1.

What is IUB
2. As you know mobile telecommunication has evolved for years. With this evolution, new
network elements were included or the existing ones were upgraded.
3. Startig with 2G GSM technology, the evolution has continued orderly with:
4. – 2.5G GPRS,
– 2.75 EDGE,
– 3G UMTS,
– 3.5G HSPA,
– Evolved HSPA (HSPA+)
– 4G LTE.
5. The main aim of this evolution in mobile world, is speed. The next generation
technologies are always providing much more speed that the previous one.
6. In this post we will focus on one of these technologies, 4G – LTE (Long Term
Evolution), its architecture and the network components.
7. In the previous network architecture, in 3G, there are Node Bs, RNCs, SGSNs and
GGSNs.
8.

9.  
10. Basic 2G, 3G Network View
11. In the 4G LTE architecture, some of the previous network elements are retired and some
of the others are evolved. Let’s check the 4G LTE network elements one by one:
12. EPC : Evolved Packet Core. LTE core network.
 13. UE: User Equipment. Your mobile device.
14. eNodeB: Evolved Node B. It is the node that provides UE to connect the mobile network.
It is also included a controller(it does the RNC job in the previous technology, 3G).
15. S-GW: S-GW routes and forwards the packets to and from the eNodeB and PDN-GW. S-
GW is also serve as local mobiliy anchor for inter-eNodeB handover and mobility
between 3GPP networks.
16. PDN-GW: The PGW acts as the interface between the LTE network and other packet
data networks

17. What is 2G

GSM Network Architecture

The GSM network architecture consists of different
elements including Base Station Subsystem BSS,
Network & Switching Subsystem NSS, Operation &
Support Subsystem as well as elements including-
MSC, AuC, HLR, VLR, etc.
 

The GSM network architecture provided a simple and yet effective architecture to provide the
services needed for a 2G cellular or mobile communications system.

There were four main elements to the overall GSM network architecture and these could often be
further split. Elements like the base station controller, MSC, AuC, HLR, VLR and the like are brought
together to form the overall system.

The 2G GSM network architecture, although now superseded gives an excellent introduction into
some of the basic capabilities required to set up a mobile communications phone network and how
all the entities operate together.
 A base station antenna carrying 2G GSM
signals

GSM network architecture elements

In order that the GSM system operates together as a complete system, the overall network
architecture brings together a series of data network identities, each with several elements.

The GSM network architecture is defined in the GSM specifications and it can be grouped into four
main areas:

 Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS)

 Base-Station Subsystem (BSS)
 Mobile station (MS)
 Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS)

The different elements of the GSM network operate together and the user is not aware of the
different entities within the system.

As the GSM network is defined but the specifications and standards, it enables the system to
operate reliably together regardless of the supplier of the different elements.

A basic diagram of the overall system architecture for the 2G GSM mobile communications system
includes four major elements which are shown below:

Simplified GSM Network Architecture Diagram

Within this diagram the different network areas can be seen - they are grouped into the four areas
that provide different functionality, but all operate to enable reliable mobile communications to be
achieved.

The overall network architecture provided to be very successful and was developed further to enable
2G evolution to carry data and then with further evolutions to allow 3G to be established.
Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)
The GSM system architecture contains a variety of different elements, and is often termed the core
network. It is essentially a data network with a various entities that provide the main control and
interfacing for the whole mobile network. The major elements within the core network include:

 Mobile Services Switching Centre (MSC):   The main element within the core network area
of the overall GSM network architecture is the Mobile switching Services Centre (MSC). The
MSC acts like a normal switching node within a PSTN or ISDN, but also provides additional
functionality to enable the requirements of a mobile user to be supported. These include
registration, authentication, call location, inter-MSC handovers and call routing to a mobile
subscriber. It also provides an interface to the PSTN so that the mobile communications calls
can be routed from the mobile network to a phone connected to a landline. Interfaces to
other MSCs are provided to enable calls to be made to mobiles on different networks.
 Home Location Register (HLR):   This database contains all the administrative information
about each subscriber along with their last known location. In this way, the GSM network is
able to route calls to the relevant base station for the MS. When a user switches on their
phone, the phone registers with the network and from this it is possible to determine which
BTS it communicates with so that incoming calls can be routed appropriately. Even when the
phone is not active (but switched on) it re-registers periodically to ensure that the network
(HLR) is aware of its latest position. There is one HLR per network, although it may be
distributed across various sub-centres to for operational reasons.
 Visitor Location Register (VLR):   This contains selected information from the HLR that
enables the selected services for the individual subscriber to be provided. The VLR can be
implemented as a separate entity, but it is commonly realised as an integral part of the MSC,
rather than a separate entity. In this way access is made faster and more convenient.

