cell’s and Photovoltaic detectors, Alloys: Substitutional Solid Solution, Hume-
Rothery Rules Order-disorder transformation, Elementary Theory of orders, Kondo effect.

UNIT-IV
Superconductivity: Distinction between an ideal conductor and a super-conductor.
Thermodynamic properties. Heat capacity and energy gap. Isotope effect and BCS theory,
important predictions of BCS theory. Ginzburg-Landau theory, London equation., flux
quantization, coherence length, Giaever tunneling, Josephson tunneling, supercurrent
quantum interference.
High temperature superconductors, salient features. Qualitative discussion on applications of
superconductors.

Reference Books:
 C. Kittel : Introduction to Solid State Physics 8th Ed. (John-Wiley)
 Srivastava, J.P. : Elements of Solid State Physics (Prentice-Hall)
 Ashcroft, N.W. and Mermin, N.D. : Solid State Physics, (Saunders College)
 Ziman, J.M. : Principles of the Theory of Solids (Vikas)

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 Syllabus with Course Objectives and Course Outcomes
M.Sc. (Physics) IV Semester
Department of Physics
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

Course Title: HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS B

Course Number: PHM-4015
Credits: 04
Type of course: Elective (Theory)
Contact Hours: 4 Lectures per week (Total: 48 Lectures and 08 Tutorials)
Course Assessment:
Internal assessment (1 Hour): 30%
End Semester Examination (2.5 Hours): 70%

Course Objectives
To impart the knowledge of fundamental particles and interactions, exact and approximate
conservation laws, symmetry principles, form factors, Feynman techniques to calculate decay
rates and cross sections.

Course Outcomes
1. Describe weak interactions phenomenology and its limitations.
2. Use the quark model for understanding the properties of hadrons
3. Calculate decay rates (for pions, neutron) and cross sections for scattering between
point particles as well as scattering of point particle with a hadron.

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 Syllabus for M.Sc. (Physics) IV Semester
HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS B
Paper Code: PHM-4015
(Credits: 04)
Theory: 48 Lectures, Tutorials: 08

Unit-I: Discrete Symmetries and Weak Interactions

Elementary particles and their interactions, Quark and leptons. Discrete symmetries, C, P, T
symmetries and CPT theorem (without proof) and its consequences. Parity of leptons and
anti-leptons, Parity of quarks and hadrons, Parity of charged and neutral pions, Parity of
Photon, C- -decay, Measurement of
Helicity of Neutrino, Bilinear covariants, V-A theory of weak interactions and current
Lagrangian. Properties of weak currents, Neutrino-electron scattering, CVC and PCAC. .
 decay.

Unit-II: Nucleon Structure and Quark Model

Nucleon as a composite particle. Nucleon resonances and baryon spectroscopy. Isospin:
SU(2), SU(3) symmetry and classification of particles and resonances. Quark model of
hadrons, spin and flavour SU(6) wave functions of mesons and baryons. Mass formula for
baryons and mesons. Calculation of magnetic moments.

Unit-III: High Energy Lepton-Nucleon Scattering

e--- scattering.
Elastic-electron-nucleon scattering: Matrix element, Rosenbluth cross section formula,
nucleon form factors and their q-dependence. Electric and Magnetic Sachs form factors,
Comparison with experimental results.
Deep inelastic electron-nucleon scattering: Kinematics and cross section formula.
Experimental results. Bjorken scaling. Nucleon structure functions and partons. Electron-
quark scattering.

Unit-IV: Physics of heavy flavor particles

Phenomenology of strange particles and their semileptonic and nonleptonic decays. Cabibbo
theory. Neutral kaon decays and CP violation. Flavor oscillation, Discovery of quarks,
Charm, bottom and top quarks. Quarkonium and their spectra. Predicted c-cbar and b-bbar
states with principal quantum numbers n= 1 & 2 with their properties. The quark-antiquark
potential, Lepton-Quark symmetry, Quark mixing, CKM matrix (idea).

