UNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES – NAGA CITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

MODULE # 6.A
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
I. Elimination of arbitratry constants 𝑑2 𝑤
b. − 𝑤 2𝑥
𝑑𝑡 2
2
𝑑 𝑤
Problem 1: c. 2 + 𝑤 2
𝑑𝑡
Eliminate the arbitrary constant in x3 – 3x2y = c 𝑑2 𝑤
d.- 2 + 𝑤 2
a. (x – 2)dx - xdy = 0 𝑑𝑡

b. (x – y)dx - xdy = 0
Solution 4:
c. (2y – x) dx – ydx = 0
x = A sin (wt + B); w is a parameter not to be
d. (x – 2y)dx – xdy = 0
eliminated
𝑑𝑥
Solution 1: = 𝐴𝑤 cos(𝑤𝑡 + 𝐵)
x3 - 3x2y = c 𝑑𝑡
𝑑2𝑥
3x2dx – 3x2dy – 3y(2x)dx = 0 = 𝐴𝑤[−𝑤 sin(𝑤𝑡 + 𝐵)]
3x2dx – 6xydx – 3x2dy = 0 𝑑𝑡 2
= -Aw2 sin(wt + B)
divide by 3x
but: x = A sin (wt + B)
xdx – 2ydx – xdy = 0
𝑑2𝑥
∴ (x – 2y)dx – xdy = 0 ans. = −𝑤 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑2𝑤
Problem 2: ∴ + 𝑤 2 𝑥 = 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑠.
𝑑𝑡 2
Eliminate the arbitrary constant in x2y = 1 + cx
a. (x2y - 1)dy + x2dx = 0 Problem 5:
b. (x2y + 1)dx + x3dy = 0 Eliminate the arbitrary constant in y = cx + c2 + 1
c. (x2y - 1)dx - x3dy = 0 a. y = y’x + (y’)2 + 1
d. (x2y + 1)dy + x3dy = 0 b. x = x + (y’)
c. y = y’ + (y’)2 -1
Solution 2: d. -x = y’x + (y’)2 + 1
x2dy + 2xydx = 0 + cdx
divide by dx, Solution 5:
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 y = cx + c2 + 1
+ 2𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 y’ = c + 0 + 0
substitute, ∴ y = y’x + (y’)2 + 1 ans.
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 2 𝑦 = 1 + [𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦] 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 Problem 6:
𝑑𝑦
𝑥2𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥3 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 Eliminate the arbitrary constant in y2 = 4ax
𝑑𝑥
x2ydx = dx + x3dy + 2x2ydx a. y2dx – 2xydy
dx + x3dy + 2x2ydx – x2ydx = 0 b. y2dx – 2xydy
dx + x3dy + x2ydx = 0 c. y2dx – 2xydy
∴ (x2y + 1)dx + x3dy = 0 ans. d. y2dx – 2xydy

Problem 3: Solution 6:
Eliminate the arbitrary constant in cy2 = x2 + y y2 = 4ax
a. 2xydx+2(x2 + y)dy 2y dy = 4a dx
2𝑦𝑑𝑦
b. xydx – 2(x+ y)dx ∴ 4𝑎 =
𝑑𝑥
c. 2xydx – 2(x2 + y)dy substitute,
d. xydx + 2(x2 + y)dy 2𝑦𝑑𝑦
𝑦2 = ( )𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Solution 3: y2 dx = 2xy dy
𝑥2 + 𝑦 ∴ y2 dx - 2xy dy = 0 ans.
=𝑐
𝑦2
𝑦 2 [2𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦] − [𝑥 2 + 𝑦]2𝑦𝑑𝑦 II. Families of curves
=0 Problem 7:
(𝑦 2 )2
2xy2dx + y2dy – 2yx2dy – 2y2dy = 0 Obtain the differential equation of the family of straight
divide by y, lines passing through origin
2xydx + ydy – 2x2dy – 2ydy = 0 a. ydx + xdy
∴ 2xydx – (2x2 + y)dy = 0 ans. b. ydx - xdy
Problem 4: c. xdx - ydy
Eliminate the arbitrary constant (2nd order differentiaton) d. 2ydx – x2dy
of x = A sin (wt + B); w is a parameter not to be eliminated
𝑑2𝑤 Solution 7:
a. + 𝑤 2𝑥 Straight lines through the origin.
𝑑𝑡 2