 Equipment Identity Register (EIR):   The EIR is the entity that decides whether a given
mobile equipment may be allowed onto the network. Each mobile equipment has a number
known as the International Mobile Equipment Identity. This number, as mentioned above, is
installed in the equipment and is checked by the network during registration. Dependent
upon the information held in the EIR, the mobile may be allocated one of three states -
allowed onto the network, barred access, or monitored in case its problems.
 Authentication Centre (AuC):   The AuC is a protected database that contains the secret
key also contained in the user's SIM card. It is used for authentication and for ciphering on
the radio channel.
 Gateway Mobile Switching Centre (GMSC):   The GMSC is the point to which a ME
terminating call is initially routed, without any knowledge of the MS's location. The GMSC is
thus in charge of obtaining the MSRN (Mobile Station Roaming Number) from the HLR
based on the MSISDN (Mobile Station ISDN number, the "directory number" of a MS) and
routing the call to the correct visited MSC. The "MSC" part of the term GMSC is misleading,
since the gateway operation does not require any linking to an MSC.
 SMS Gateway (SMS-G):   The SMS-G or SMS gateway is the term that is used to
collectively describe the two Short Message Services Gateways defined in the GSM
standards. The two gateways handle messages directed in different directions. The SMS-
GMSC (Short Message Service Gateway Mobile Switching Centre) is for short messages
being sent to an ME. The SMS-IWMSC (Short Message Service Inter-Working Mobile
Switching Centre) is used for short messages originated with a mobile on that network. The
SMS-GMSC role is similar to that of the GMSC, whereas the SMS-IWMSC provides a fixed
access point to the Short Message Service Centre.
These entities were the main ones used within the GSM network. They were typically co-located, but
often the overall core network was distributed around the country where the network was located.
This gave some resilience in case of failure.

Although the GSM system was essential a voice system, the core network was a data network as all
signals were handled digitally.

Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

The Base Station Subsystem (BSS) section of the 2G GSM network architecture that is
fundamentally associated with communicating with the mobiles on the network.

It consists of two elements:

 Base Transceiver Station (BTS):   The BTS used in a GSM network comprises the radio
transmitter receivers, and their associated antennas that transmit and receive to directly
communicate with the mobiles. The BTS is the defining element for each cell. The BTS
communicates with the mobiles and the interface between the two is known as the Um
interface with its associated protocols.
 Base Station Controller (BSC):   The BSC forms the next stage back into the GSM
network. It controls a group of BTSs, and is often co-located with one of the BTSs in its
group. It manages the radio resources and controls items such as handover within the group
of BTSs, allocates channels and the like. It communicates with the BTSs over what is termed
the Abis interface.

The base station subsystem element of the GSM network utilised the radio access technology to
enable a number of users to access the system concurrently. Each channel supported up to eight
users and by enabling a base station to have several channels, a large number of subscribers could
be accommodated by each base station.

Base stations are carefully located by the network provider to enable complete coverage of an area.
The area being covered bay a base station often being referred to as a cell.

As it is not possible to prevent overlap of the signals into the adjacent cells, channels used in one
cell are not used in the next. In this way interference which would reduce call quality is reduced
whilst still maintaining sufficient frequency re-use.

It is important to have the different BTSs linked with the BSS and the BSSs linked back to the core
network.

A variety of technologies were used to achieve this. As data rates used within he GSM network were
relatively low, E1 or T1 lines were often used, especially for linking the BSS back to the core
network.

As more data was required with increasing usage of the GSM network, and also as other cellular
technologies like 3G became more widespread, many links used carrier grade Ethernet.

Often remote BTSs were linked using small microwave links as this could reduce the need for the
installation of specific lines if none were available. As base stations often needed to be located to
provide good coverage rather than in areas where lines could be installed, the microwave link option
provided an attractive method for providing a data link for the network.