Reference Books:
 Halzen, F and Martin, A.D. : Quarks and Leptons (John-Wiley)
 Close, F.E. : Quarks and Partons (Academic Press)
 Martin, B R and Shaw, G. : Particle Physics (John-Wiley)

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 Syllabus with Course Objectives and Course Outcomes
M.Sc. (Physics) IV Semester
Department of Physics
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

Course Title: NUCLEAR PHYSICS B

Course Number: PHM-4016
Credits: 04
Type of course: Elective (Theory)
Contact Hours: 4 Lectures per week (Total: 48 Lectures and 08 Tutorials)
Course Assessment:
Internal assessment (1 Hour): 30%
End Semester Examination (2.5 Hours): 70%

Course Objectives
To impart knowledge to make the students able to pursue research in experimental and
theoretical nuclear physics.

Course Outcomes
Scattering theories are studied in detail along with compound nucleus theory and optical
model. Glauber multiple scattering theory is developed from scratch. Students are trained to
apply it to intermediate energy nuclear scatterings. Fermi Theory and V-A theory of Beta
decay is also included in a unit.

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 Syllabus for M.Sc. (Physics) IV Semester
NUCLEAR PHYSICS B
Paper Code: PHM-4016
(Credits: 04)
Theory: 48 Lectures, Tutorials: 08

Unit-I: Nuclear Reactions

Types of nuclear reactions.
The Collision matrix:
The s-wave scattering, Collision matrix, Unitary and symmetry properties of the collision
matrix. The Reciprocity. Definition of the R-matrix. The resonance scattering, Briet-Wigner
one level formula.
The Optical model:
The nuclear optical potential, Optical model at low energies, formal derivation of the optical
model potential.

Unit-II: The Direct Reactions

Compound nucleus theory and its limitations, Ghoshal’s experiments, Kinematics and theory
of stripping and pick-up reactions, Statistical theory of reactions.
The high energy approximation and the Glauber theory:
The Eikonal approximation, the high energy potential scattering, Glauber model for nucleon-
nucleus and nucleus-nucleus scattering.

Unit-III: Many-Body Theories

Non relativistic theories:
Nuclear matter, the Goldstone expansion, reaction matrix, Bruckner-Bethe-Goldstone integral
equation, coordinate space correlation wave function, properties of reaction matrix.
Relativistic Mean Field Theory (RMF):
Mean Field Theory, Lagrangian density, Dirac equation and Field expansion, Hamiltonian
density, nuclear matter, Neutron Matter (Equation of state).

Unit-IV: Electromagnetic and Weak Interactions in Nuclei

The Electromagnetic Interaction:
Electromagnetic current and its interaction with nucleons and nuclei. Electron scattering from
nucleons and nuclei. Four-momentum transfer and the Mott scattering, the nucleon and
nuclear form factors and their experimental determination, Electric and Magnetic Sachs form
factors.
The Weak Interaction:
The -decay and weak currents, Fermi theory., The V-A theory of weak interactions, inelastic
nutrinoproton scattering. The weak form factors, Deep inelastic scattering, Scale invariance
and Partons.

Reference Books:
 Wong, S.M. : Introductory Nuclear Physics, (Prentice Hall)
 Preston, M.A. : Physics of the Nucleus, (John Wiley)
 Preston, M.A. & Bhaduri, R.K. : Structure of the Nucleus, (Addison Wesley)
 Roy, R.R. & Nigam, B.P. : Nuclear Physics, Theory and Experiment, (John Wiley)
 de Shalit, A & Feshbach, H. : Theoretical Nuclear Physics, Vol.I, Nuclear Structure,
(John Wiley).

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  Rev. of Modern Physics, Vol. 39 (1967) p. 719.
 Ed. Y. K. Ghambir : Mean Field Theory of Nuclei.
 J. D. Walecka (Oxford Press) : Theoretical nuclear and subnuclear Physics.
 D. H. Perkins (Edison Wesley) : Introduction to High Energy Physics.
 R. J. Glauber : Lectures in Theoretical Physics, Vol. 1, edited by: W. E Brittin and L.
G. Dunham, (Interscience Publishers, Inc. New York, 1959).

