CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of The Paper

Language plays an important role in human life. one seeks to

acquire, learn and use the language as a means of communication, and social
as well as a symbol of humanity. In addition, we also have to realize that the
western countries played a remarkable role indeveloping and maintaning
science and technology. So, if we wanted to be skilled scientists, linguists
and able to compete with other countries in the world, we have to
understand, master and learn their language, namely English. A part of
speech is a term used in traditional grammar for one of the nine main
categories into which words are classified according to their functions in
sentences, such as nouns or verbs. Also known as word classes. Word types
can be divided into nine parts of speech i.e. nouns, pronouns, verbs,
adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, articles/determiners and
interjections. The parts of speech are commonly divided into open classes
(nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs) and closed classses (pronouns,
prepositions, conjunctions, articles/determiners, and interjections). A
common weakness in writing is the lack of varied sentences. Becoming
aware of three general types of sentences (simple, compound, and complex)
can help you vary the sentences in your writing.

1.2 Purpose of The Paper

a. Knowing the definition of 9 parts of speech

b. Knowing the open and closed word classes
c. Knowing the 9 parts of speech
d. Knowing how to determine the part of speech
e. Knowing the simple sentences
f. Knowing the compound sentences
g. Knowing the complex sentences
1.3 Problem Formulation

a. What is the definition of 9 parts of speech

b. What is the open and closed word classes
c. What are the 9 parts of speech
d. How to determine the part of speech
e. What is the simple sentences
f. What is the compound sentences
g. What is the complex sentences
 CHAPTER II
THEORY AND DISCUSION

2.1 Definition of 9 Parts of Speech

A part of speech is a term used in traditional grammar for one of

the nine main categories into which words are classified according to their
functions in sentences, such as nouns or verbs. Also known as word classes,
these are the building blocks of grammar.

Word types can be divided into nine parts of speech:

o nouns
o pronouns
o verbs
o adjectives
o adverbs
o prepositions
o conjunctions
o articles/determiners
o interjections

Some words can be considered more than one part of speech,

depending on context and usage. Interjections can form complete sentences
on their own.

Every sentence you write or speak in English includes words that

fall into some of the nine parts of speech. These include nouns, pronouns,
verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, articles/determiners,
and interjections. (Some sources include only eight parts of speech and
leave interjections in their own category.)

Learning the names of the parts of speech probably won't make

you witty, healthy, wealthy, or wise. In fact, learning just the names of the
parts of speech won't even make you a better writer. However, you will gain
 a basic understanding of sentence structure and the English language by
familiarizing yourself with these labels.

2.2 Open and Closed Word Classes

The parts of speech are commonly divided into open classes

(nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs) and closed classses (pronouns,
prepositions, conjunctions, articles/determiners, and interjections). The idea
is that open classes can be altered and added to as language develops and
closed classes are pretty much set in stone. For example, new nouns are
created every day, but conjunctions never change.

In contemporary linguistcs, the label part of speech has generally

been discarded in favor of the term word class or syntactic category. These
terms make words easier to qualify objectively based on word construction
rather than context. Within word classes, there is the lexical or open class
and the function or closed class.

2.3 The 9 Parts of Speech

Read about each part of speech below and get started practicing
identifying each.

a. Noun

Nouns are a person, place, thing, or idea. They can take on a

myriad of roles in a sentence, from the subject of it all to the object of an
action. They are capitalized when they're the official name of something
or someone, called proper nouns in these cases. Examples: pirate,
Caribbean, ship, freedom, Captain Jack Sparrow.

b. Pronoun

Pronouns stand in for nouns in a sentence. They are more generic

versions of nouns that refer only to people. Examples: I, you, he, she, it,
ours, them, who, which, anybody, ourselves.
c. Verb
Verbs are action words that tell what happens in a sentence. They
can also show a sentence subject's state of being (is, was). Verbs change
form based on tense (present, past) and count distinction (singular or
plural). Examples: sing, dance, believes, seemed, finish, eat, drink, be,
became

d. Adjective
Adjectives describe nouns and pronouns. They specify which one,
how much, what kind, and more. Adjectives allow readers and listeners
to use their senses to imagine something more clearly. Examples: hot,
lazy, funny, unique, bright, beautiful, poor, smooth.