Mobile station
Mobile stations (MS), mobile equipment (ME) or as they are most widely known, cell or mobile
phones are the section of a GSM mobile communications network that the user sees and operates.
In recent years their size has fallen dramatically while the level of functionality has greatly increased.
A further advantage is that the time between charges has significantly increased.

There are a number of elements to the cell phone, although the two main elements are the main
hardware and the SIM.

The hardware itself contains the main elements of the mobile phone including the display, case,
battery, and the electronics used to generate the signal, and process the data receiver and to be
transmitted.

The mobile station, or ME also contains a number known as the International Mobile Equipment
Identity (IMEI). This is installed in the phone at manufacture and "cannot" be changed. It is accessed
by the network during registration to check whether the equipment has been reported as stolen.

The SIM or Subscriber Identity Module contains the information that provides the identity of the user
to the network. It contains are variety of information including a number known as the International
Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI). As this is included in the SIM, and it means that by moving the
SIM card from one mobile to another, the user could easily change mobiles. The ease of changing
mobiles whilst keeping the same number meant that people would regularly upgrade, thereby
creating a further revenue stream for network providers and helping to increase the overall financial
success of GSM.

Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS)

The OSS or operation support subsystem is an element within the overall GSM mobile
communications network architecture that is connected to components of the NSS and the BSC. It is
used to control and monitor the overall GSM network and it is also used to control the traffic load of
the BSS. It must be noted that as the number of BS increases with the scaling of the subscriber
population some of the maintenance tasks are transferred to the BTS, allowing savings in the cost of
ownership of the system.

The 2G GSM network architecture follows a logical method of operation. It is far simpler than current
mobile phone network architectures which use software defined entities to enable very flexible
operation. However the 2G GSM architecture does show the voice and operational basic functions
that are needed and how they fit together. As the GSM system was all digital, the network was a
data network.

18. What is 2G ARCHITECTURE

19. WHAT IS 3G ARCHITECTURE
20. How to check 3G traffic
21. How to check blocked call on site
22. How to check alarm on site?
23. How to check if site is full on air
24. How to check if 2Gis up
25. How to check if 3G is full up
26. What is 4G
LTE is a standard of mobile communication developed by 3GPP that has the goal of being the
next generation of mobile communication. It was submitted as 4G system candidate and
approved by the ITU (International Telecommunication Union) as meeting 4G requirements on
the release 10, also known as LTE-A.

Different from 2G, using TDMA and FDMA, and 3G, using CDMA, LTE uses OFDMA (Orthogonal
Frequency-Division Multiplexing Access) as multiple access technology. On OFDM (Orthogonal
Frequency-Division Multiplexing) the signal to be transmitted is decomposed on 'n' signal (it can
be done using a serial/parallel converter)

Other advance that LTE systems have is the use of multiple antenna technique. LTE is the first
global mobile cellular system to use MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) technology. The
use of multiple antennas can improve significantly the communication performance through a
greater channel capacity.
27. What is 4G architecture
he right figure shows in more details the functional split between the base station (eNB) and the
evolved packet core (EPC). The EPC is composed by different entities: the Mobility Management
Entity (MME), the Serving Gateway (S-GW) and the Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW). The
base station constitutes the evolved ULTRAN and also constitutes a radio access network.. It has
functions for scheduling, dynamic resource allocation, measurement configuration and
prevision, radio admission control connection mobility control, intercell radio resource
management and more.
 Figure: Simplified LTE Architecture

NodeB is the radio base station for 3G UMTS networks, eNodeB is the base station for 4G
LTE networks, and gNodeB (gNB) is the radio base station for 5G NR networks. These
essential radio network nodes represent the cell towers that mobile operators use to
connect our phones to the mobile network.
Simplified list of network nodes just to give an idea as to how it all fits together. Not showing all the
network nodes.