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 Syllabus with Course Objectives and Course Outcomes
M.Sc. (Physics) IV Semester
Department of Physics
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

Course Title: PHYSICS OF LASER AND LASER APPLICATIONS

Course Number: PHM-4017
Credits: 04
Type of course: Elective (Theory)
Contact Hours: 4 Lectures per week (Total: 48 Lectures and 08 Tutorials)
Course Assessment:
Internal assessment (1 Hour): 30%
End Semester Examination (2.5 Hours): 70%

Course Objectives
To develop the basic understanding and theoretical concept of laser and its application in
Spectroscopy

Course Outcomes
On completion of the course, students will be able to:
1. Explain the characteristics of laser beams and uses of various types of resonators for
the laser cavity
2. Explain the working principle of different kinds of laser used in spectroscopy as well
as in various field of science and communication
3. Use the nonlinear laser spectroscopy to produce sum and difference of frequency
which is helpful in advance study of interaction of laser with atoms and molecules.
4. Apply these lasers to atmospheric measurements with LIDAR as well as
spectroscopic analysis of chemical components in a unknown sample.
5. Describe the case of lasers in optical communication and holography which is the
most recent branch of science.

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 Syllabus for M.Sc. (Physics) IV Semester
PHYSICS OF LASERS AND LASER APPLICATIONS
Paper Code: PHM-4017
(Credits: 04)
Theory: 48 Lectures, Tutorials: 08

Unit-I: Laser Characteristics

Gaussian beam and its properties. Optical Resonators: Various types of resonators, spatial
field distributions in open resonators, confocal resonators, frequency spectrum of a confocal
resonator, Stability of resonators:‘g’ parameter, Q switching. Mode locking: Active and
passive mode locking. Generation of femtosecond pulses.

Unit-II: Laser Systems

Principle and working of different Lasers: Argon ion laser. Neodynium-YAG laser.
Neodymium glass laser. Dye Lasers. Tunable solid state lasers: Color center lasers. Titanium
sapphire laser. Free electron lasers. Chemical lasers. Semiconductor diode lasers.

Unit-III: Nonlinear Optical Mixing Technique

Nonlinear susceptibility, second harmonic generation, phase matching, optical mixing, sum
frequency and higher harmonic generation, difference-frequency spectrometer. Optical
parametric oscillators. Self-focusing of light. Tunable Raman lasers.

Unit-IV: Applications of Lasers

Principle of LIDAR, atmospheric measurements with LIDAR. Laser-induced- breakdown
spectroscopy and its applications. Optical fibres and optical communication. Holography and
its applications. Laser cooling and trapping of atoms: Magneto-Optical Trap, Evaporative
cooling, Bose-Einstein condensation.

Reference Books:
 Demtroder, W. : Laser Spectroscopy (SpringerVerlag)
 Svelto, O. : Principle of Lasers (Plenum Press)
 Laud, B.B. : Lasers and Nonlinear Optics (Willey Eastern)
 LASERS: Theory & Application : Thyagarayan,K. and Ghatak, A.K.

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 Syllabus with Course Objectives and Course Outcomes
M.Sc. (Physics) IV Semester
Department of Physics
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

Course Title: QUANTUM ELECTRODYNAMICS

Course Number: PHM-4022
Credits: 04
Type of course: Elective (Theory)
Contact Hours: 4 Lectures per week (Total: 48 Lectures and 08 Tutorials)
Course Assessment:
Internal assessment (1 Hour): 30%
End Semester Examination (2.5 Hours): 70%

Course Objectives
Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) is the quantum field theory of electrodynamics. In essence,
it describes how light and matter interact and is the first theory where full agreement between
quantum mechanics and special relativity is achieved. QED represents the quantum
counterpart of classical electromagnetism giving a complete account of matter and light
interaction. Objective of the course is to develop basic understanding and skills of the subject
of quantum electrodynamics.

Course Outcomes
On completion of the course, students will be able to:
1. Demonstrate the problem of quantising the classical electrodynamics and able to fix
the gauge to calculate observables in the framework of QED.
2. Calculate tree level cross-sections of electron-electron scattering, Bhabha scattering
and photon bremsstrahlung.
3. Apply dimensional regularisation techniques to calculate electron self energy, vacuum
polarisation and electron-photon vertex function at one loop.
4. Calculate QED beta function and demonstrate how electron charge changes with
change in scale.

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 Syllabus for M.Sc. (Physics) IV Semester
QUANTUM ELECTRODYNAMICS
Paper Code: PHM-4022
(Credits: 04)
Theory: 48 Lectures, Tutorials: 08

Unit I : Quantization of electromagnetic field

Brief review of classical theory and canonical quantization of the electromagneic field, gauge
invariance, problem with quantization, gauge fixing, QED propagator, quantization in
Coulomb gauge and Lorentz gauge, symmetry properties, unitarity and expansion of S-
matrix.