__M I J D__
 UNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES – NAGA CITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
MODULE # 6.A
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
c. ydx – (x - 1)dy = 0
d. ydy – (x + 1)dx = 0

Solution 9:
Straight lines with slope and y-intercept equal

General Equation:
y = mx
m = slope
𝑑𝑦
y’ = m or 𝑚 =
𝑑𝑥
substitute m,
𝑑𝑦 General Equation:
𝑦= 𝑥 y = mx + b
𝑑𝑥
ydx = xdy m = slope
∴ ydx – xdy = 0 ans. b = y-intercept; b = m
∴ y = mx + m
Problem 8: dy = mdx
Obtain the differential equation of the family of straight 𝑑𝑦
∴ 𝑚=
lines through the fixed point (h,k), h and k not to be 𝑑𝑥
eliminated Substitute,
a. (y – k) + m (x – h) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑦= 𝑥+
b. (y – k) = m (x – h) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
c. (y – k) = (x – h) ydx = xdy + dy
d. (y – k) = y’’ (x – h) ∴ ydx – (x + 1)dy = 0 ans.

Solution 8: Problem 10:

Straight lines through the fixed point (h,k), h and k not to Obtain the differential equation of the family of circles
be eliminated. with center at the origin
a. xdy + ydx = 0
b. x2 dx – y2dy = 0
c. (x + y)dx = 0
d. xdx + ydy = 0

Solution 10:
Circles with center at the origin

General Equation:
(y – k) = m (x – h)
dy = mdx
𝑑𝑦
∴𝑚=
𝑑𝑥
General Equation:
substitute,
𝑑𝑦 x2 + y2 = r2
(𝑦 − 𝑘) = (𝑥 − ℎ) 2xdx + 2ydy = 0
𝑑𝑥
(y – k)dx = (x – h)dy ∴ xdx + ydy = 0 ans.
∴ (y – k)dx – (x – h)dy = 0, ans.
Problem 11:
Problem 9: Obtain the differential equation of the family of circles
Obtain the differential equation of the family of straight with center on the x – axis
lines with slope and y-intercept equal a. (y’)2 + 1 = 0
a. ydx – (x + 1)dy = 0 b. yy’’ + (y’)2 + 1 = 0
b. xdx + (x + 1)dy = 0 c. yy’’ + 1 = 0
d. yy’’ - (y’) = 0
__M I J D__
 UNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES – NAGA CITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
MODULE # 6.A
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
𝑥2
Solution 11: 𝑦3 =
−4
Circles with center on the x-axis 𝑥 2
∴ 𝑦 = −( ) ⁄3 , 𝑎𝑛𝑠
2

Problem 14:
Obtain an equation of a variable separable of 2xyy’ = 1 + y2

General Equation: Solution 14:

(x – h)2 + y2 = r2 2xyy’ = 1 + y2
2(x – h) + 2yy’ = 0 when x = 2, y = 3.
𝑑𝑦
x – h + yy’ = 0 2𝑥𝑦 = 1 + 𝑦2
1 + (yy” + y’y’) = 0 𝑑𝑥
2xy dy = (1 + y2)dx
∴ yy” + (y’)2 + 1 = 0
divide by x(1 + y2),
2𝑦𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Problem 12: 2 =
1+𝑦 𝑥
Obtain the differential equation of the family of parabolas
2𝑦𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
with vertex on the x-axis parallel to y-axis and with ∫ 2 =∫
distance from the focus to vertex fixed as “a” 1+𝑦 𝑥
ln (1 + y2) = ln x + ln c
a. a (y’)2 = y
ln (1 + y2) – ln x = ln c
b. a = y
1 + 𝑦2
c. a (y)2 = y” ln = ln 𝑐
d. ax (y’)2 = ydx 𝑥
2
1+𝑦
∴ +𝑐
Solution 12: 𝑥
when x = 2, y = 3:
Parabolas with vertex on the x-axis parallel to y-axis and
1 + (3)2
with distance from the focus to vertex fixed as “a” =𝑐
General Equation: 2
∴c=5
(x – b)2 = 4ay
then,
2(x – b) = 4ay’
1 + 𝑦2
∴ (x – b) = 2ay’ =5
𝑥
2
1 + y = 5x
Square both sides,
y2 = 5x – 1
(x – b)2 = 4a2(y’)2
∴ 𝑦 = √5𝑥 − 1 ans.
Substitute,
4a2(y’)2 = 4ay
Problem 15:
∴ a(y’)2 = y ans.
Obtain an equation of a variable separable of xyy’ = 1 + y2
III. Variable Separable
Solution 15:
Problem 13:
xyy’ = 1 + y2;
Obtain an equation of a variable separable of 2ydx = 3xdy
when x = 2, y = 3.
when x = 2 and y = -1
𝑑𝑦
a. y = -𝑥 2/3 𝑥𝑦 = 1 + 𝑦2
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
b. y = -( ) 4/3 xydy = (1 + y2)dx
2
𝑥 2/3
c. y = ( ) divide by x(1 + y2),
2
𝑥 2/3 𝑦𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
d. y = -( ) 2 =
2 1+𝑦 𝑥
𝑦𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Solution 13: ∫ 2 =∫
1+𝑦 𝑥
2ydx = 3xdy 1
when x = 2, y = -1 ln(1 + 𝑦 2 ) = ln 𝑥 + ln 𝑐
2
𝑥2 ln (1 + y2) = 2 ln x + ln c
𝑐= 3
𝑦 ln (1 + y2) – 2 ln x = ln c
(2)2 1 + 𝑦2
𝑐= = −4 ln = ln 𝑐
(−1)3 𝑥2
2
then, 1+𝑦
∴ =𝑐
𝑥2 𝑥2
= −4 when x = 2, y = 3:
𝑦3