e. Adverb
Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives, and even other adverbs. They
specify when, where, how, and why something happened and to what
extent or how often. Examples: softly, lazily, often, only, hopefully,
softly, sometimes.

f. Preposition
Preposition show spacial, temporal, and role relations between a
noun or pronoun and the other words in a sentence. They come at the
start of a prepotional phrase, which contains a preposition and its object.
Examples: up, over, against, by, for, into, close to, out of, apart from.

g. Conjunction
Conjunction join words, phrases, and clauses in a sentence. There
are coordinating, subordinating, and correlative conjunctions. Examples:
and, but, or, so, yet, with.

h. Articles and Determiners

Articles and determiners function like adjectives by modifying
nouns, but they are different than adjectives in that they are necessary for
a sentence to have proper syntax. Articles and determiners specify and
identify nouns, and there are indefinite and definite articles. Examples:
 articles: a, an, the; determiners: these, that, those, enough, much, few,
which, what.

Some traditional grammars have treated article as a distinct part of

speech. Modern grammars, however, more often include articles in the
category of determiners, which identify or quantify a noun. Even though
they modify nouns like adjectives, articles are different in that they are
essential to the proper syntax of a sentence, just as determiners are
necessary to convey the meaning of a sentence, while adjectives are
optional.

i. Interjection
Interjection are expressions that can stand on their own or be
contained within sentences. These words and phrases often carry strong
emotions and convey reactions. Examples: ah, whoops, ouch, yabba
dabba do!

2.4 How to Determine the Part of Speech

Only interjections (Hooray!) have a habit of standing alone; every

other part of speech must be contained within a sentence and some are even
required in sentences (nouns and verbs). Other parts of speech come in
many varieties and may appear just about anywhere in a sentence.

To know for sure what part of speech a word falls into, look not
only at the word itself but also at its meaning, position, and use in a
sentence.

For example, in the first sentence below, work functions as a noun;

in the second sentence, a verb; and in the third sentence, an adjective:

• Bosco showed up for work two hours late.

o The noun work is the thing Bosco shows up for.

• He will have to work until midnight.

o The verb work is the action he must perform.

• His work permit expires next month.

o The attributive noun [or converted adjective] work modifies the noun
permit.

Learning the names and uses of the basic parts of speech is just one
way to understand how sentences are constructed.

 Dissecting Basic Sentences

To form a basic complete sentence, you only need two elements: a

noun (or pronoun standing in for a noun) and a verb. The noun acts as a
subject and the verb, by telling what action the subject is taking, acts as
the predicate.

• Birds fly.

In the short sentence above, birds is the noun and fly is the verb.
The sentence makes sense and gets the point across.

You can have a sentence with just one word without breaking any
sentence formation rules. The short sentence below is complete because
it's a command to an understood "you".

• Go!

Here, the pronoun, standing in for a noun, is implied and acts as the
subject. The sentence is really saying, "(You) go!"

 Constructing More Complex Sentences

Use more parts of speech to add additional information about

what's happening in a sentence to make it more complex. Take the first
sentence from above, for example, and incorporate more information
about how and why birds fly.

• Birds fly when migrating before winter.

Birds and fly remain the noun and the verb, but now there is
more description.
 When is an adverb that modifies the verb fly. The word before is
a little tricky because it can be either a conjunction, preposition, or
adverb depending on the context. In this case, it's a preposition because
it's followed by a noun. This preposition begins an adverbial phrase of
time (before winter) that answers the question of when the birds migrate.
Before is not a conjunction because it does not connect two clauses.

3.2 Suggestion

Readers of this paper are expected to be able to apply and practice in

daily life for a better knowledge of the 9 parts of speech, simple sentences,
compound sentences and complex sentences. For other writers about the 9
parts of speech, simple sentences, compound sentences and complex
sentences are suggested to complete the lack in this paper.