Unit II : QED at tree level

Feynman rules for QED, Lagrangian for a basic vertex, lowest order processes of QED,
electronelectron scattering, Bhabha scattering, photon bremsstrahlung. (Tutorial problems
based on trace algebra, spin and polarization sums, invariant matrix elements and cross-
section formula for all three processes).

Unit III : QED at one loop

Ultraviolate and infrared divergences, dimensional regularization technique, electron self
energy - mass renormalization, vacuum polarization - field renormalization, vertex function -
charge renormalization.

Unit IV : Applications of QED

Anomalous magnetic moment of the electron, correction to Lande g-factor, modification to
Coulomb interaction, Lamb shift, running of QED coupling, Landau pole.

References Books:
 F. Mandl and G. Shaw, Quantum Field Theory, 2nd edition, Wiley publication.
 L. H. Ryder, Quantum Field Theory, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press.
 Amitabha Lahiri and Palash. B. Pal, A first book of Quantum Field Theory, Narosa
Publishing House.
 W. Greiner and Reinhardt, Quantum Electrodynamics, Springer-2009.

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 Syllabus with Course Objectives and Course Outcomes
M.Sc. (Physics) IV Semester
Department of Physics
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

Course Title: PROGRAMMING AND COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS – B

Course Number: PHM-4031
Credits: 02
Type of course: Ability Enhancement Elective (Theory)
Contact Hours: 2 Lectures per week (Total: 24 Lectures and 04 Tutorials)
Course Assessment:
Internal assessment (1 Hour): 30%
End Semester Examination (2.5 Hours): 70%

Course Objectives
Aim of this course is to prepare students with advanced computational skills to develop C++
codes through object oriented approach, learn interfacing computer programs written in
different languages, and get equipped with numerical tools to solve realistic physics
problems.

Course Outcomes
On completion of the course, students will be able to:
1. apply object-oriented C++ techniques to write simple codes for solving a scientific
problem.
2. learn advanced level numerical analysis techniques of the calculus, linear algebra and
statistics.
3. write interfaces to work with various computational languages
4. understand and work with statistical techniques such as random number generation
and its applications such as Monte-Carlo simulation.
5. work with already existing codes written by others in C++ and perform numerical
computation for a realistic physics problem.

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 Syllabus for M.Sc. (Physics) IV Semester
PROGRAMMING AND COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS-B
Paper Code: PHM-4031
(Credits:02)
Theory: 24 Lectures, Tutorials: 04

Unit I
Review C++ and Object Oriented Programming,
Classes and Objects: classes, class definition, Declaration of class, member functions,
defining the object of a class, accessing a member of class, base classes and derived classes
Constructors and destructors: copy constructor, default constructor
Debugging a C++ program
Exercises

Unit II
Problem Solving: Evaluation of mean, variance, standard deviation; straight line fitting.
Monte Carlo Method: natural and pseudo random numbers, generation of random numbers:
Mid square and multiplicative congruential methods. Quality test of random numbers:
uniform distribution and autocorrelation tests, Gaussian and exponential distribution.

Unit III
Determination of pi, Simulation of random physics phenomena, Brownian Motion,
Radioactive decay law
Evaluation of functions using power series: sin, cos, log, exponential functions etc.
Numerical Integration: Trapezoidal and Simpson rules
Differential equations: Solving second order differential equations using fourth order Runge-
Kutta Method.

Unit IV
Matrix operation, solving linear equations system, root finding: quadratic equation etc.
Odd calculations in sports, constructing prime number generator, dice construction.
Interfacing a C++ program with program in other computational languages e.g. FORTRAN,
Python.

References Books:
 Programming with C++, John Hubbard and Atul Kahate
 Practical C++ Programming, Stew Oualline
 A First Course in Computational Physics, Paul Devries, Javier E. Hasbun
 Computer Simulation in Physics, R.C. Verma
 Numerical Recipes in C++, William H. Press, Saul A Teukolsky, William T
Vetterling, Brian P Flannery

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 Syllabus with Course Objectives and Course Outcomes
M.Sc. (Physics) IV Semester
Department of Physics
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

Course Title: DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESS

Course Number: PHM-4033
Credits: 02
Type of course: Ability Enhancement Elective (Theory)
Contact Hours: 2Lectures per week (Total: 24 Lectures and 04 Tutorials)
Course Assessment:
Internal assessment (1 Hour): 30%
End Semester Examination (2.5 Hours): 70%

Course Objectives
To develop mathematical and theoretical knowledge in advance digital filter and to know
how to transformation time domain signal to frequency domain signal in detail.