__M I J D__
 UNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES – NAGA CITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
MODULE # 6.A
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
1 + (3)2 1
=𝑐 − = − ln(1 − 𝑥) − ln 𝑐
(2)2 𝑦
10 1
∴𝑐= = ln 𝑐 (1 − 𝑥)
4 𝑦
then, ∴ y ln c (1 – x) = 1 ans.
1 + 𝑦 2 10
=
𝑥2 4 Problem 18:
2−4
10𝑥 Obtain the general solution of sin x sin y dx + cos x cos y dy
𝑦2 =
4 =0
10𝑥 2 − 4
𝑦=√ Solution 18:
4 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1 + =0
∴ 𝑦 = √10𝑥 2 − 4 ans. cos 𝑥 sin 𝑦
2
sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
∫ +∫ = ∫0
Problem 16: cos 𝑥 sin 𝑦
Obtain an equation of a variable separable of 2ydx = 3xdy -ln cos x + ln sin y = ln c
sin 𝑦
ln = ln 𝑐
Solution 16: cos 𝑥
2ydx = 3xdy sin 𝑦
=𝑐
when x = 2, y = 1 cos 𝑥
∴ sin y = c cos x ans.
divide by xy,
2𝑑𝑥 3𝑑𝑦 IV. Applications
= Problem 19:
𝑥 𝑦
A certain culture of bacteria grows at a rate that is
2 ln x = 3 ln y + ln c
proportional to the number present. If it is found that the
2 ln x – 3 ln y = ln c
number doubles in 4 hrs, what proportion of the original
𝑥2
ln 3 = ln 𝑐 population of bacteria is present at the end of 11th hour?
𝑦 a. 672.81%
𝑥2
∴ 3=𝑐 b. 122.41%
𝑦 c. 911.97%
when x = 2; y = 1 d. 106.34%
(2)2
=𝑐
(1)3 Solution 19:
∴c=4 P = 2Po ; t = 4hrs
then, 𝑃
𝑥2 𝑙𝑛
𝑃𝑜
=4
𝑦3 2𝑃𝑜
ln = 𝐾(4)
x2 = 4y3 𝑃𝑜
𝑥2 ln 2
𝑦3 = 𝐾= = 0.1733
4 4
𝑃
3 𝑥 2 = 𝑒 (0.1733)(11)
𝑦 = √( ) 𝑃𝑜
2 𝑃
= 6.728𝑥100 = 672.81% 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑃𝑜
𝑥 2/3
∴𝑦=( ) 𝑎𝑛𝑠. ans.
2

Problem 17: Problem 20:

Obtain the general solution of (1 – x) y’ = y2 Princess places P100,000 in an account for her daughter
upon birth. Assuming no additional deposits or
Solution 17: withdrawals
(1 – x) y’ = y2 a. How much will her daughter have at her 18 th birthday if
𝑑𝑦 the bank pays 5% interest compounded continuously, for
(1 − 𝑥) = 𝑦2 the entire period?
𝑑𝑥
(1 – x) dy = y2dx b. How long will it take for the money to double?
divide by y2 (1 - x) c. How long will it take for the money to accumulate P
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 1,000,000
=
2 (1 − 𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 Solution 20:
∫ 2=∫ a. How much will her daughter have at her 18th birthday if
𝑦 (1 − 𝑥)
the bank pays 5% interest compounded continuously, for
the entire period?
__M I J D__
 UNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES – NAGA CITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
MODULE # 6.A
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Po = 100,000
P = ? ; t = 18; i = 5% = 0.05
ln P/Po = it
𝑒 ln 𝑃/100,000 = 𝑒 (0.05)(18)
P = 100,000e(0.05)(18)
P = 245,960.31 ans.

b. How long will it take for the money to double?

t = 0; P = 2Po
2𝑃𝑜
ln = 𝑖𝑡
𝑃𝑜
𝑙𝑛2
𝑡= = 13.86 𝑦𝑟𝑠 ans.
0.05

c. How long will it take for the money to accumulate P

1,000,000
𝑃 1,000,000
= = 10
𝑃𝑜 100,000
ln 10 = (0.05)t
𝑙𝑛10
𝑡= = 46.05 𝑦𝑟𝑠 ans.
0.05

__M I J D__
 UNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES – NAGA CITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
MODULE # 8
PROBABILITY
PROBLEM 1 c. 1,340 d. 1,320
Cara is going to arrange her books on a shelf.
Algebra, Trigonometry, Geometry and Calculus. How PROBLEM 8
many different possible arrangements can she make?
In how many ways can a reviewee choose reference
a. 30 b. 24 books if 6 different books of different authors are
c. 20 d. 22 available.
a. 64 b. 60
SITUATION 1
c. 63 d. 62
In how many ways can 4 different Math books, 3
surveying books and 2 structural Design books be PROBLEM 9
arranged on a shelf with a space for 9 books The court of appeals has 9 justices. On a certain
case, the justices voted 5 to 4 in favour of the
2. If they can be placed anywhere on the shelf? defendant. In how many ways could this have
happened?
a. 362,880 b. 372,879
a. 126 b. 127
c. 345,600 d. 354,098 c. 128 d. 129

3. If books of the same subject are to be kept PROBLEM 10

together? A company president has to visit four of the twelve
a. 1,736 b. 1,687 subsidiaries that the company owns. How many sets
c. 1,728 d. 1,568 of four companies are there from which the vice
president can pick one set to visit?
a. 494 b. 495
4. If the math books are to be kept together but the
c. 496 d. 497
others can be placed anywhere?
a. 18,280 b. 16,540
PROBLEM 11
c. 17,280 d. 17,360
A student must answer six of eight questions on an
PROBLEM 5 exam. How many different ways he can do the exam?
You know that the extension of a private telephone a. 25 b. 26
number is 343 but you have forgotten the last 4 digits. c. 27 d. 28
You can only recall that the last 4 digits are 3, 6, 8
and 9, but you do not know the order. What is the PROBLEM 12
maximum number of telephone calls you will need to A box containing slips of paper, numbered 1-40. A slip
make in order to dial the correct number? of paper is drawn from the box and the number is
a. 32 b. 30 noted. Find the probability of getting number divisible
c. 22 d. 24 by 6.
a. 3/20 b. 6/20
c. 4/20 d. 5/20
PROBLEM 6

The LTO issues license plates consisting of letters PROBLEM 13

and numbers. There are 26 letters may be repeated. A box containing slips of paper, numbered 1-40. A slip
There are 10 digits and the digits may be repeated. of paper is drawn from the box and the number is
How many possible license plates can be issued with noted. Find the probability of getting an even number.
two letters followed by three numbers? a. ½ b. ¼
a. 767,000 plates b. 676,000 plates c. 1/6 d. 1/8
c. 656,000 plates d. 566,000 plates
PROBLEM 14
PROBLEM 7 The coins are tossed. Find the probability of getting
In how many ways can a student select a set of 4 two come up tails and one comes up heads.
Structural Design books and 3 Hydraulic boks from a a. 1/6 b. 3/8
set of 9 Structural Design books and 5 Hydraulic c. ¼ d. 2/3
books? PROBLEM 15
a. 1,260 b. 1,360