Radio network nodes

The radio network nodes in the second generation mobile networks (2G) are called Base
Transceiver Station or BTS. In 3G, 4G and 5G networks, these nodes have different names,
including Node B, eNodeB, gNB and ng-eNB. This post aims to focus on the radio network
nodes that are employed by the 3G, 4G and 5G mobile networks. If you look at the 3G/4G
network architecture below, you can see where Node B and eNodeB are situated. In 5G, we have
new network nodes called gNB and ng-eNB.
Node B and eNodeB in 3G UMTS / 4G LTE network architecture

What is Node B?
When 2G GSM networks (Global System for Mobile Communications) started in the early
1990s, wireless connectivity was enabled by the radio base stations, also known as Base
Transceiver Stations or BTS. The word ‘transceiver’ suggests that the base station is capable of
transmitting as well as receiving. When 3G UMTS networks came, the 3G base stations were
assigned a new terminology, ‘Node B’. Node B, sometimes also written as NodeB, uses
WCDMA – Wideband Code Division Multiple Access for the air interface to connect mobile
phones to the network. In the overall UMTS network architecture, Node B is part of the UMTS
Radio Access Network or UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network). If a mobile
operator wants to provide nationwide 3G network coverage, it needs to deploy a large number of
Node Bs throughout the country.

In 3G UMTS networks, Node Bs are controlled by another radio network entity called the Radio
Network Controller- RNC. The 2G equivalent of RNC in the GSM network is the Base Station
Controller or BSC. When your cell phone screen shows 3G or H or H+ symbol next to the signal
bar, you are being served by a Node B. As shown in the network diagram above, Node B and
RNC collectively represent the 3G UMTS radio access network. The RNC then connects through
a backhaul link to the SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node) to establish a connection between
the 3G radio access network and the 3G mobile core. You can check out our dedicated post on
UMTS to learn about the frequencies used by NodeB in 3G UMTS networks.
What is eNodeB?
The base stations in 4G LTE networks are called evolved Node B or eNodeB. In network
architecture diagrams, eNodeB is often abbreviated as eNB. eNodeB is an essential part of the
4G LTE radio network and is capable of performing network control functions in addition to
creating mobile network coverage. If you look at the network diagram above, you may notice
that the 4G radio network does not have a separate network controller entity. This is different
from GSM and UMTS networks that have BSC and RNC, respectively, for network control
tasks. It means that for LTE, eNodeB is able to perform the radio access functions that are
equivalent to the combined work that Node B and RNC do in 3G UMTS networks. eNodeB
represents the 4G LTE radio access network E-UTRAN – Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio
Access Network. It connects to the 4G LTE core network, the EPC – Evolved Packet Core.

2G – GSM Radio Network 3G – UMTS Radio Network 4G – LTE Radio Network

Base Station and Controller – Evolved Node

Base Station – BTS Base Station- Node B
B

Base Station Controller – Radio Network Controller –

N/A
BSC RNC

—GSM, UMTS and LTE radio network nodes—

In line with the LTE standard, eNodeB employs separate radio access technologies for the uplink
and the downlink. The communication between eNodeB and the cell phone employs Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) for the downlink and Single Carrier Frequency
Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) for the uplink. Have a look at our Mobile Networks Made
Easy if you want to build an overall understanding of how the different network entities,
including, eNodeB operate within a mobile network.

Mobile Networks Made Easy

What is a 5G base station called?

In the context of 5G networks, two types of radio base station nodes are talked about: gNodeB
(gNB) and next-generation Evolved Node B (ng-eNB). gNB is the 5G radio base station,
whereas ng-eNB is an upgraded version of the 4G LTE base station.

5G networks use a radio technology called New Radio – NR. 5G NR and 4G LTE networks will
co-exist for a long time to cater to a wide range of customer use cases. It means that 5G will not
replace all 4G networks, but instead, a combination of 4G LTE and 5G NR networks will work
together. Achieving that would require both 4G and 5G to be well-integrated to address
deployment scenarios where a mix of gNB and ng-eNB is used.
There are two ways to deploy 5G networks: standalone mode and non-standalone mode.
Standalone mode (SA) is where 5G networks operate entirely on their own without any legacy
network, i.e. no 4G LTE network dependency. The non-standalone mode (NSA) is the more
common one, especially for early adoption of 5G, where mobile operators add 5G NR to their
existing 4G LTE infrastructure. NSA makes use of the LTE core network EPC (with some
enhancements), whereas SA uses a new 5G core network called 5G Core or 5GC. In both cases,
5G uses a dedicated radio network for the air interface. The radio network for 5G NR is called
Next-Generation Radio Access Network or NG-RAN.