Course Outcomes
On completion of the course, students will be able to:
1. Explain the different type of digital signals and know the transformation from
time domain to frequency domain.
2. Describe the design of different types of digital filter in detail.
3. Explain the design of IIR and FIR filters using windows and bilinear
transformations in the analog and digital domain.
4. Explain the multi rate signal using sampling, down sampling and up sampling
applications.
5. Understand about wavelets and have skill to apply uncertainty of time and
frequency.

74 | P a g e
 Syllabus for M.Sc. (Physics) IV Semester
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
Paper Code: PHM-4033
(Credits:02)
Theory: 24 Lectures, Tutorials: 04

Unit-I : Discrete-Time Signals, Systems and The Z-Transform

Discrete-time signals: elementary, classifications, simple manipulations; discrete-time
systems: input-output description, block diagram representations, classifications, inter-
connections; analysis of discrete-time linear time-invariant systems: techniques, resolution
into impulses, the convolution sum, properties of convolution and the interconnection of LTI
systems, causality and stability of LTI systems. Cross correlation and auto correlation
sequences, correlation of periodic sequences; The Z-transform: evaluation and properties,
inverse Z-transform.

Unit-II: Frequency-Domain Analysis of LTI Systems and The Discrete Fourier

Transform
(Properties and Applications)
Design of low pass and high pass filters, digital resonators, digital sinusoidal oscillators,
notch filters, all pass filters, the discrete Fourier transform (DFT), inverse DFT, relation of
DFT to other transforms. Use of the DFT in linear filtering. Frequency analysis of signals
using the DFT.

Unit-III: Design of Digital Filters

Design of FIR filters: Linear phase FIR using windows, symmetric and antisymmetric.
Design of IIR filters: approximation of derivatives, impulse invariance method, bilinear
transformations in the analog and digital domain.

Unit-IV: Power Spectrum Estimation, Linear Prediction, Wavelet Analysis and Multi-
rate Digital Signal Processing
Rational power spectra, linear prediction (forward and backward); Estimation of spectra from
finite duration observation of signals, computation of the energy density spectrum;
Introduction to multi-rate signal processing: introduction, sampling, downsampling,
upsampling applications; Wavelet analysis: introduction, use and applications.

Reference Books:
 John G. Proakis, J.G. & Manolakis, D.G. : Digital Signal Processing Principles,
Algorithms and application (Prentice Hall)
 Mitra, S.K. : Digital Signal Processing, A Computer Based Approach (Tata McGraw
Hill)
 Rabiner, L.R. and Gold, B. : Theory and Applications of Digital Signal Processing
(Prentice Hall)

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 Syllabus with Course Objectives and Course Outcomes
M.Sc. (Physics) IV Semester
Department of Physics
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

Course Title: INSTRUMENTATION AND ANALYTICAL METHODS-B

Course Number: PHM-4035
Credits: 02
Type of course: Ability Enhancement Elective (Theory)
Contact Hours: 2 Lectures per week (Total: 24 Lectures and 04 Tutorials)
Course Assessment:
Internal assessment (1 Hour): 30%
End Semester Examination (2.5 Hours): 70%

Course Objectives
To equip the students with the basic knowledge of advanced materials characterization
techniques and to understand fundamentals of qualitative and quantitative analysis concept.

Course Outcomes
On completion of the course, students will be able to:
1. Determine the crystal structure and other structural parameters by analysis of
XRD/SAXS data.
2. Explain the basics of low temperature production and measurements.
3. Discuss the theory and measurements of electrical resistivity and dielectric properties.
4. Describe the principle, construction and working of sophisticated instruments used in
research and industry.
5. Explain the principle, instrumentation and applications of various characterization
techniques for surface and elemental analyses.

76 | P a g e
 Syllabus for M.Sc. (Physics) IV Semester
INSTRUMENTATION AND ANALYTICAL METHODS-B
Paper Code: PHM-4035
(Credits:02)
Theory: 24 Lectures, Tutorials: 04
Unit-I
X-ray diffraction (XRD): Powder diffraction, Phase identification, Grain size and strain
determination, Small angle x-ray scattering and its applications, Low temperature
generation and measurement.