__M I J D__
 UNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES – NAGA CITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
MODULE # 8
PROBABILITY
How many permutations are there if the letters If 5 persons enter a bus in which there are 15 seats,
ABCDEF are taken six at a time? how many ways are there for the 5 to be seated?
a. 1440 b. 480 a. 360,360 b. 380,380
c. 720 d. 360 c. 540,540 d. 370,370

PROBLEM 16 PROBLEM 24
In how many ways can 6 distinct books be arranged in In how many ways can 6 boys and 6 girls be seated
a bookshelf? alternatively in a row of 12 seats?
a. 720 b. 120 a. 1,036,800 b. 1,360,008
c. 360 d. 180 c. 1,306,800 d. 1,036,008

PROBLEM 25
PROBLEM 17 There are four balls of four different colors. Two balls
What is the number of permutations of the letters in are taken at a time and arranged in a definite order.
the word TATTOO? For example, if a white and red balls are taken, one
a. 36 b. 52 definite arrangement is white first, red second, and
c. 60 d. 42 another arrangement is red first, white second. How
many such arrangements are possible?
PROBLEM 18 a. 24 b. 6
A die is rolled. Find the probability that the number c. 12 d. 36
turned up is between 1 and 5.
a. ½ b. 1/3 PROBLEM 26
c. ¾ d. 7/8 Determine the probability of drawing either a queen or
a flower in a single draw from a pack of 52 cards.
PROBLEM 19 a. 2/13 b. 3/13
Two dice are rolled and the numbers are noted. Find c. 4/13 d. 1/13
the probability that the sum of the numbers is 3 or 6
a. 7/30 PROBLEM 27
b. 7/32 A card is drawn from a deck of 52 playing cards. Find
c. 7/34 the probability of drawing a queen and a flower card
d. 7/36 a. 0.5835 b. 0.5385
c. 0.3585 d. 0.8535
PROBLEM 20
PROBLEM 28
A student must answer six of eight questions on an
exam. How many different ways can he do the exam? A coin tossed 3 times. What is the probability of
getting 3 tails up?
a. 20 b. 24 a. 1/8 b. 1/16
c. ¼ d. 7/8
c. 26 d. 28
PROBLEM 29
PROBLEM 21
A fair coin is tossed three times. What is the
Two cards are drawn from an ordinary deck of 52.
probability of getting of either 3 heads or 3 tails?
What is the probability of getting a spade and a
a. 1/8 b. 3/8
flowers?
c. ¼ d. ½
a. 0.137 b. 0.127
c. 0.653 d. 0.983 PROBLEM 30
The probability of getting at least 2 heads when a coin
PROBLEM 22 is tossed four times is?
How many different sequences of six signal flags can a. 11/16 b. 13/16
be constructed from four red flags and two green c. ¼ d. 3/8
flags?
a. 15 b. 10
c. 12 d. 20 PROBLEM 31

PROBLEM 23

__M I J D__
 UNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES – NAGA CITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
MODULE # 8
PROBABILITY
The probability of getting a credit in an examination is c. 85.9 %
1/3. If three students are selected at random, what is d. 89.6 %
the probability that at least one of them get a credit
a. 19/27 b. 8/27 PROBLEM 38
c. 2/3 d. 1/3 In a multiple choice test, each question is to be
answered by selecting 1 out of 5 choices, of which
only 1 is right. If there are 10 questions in a test, what
PROBLEM 32
is the probability of getting 6 right of pure guesswork?
There are 3 questions in a test. For each question 1
point is awarded for a correct answer and none for a a. 10 % b. 6 %
wrong answer. If the probability that Janine correctly
answers a question in the test is 2/3, determine the c. 0.44 % d. 0.55 %
probability that she gets zero in the test.
PROBLEM 39
a. 8/27 b. 4/9
From a box containing 9 red balls, 8 green balls and
c. 1/30 d. 1/27
11 yellow balls, one ball is drawn at random.
PROBLEM 33
Determine the probability that it is red or green
A committee of 5 is selected by lot from a group of 6
a. 9/14 b. 8/14
men and 4 women. What is the probability that it will
c. 7/14 d. 6/14
consist exactly of 3 men?
a. 10/21 b. 10/31
c. 11/21 d. 11/31
PROBLEM 40
A bag contains 6 white balls and 8 black balls. If two
PROBLEM 34
are drawn in succession without replacement, what is
Three English books, 4 French books, and 2 German
the probability that both balls are white?
books are arranged on a shelf with space for 9 books.
a. 15/92 b. 15/91
What is the probability that the English books are all
c. 15/90 d. 15/81
together?
a. 2/11 b. 1/12 PROBLEM 41
c. 1 d. 1/3
From a bag containing 7 black balls and 6 white balls.
If two balls are drawn in succession without
PROBLEM 35 replacement, what is the probability that both balls are
From a pack of standard playing cards, a card is black?
drawn. What is the probability that the drawn card is
spade? a. 0.29 b. 0.39
a. ¼ b. 1/8 c. 0.30 d. 0.31
c. 1/16 d. 1/24
PROBLEM 42
PROBLEM 36 An urn contains 7 blue balls and 8 green balls. What
Throughout history many people have contributed to is the probability of getting 1 blue and 1 green in two
the development of Mathematics. These consecutive draws from the urn?
Mathematicians include Pythagoras, Hypatia, Euclid, a. 0.48 b. 0.49
euler, Einstein, Fibonacci, Agnesia and Pascal. What c. 0.50 d. 0.51
is the probability that a mathematician’s name
selected at a random from those listed will start with PROBLEM 43
either the letter E or the letter A? A group of 3 people enter a theatre after the lights had
a. 0.25 b. 0.5 dimmed, they are shown to the correct group of three
c. 0.75 d. 1 seats by the usher. Each person holds a number stub.
What is the probability that each is in the correct seat
PROBLEM 37
according to the numbers on seat and stub?
In a Board Examinations, the probability that an
a. 1/6 b. ¼
examinee will pass each subject is 0.8. What is the
c. 1/8 d. ½
probability that an examinee will pass at least two
subjects out of the three board subjects?
PROBLEM 44
a. 70.9 %
b. 80.9 %