Since NSA deployment takes advantage of the existing EPC for core network functions, both
LTE and NR radio networks are required to connect to the same EPC. 4G LTE networks can
operate the same way they do today by allowing eNB to communicate with EPC for control
plane as well as user plane. In other words, all the radio network functions, as well as user
functions (e.g. mobile data, QoS etc.), take place through eNB. The 5G radio network node gNB
operates slightly differently and is only used for user-level functions. The control plane for 5G is
still managed by eNB as part of a concept called dual connectivity.

What are gNodeB and ng-eNB?

5G Node B, abbreviated as gNodeB or gNB, is the radio base station in 5G New Radio networks.
The counterpart of gNodeB in LTE networks is eNodeB. In non-stand-alone deployments, gNB
is only employed for user-level functions. The control plane for 5G NR in NSA mode is still
managed by eNB as part of a concept called dual connectivity. Next Generation Evolved Node B
or ng-eNodeB or ng-eNB is an upgraded version of 4G LTE radio base station that can connect
4G LTE devices to the mobile network when a 5G Cloud-Native core network is used by the
mobile network instead of a 4G Core network (EPC).

What is the difference between gNodeB and ng-

eNodeB?
When the 5G Core network is used instead of EPC, the connectivity for any 5G devices uses the
gNB node for both user and control planes. Any 4G LTE devices, on the other hand, use next-
generation eNodeB instead of the regular eNodeB to be able to connect to the mobile network
through a 5G Core network. The next-generation eNodeB is abbreviated as ng-eNB.

Conclusion
Node B, eNodeB and gNB are essential radio network components for 3G UMTS, 4G LTE and
5G NR mobile networks. Node B is the radio base station for UMTS networks (Universal Mobile
Telecommunication System), eNodeB or eNB is the radio network node for LTE networks (Long
Term Evolution), and gNB is the radio network node for 5G NR networks. These nodes are
installed at the cell sites of mobile operators and can be seen as tall masts, also known as cellular
towers.
Generation Technology Base Station – Full Name Base Station – Abbreviation

2G GSM Base Transceiver Station BTS

3G UMTS Node B Node B

Evolved Node B eNodeB

4G LTE
Next Generation Evolved Node B ng-eNB

5G NR 5G Node B gNodeB – gNB

28. How to check uplink and downlink on cell

29. How to check vlan id
30. How to check cell ip
31. What is the typeof ip on cell
32. How to change vlan id
33. How to change TN ip
34. How to change
35. What is Abis
36. What is RADWIN ,its working principle

What is moshell

Moshell:it is the managed object shell, it run under linux or on window using Cygwin,it is using
java,bash,awk,perl,ssh.

DT=drive test (checking performance)

Ssfv: single site function verification

Ssv: single service verification

Mobility and static

Handover
Problems taking place when there is no handover (fail handover)

.blocked call and drop calls

Drops call:caused by signal quality

Blocked calls caused by coverage area

Handover between sector

Handover between site

Handover between frequency

Handover between bands

Soft handover: sector to sector

Static: performance of sector

Equipments in DT activity

1.telephone

2.machine

3.car

DOMG: LICENSE(HARDWARE)

PRACTICE SODTWARE .TEMS OF INVESTIGATION FOR MACHINE

.TEMS OF PACKET

Open TEMS investigation software

Materials-telephone

-cdma

-gsm

Lte

Poisoning

Map

Cluster:above 15 site called cluster

Patch:below 15 site called patch

Types of minilink

6691:12TX/RX:12 cell carries

6692: 48TX/RX:48 cell carries

6693: 24TX/RX:24 cell carries

Configuration of RAU

1+0= one radio can be configuration in vertical or horizontal

2+0= two RAU where one RAU is vertical and other is horizontal

1+1= 2 RAU must have same polization

2+2=

4+0=

RBS

RBS 6600

RBS6601

RBS6602

ENCLOSURE 6330

ENCLOSURE 6130

ENCLOSURE 6230

INDOOR DEVICE IN CABINET

DUG

DUL

DUW

TCU

RADWIN

MINILINK

AUTDOOR DEVICE

MICROWAVE DISH

RAU

WIRELESS ANTENNE

RRU

RRUS

RADWIN

COMBINER
MULTIPLEXER

ALARM

1.TILT ALARM

2.ANTENNA OUT OF RANGE ALARM

3.ASC ALARM

4.AISG ALARM

5.FAN GROUP ALARM

6.POWER REVERSE ALARM

7.SWAP ALARM

8.