Unit-II
Two and four probe resistivity measurement methods; Dielectric properties and
measuring technique; X-ray photo electron spectroscopy (XPS) and Auger Electron
Spectroscopy (AES): Instrumentation and applications.

Unit-III
Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM): Different
operational mode and typical applications.
Electron Microscopy: Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM), Field
Emission Transmission Electron Microscope (FE-TEM), Energy dispersive x-ray
spectroscopy (EDS)

Unit-IV
Thermal analysis techniques: DTA, DSC, TGA and STA; Magnetic measurement
systems: Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM), Superconducting Quantum
Interference Device (SQUID), Electron Spin Resonance (ESR).

References Books:
 D.J. O’Conor, B.A. Sextton, R. St.C. : Smart Surface Analysis Methods in Material
Science (Springer 2003)
 A.D. Helfrick & W.D. Cooper : Modern Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement
Techniques (PHI 1996)
 J.P. Bentley Principles of Measurement Systems (Pearson Education Ltd. England
2005).
 A. Ghatak & K.K. Thyagrajan Optical Electronics (C.U.P. 1993)
 Y. Leng Materials Characterization: Introduction to Microscopic & Spectroscopic
Methods, I-Edn. (John Wiley & Sons, 2008)
 S. Zhang Liu Li & Ashok Kumar Materials Characterization Techniques (CRC Press
2009)
 G.S. Upadhyay & Anish Upadhyay Material Science & Engineering (Viva Books
2010)
 Dieter K. Schroder: Semiconductor Material & Device Characteirzation (Wiley IEEE
Press 2006)
 Rohit P. Prasan Kumar & Antoinette J. Taylor Optical Techniques for Solid State
Materials Characterization (CRC Press 2011).

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 Syllabus with Course Objectives and Course Outcomes
M.Sc. (Physics) IV Semester
Department of Physics
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

Course Title: STANDARD MODEL OF PARTICLE INTERACTIONS

Course Number: PHM-4036
Credits: 04
Type of course: Elective (Theory)
Contact Hours: 4 Lectures per week (Total: 48 Lectures and 08 Tutorials)
Course Assessment:
Internal assessment (1 Hour): 30%
End Semester Examination (2.5 Hours): 70%

Course Objectives
To develop a thorough background of the classical and quantum quantum field theory for the
standard model of particle interactions.

Course Outcomes
1. Students would be able to apply Noether's theorem to very non-trivial settings of field
theory.
2. Students will be able to describe quantum electrodynamics as a gauge theory.
3. Students will be able to explain non-Abelian gauge theories.
4. Students will be able to describe spontaneous breaking of symmetry in very non-
trivial case of quantum field theory.
5. Students will be able to describe the Salam-Weinberg's unified model of electro-weak
interactions.
6. Students would be able to describe the very complex idea called the renormalization
in quantum field theory.

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 Syllabus for M.Sc. (Physics) IV Semester
STANDARD MODEL OF PARTICLE INTERACTIONS
Paper Code: PHM-4036
(Credits: 04)
Theory: 48 Lectures, Tutorials: 08

Unit I: Symmetries and Quantum Electrodynamics

Lagrangian dynamics, symmetries and conservation laws. QED: Global and local gauge
invariances in quantum mechanics and field theory, minimal e.m. substitution, gauge field,
covariant derivative, QED as a gauge theory, Applications of QED.

Unit II: Yang-Mills Theories

Explicit construction of non-abelian (Yang-Mills) gauge theory and its consequences. Need
for colour, QCD Lagrangian, running coupling, confinement and asymptotic freedom.
Applications of QCD to DIS, Collider Physics.

Unit III: Salam-Weinberg Model

Hidden symmetry, spontaneously broken discrete and continuous symmetries, Goldstone
theorem, Goldstone model, Higgs Mechanism, Glashow-Salam-Weinberg model for leptons,
various pieces of the Lagrangian, mass generation of gauge bosons and fermions, extension
to hadrons and GIM mechanism.

Unit IV: Renormalization and Anomalies

Renormalization of QED, Faddeev-Popov ghosts, regularization schemes, renormalization of
spontaneously broken gauge theories, Wilson’s approach, anomalies, grand unified theories
and beyond.