__M I J D__
 UNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES – NAGA CITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
MODULE # 8
PROBABILITY
From 20 tickets marked with the first 20 numerals, Take each kind of book as one unit.
one is drawn at random. What is the chance that it No. of ways = n! x M! x S! x D!
will be multiple of 3 or of 7? M = M1 M2 M3 M4
a. ½ b. 8/15 = 3! x 4! x 3! x 2!
c. 3/10 d. 2/5 S = S1 S2 S3
= 1,728
PROBLEM 45 D = D 1 D2
What is the probability of rolling 6s in two dice rolls?
SOLUTION 4:
a. 1/36 b. 1/5
Take the 4 math books as 1 unit.
c. 1/6 d. 1/42
No. of ways = 6! x 4!
PROBLEM 46 M = M1 M2 M3 M4
What is the probability of getting a sum of 8 when = 17,280
rolling two dice S1 S2 S3
a. 5/37 b. 5/36 D1 D2
c. ¾ d. 4/11 SOLUTION 5:

343 __ __ __ __
PROBLEM 47
No. of calls needed to make in order to dial the
What is the probability of getting an even number in 1
correct number = 4! =24
roll of a die?
a. ½ b. 1/3 SOLUTION 6:
c. ¼ d. 1/6
No. of plates = 26 x 26 x 10 x 10 x 10
No. of plates = 676,000

PROBLEM 48 SOLUTION 7:
What is the probability of getting a sum of 5 when you No. of ways = 9C4 x 5C3
roll 2 dice? No. of ways = 1,260
a. 1/9 b. 1/6
c. 1/5 d.1/8
SOLUTION 8:
PROBLEM 49
No. of ways = 2n - 1
What is the probability of getting four consecutive
No. of ways = 26 – 1 = 63
heads?
a. 1/8 b. 1/16 SOLUTION 9:
c. 1/13 d. 1/8 No. of ways = 9C5
PROBLEM 50 No. of ways = 126
Suppose you take a multiple choice test with 10 SOLUTION 10:
questions, and each question has 5 answer choices
No. of ways = 12C4
(a,b,c,d,e), what is the probability you get exactly 4
No. of ways = 495
questions correct just by guessing?
a. 8 % b. 9 % SOLUTION 11:
c. 10 % d. 11 % No. of possible ways = 8C6
No. of possible ways = 28 ways
SOLUTION 1:
SOLUTION 12
No. of possible arrangement = 4!
Numbers divisible by 6 are: 6, 12, 18 = 3
No. of possible arrangement = 24
numbers
6
SOLUTION 2: P=
40
3
M1 M2 M3 M4 S1 S2 S3 D1 D2 P=
20
n= 9
no. of ways = 9! = 362,880 SOLUTION 13:

SOLUTION 3:

__M I J D__
 UNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES – NAGA CITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
MODULE # 8
PROBABILITY
Even numbers between 1-40: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, SOLUTION 22:
16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40 = 20 For n = 6, there are 4 red’s and 2 green’s
numbers 𝑛! 6!
P= = = 15 ways
20 (𝑟!)(𝑔!) (4!)(2!)
P=
40
SOLUTION 23:
1
P= n = 15
2
r=5
SOLUTION 14:
𝑛! 15!
P = (𝑛−𝑟)! = = 360,360 ways
Two come up tails (r=2), (n=3) (15−5)!