Reference Books:
 Sterman, G. : Quantum Field Theory (Cambridge)
 Quigg, C. : Gauge Theoreis of the Strong, Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions
(Benjamin-Cummings)
 Burgess, C. and Moore, G. : The Standard Model (A Primer) (Cambridge)

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 Syllabus with Course Objectives and Course Outcomes
M.Sc. (Physics) IV Semester
Department of Physics
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

Course Title: SOFT MATTER PHYSICS

Course Number: PHM-4037
Credits: 04
Type of course: Elective (Theory)
Contact Hours: 4 Lectures per week (Total: 48 Lectures and 08 Tutorials)
Course Assessment:
Internal assessment (1 Hour): 30%
End Semester Examination (2.5 Hours): 70%

COURSE OBJECTIVES
1. To understand fundamental physics behind different soft materials, such as liquid
crystals, macromolecules, colloids, DNA, biological membrane etc., commonly seen
in everyday life and industry and find a link between microscopic structure and bulk
properties in a variety of soft condensed matter systems.
2. To find use of soft condensed materials in a variety of applications and modern
technologies.

COURSE OUTCOMES
On completion of the course, students will be able to;
1. Understand the physical aspects of different soft materials such as liquid crystals,
macromolecules, colloids, DNA, biological membrane etc. and predict material
properties on the basis of microscopic structure and application of physical principles.
2. Learn the importance of different soft materials in a variety of applications and
explain how different technological devices function.
3. Get an idea for the development of next generation devices and life-skills in hands-on
mode so as to increase their employability.
4. Read and understand research papers and produce their own term project on a relevant
topic.

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 Syllabus for M.Sc. (Physics) IV Semester
SOFT MATTER PHYSICS
Paper Code: PHM-4037
(Credits: 04)
Theory: 48 Lectures, Tutorials: 08

Unit I: Introduction to Soft Matter Systems

What is soft matter? Classification in terms of their thermal, mechanical and unusual physical
properties, Liquid crystals, Colloidal systems, Biological membranes, Macromolecules,
Numerical methods for studying soft matter: Lattice model and Gaussian overlap model.

Unit II: Liquid Crystals

Structure and classification of mesophases, Statistical theories of the nematic order,
Symmetry and order parameter, Phase identification with differential scanning calorimetry,
Kinds of liquid crystalline order: Structural and chemical standpoint, Generalization of
Landau’s theory to liquid crystals, Polymer liquid crystals, Dielectric and electro-optical
properties, Ferroelectric liquid crystals (introduction only), Liquid crystal display (LCD).

Unit III: Colloidal Systems and Biological Membranes

Dispersion Colloids: Stability, Fluctuations and forces, DLVO-theory, gels, emulsions and
foams. Association Colloids: Amphiphiles, Micelles and critical micelle concentration in
colloidal solution, Lyotropic liquid crystals, Biological systems. Biological Membranes:
Elastic properties of layered phases, Vesicles, Phase diagram.

Unit IV: Macromolecules

Polymer: Terminology and nomenclature, Molar masses and distributions, Chain-dimensions
and structures, Random walk polymer, Self-avoiding random walk polymers, Polymer
solutions.
DNAs: Flory’s model of DNA condensation, Polymorphism of liquid crystal states by low
molecular mass double stranded DNA complexes, DNA condensation in water-polymeric
solution, Biological activity. Gel electrophoresis, Gene therapy.

Reference Books:
 de Gennes, P.G. : Physics of Liquid Crystal (Clarendon Press (Oxford University
Press))
 Singh, S. : Liquid Crystals Fundamentals (World Scientific)
 Collings, P. J. and Hard, M. : Introduction to Liquid Crystals (Taylor and Francis)
 Hamley, I. W. : Introduction to Soft Matter (John Wiley and Sons Ltd.)
 Chandrasekhar, S. : Liquid Crystals (Cambridge University Press)
 Doi, M. : Soft Matter Physics (Oxford)
 Yevdokimov, Y.M., Salyanov, V.I., Semenov, S.V. and Skuridin, S.G. : DNA Liquid
Crystalline Dispersions and Nanoconstructions (CRC Press)
 Jones, R.A.L. : Soft Condensed Matter (Oxford)
 Gelbart, Roux and Ben-Shaul : Micelles, Membranes, Micremulsions and Monolayers
(Springer)

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 Syllabus with Course Objectives and Course Outcomes
M.Sc. (Physics) IV Semester
Department of Physics
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

Course Title: ELEMENTS OF MODERN PHYSICS

Course Number: PHM-4091
Credits: 04
Type of course: Open Elective (Theory)
Contact Hours: 4 Lectures per week (Total: 48 Lectures and 08 Tutorials)
Course Assessment:
Internal assessment (1 Hour): 30%
End Semester Examination (2.5 Hours): 70%

Course Objectives
This course is introduced for those students who are doing post graduation in any other
subject except physics to familiarize them with useful concepts of modern physics. The
course topics include properties of waves and particles, quantum mechanics, atoms and
molecules and basic ideas of solid state physics.

Course Outcomes
On completion of the course, students will be able to:
1. Explain the particle properties of wave like Photoelectric effect, Compton effect, pair
production and wave properties of particle like De Broglie wavelength, wave
function, probability density, De Broglie phase velocity.
2. Describe the basic concepts of quantum mechanics including Wavefunction,
Probability Schrödinger’s equation, Operators, Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions, Finite
potential well, Harmonic oscillator, Electron spin, Exclusion principle.
3. Explain the Atomic Structure, Spin-orbit coupling, ls coupling, x-ray spectra, auger
effect, Rotational, Vibrational and Electronic spectra of molecules, Fluorescence,
Phosphorescence.
4. Describe the mechanism involved in different types of bonding in solids, theory of x-
ray diffraction and functioning of various electronic devices like Junction diode,
Photodiodes, Tunnel diode, Zener diode, Junction transistor, Field-effect transistor.

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 Syllabus for M.Sc. (Physics) IV Semester
ELEMENTS OF MODERN PHYSICS
Paper Code: PHM-4091
(Credits: 04)
Theory: 48 Lectures, Tutorials: 08

Unit-I: Properties of Particle and Waves

Particle Properties of Waves :Blackbody radiation, Ultraviolet Catastrophe, Planck
Radiation Formula. Photoelectric effect, Compton effect, pair production, pair annihilation,
Photon Absorption, linear attenuation coefficient, photons and gravity: Photon “mass, Photon
energy after falling through height H. Gravitational red shift. black hole Schwarzschild
Radius, Black Holes.
Wave Properties of Particles: De Broglie waves: De Broglie wavelength, wave function,
probability density, De Broglie phase velocity, phase velocity and group velocity, particle
diffraction, Davisson-Germer experiment, particle in a box, uncertainty principle.

Unit-II: Quantum Mechanics

Review: Wave Function, Normalization, Well-Behaved Wave Functions, Probability.
Schrödinger’s equation: time-dependent form, Free particle, expectation value. Operators.
Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions. Finite potential well. Harmonic oscillator. Electron spin.
Exclusion principle. Zeeman effect.

Unit-III: Atoms and Molecules

Atomic Structure, energy levels and spectrum of hydrogen. Nuclear Motion. Ionization
energy. Spin-orbit coupling, total angular momentum, ls coupling, x-ray spectra, auger
effect, molecular bond, electron sharing. Rotational energy levels, rotational spectra.
Vibrational energy levels, vibrational spectra. Electronic spectra of molecules, fluorescence,
phosphorescence.

Unit- IV: Solids

Crystalline and amorphous solids, ionic crystals, covalent crystals, van der waals bond,
metallic bond. X-ray and bremsstrahlung radiation. X-ray diffraction, Bragg's law, X-ray
diffractometer. Band theory of solids: conductors, semiconductors, insulators, impurity
semiconductors. Semiconductor devices: junction diode, photodiodes, tunnel diode, zener
diode, junction transistor, field-effect transistor. Superconductivity: magnetic effects,
Josephson junctions. Electron Microscopes,

Reference Books:
 Concepts of Modern Physics, Arthur Beiser, 2002, McGraw-Hill.
 Introduction to Modern Physics, Rich Meyer, Kennard, Coop, 2002, Tata McGraw
Hill
 Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, David J. Griffith, 2005, Pearson Education.
 Physics for scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics, Jewett and Serway, 2010,
Cengage Learning.
 Quantum Mechanics: Theory & Applications, A.K.Ghatak & S.Lokanathan, 2004,
Macmillan

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