Total number of outcomes = 23 =8

SOLUTION 24:
𝑛! 3! Number of ways the boys can be arranged = 6!
C =(𝑛−𝑟)!𝑟! = (3−2)!2! = 3 ways
Number of ways the girls can be arranged = 6!
3
P= N = (6! X 6!) = 1,036,800
8

SOLUTION 15: SOLUTION 25:

𝑛! 4!
No. of possible ways = 6! nPr = (𝑛−𝑟)! = (4−2)! = 12 arrangements
No. of possible ways = 720 ways
SOLUTION 26:
PQ = probability of drawing a queen
SOLUTION 16
PF = probability of drawing a flower
No. of possible ways = 6!
PQ & F = probability of drawing a queen
No. of possible ways = 720 ways
and at the same time flower
4 13 1
SOLUTIONS 17: PQ = , PF = , PQ & F =
52 52 52

TATTOO PQ & F = PQ + PF - P Q & F

4 13 2 16 4
Number of T’s = 3 PQ & F =
52
+
52
-
52
=
52
=
13
Number of O’s = 2
𝑛! 6! SOLUTION 27:
nPp,q = = = 60 ways
𝑝!𝑞!… 3!2! PQ = probability of drawing a queen
SOLUTION 18: PF = probability of drawing a flower
PQ & F = probability of drawing a queen and at the
Numbers between 1 and 5 in a die are 2,3 and 4
3 1 same time flower
P= = 4 26 2
6 2 PQ = , PF = , PQ & F =
52 52 52
PQ & F = PQ + PF - PQ & F
SOLUTION 19: 4 26 2
PQ & F = + - = 0.5385
52 52 52
For a fall of 3: {1,2}, {2,1} = 2 ways
For a fall of 6: {1,5}, {5,1}, {2,4}, {4,2}, {3,3} = 5 ways SOLUTION 28:
Total number of ways = 2 + 5 = 7 ways
P=
7 P = probability of getting 3 tails out from 3
36 trials
SOLUTION 20: p = probability of getting a tail in a single trial
q = probability of not getting a tail from a single
Combinations = 8C6 = 28 ways trial
n = number of trials
SOLUTION 21: r = number of successful trials
In a deck of 52 cards, there are 13 spades and 13 1 1
p= ,q= , n = 4, r = 3
diamonds. 2 2
1 3 1 0 3! 1 2 1
First draw: spade first and then flower P3T = 3C3( ) ( ) =(3−3)!3! ( ) =
13 13 2 2 2 8
P1 = 𝑥 = 0.0637
52 51
SOLUTION 29:
Second draw: flower first and then spade
13 13
P2 = 𝑥 = 0.0637
52 51
P = P1 + P2 = 0.0637 + 0.0637 = 0.127
__M I J D__
 UNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES – NAGA CITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
MODULE # 8
PROBABILITY
P = nCrprqn-r SOLUTION 34:
1 1
p= ,q= , n = 3, r = 3 7!𝑥 3! 1
2 2
P= =
9! 12
1 3 1 0 3! 1 3 1
P3H = 3C3( ) ( ) = (3−3)!3! [ ] = SOLUTION 35:
2 2 2 8

n (S) = 52; n (E) = 13

1 3 1 0 3! 1 3 1
P3H = 3C3( ) ( ) = (3−3)!3! [ ] =
2 2 2 8 𝑛(𝐸)
P (spade) =
𝑛(𝑆)
1 1 1
P3H or 3T = + =
8 8 4 13
P (spade) =
52
SOLUTION 30:
1
P = nCrprqn-r P (spade) =
4
1 1
p= ,q= , n = 4, r = 2
2 2
SOLUTION 36:
1 2 1 2 4! 1 4 3
P2H = 4C2( ) ( ) = [ ] = 2
2 2 (4−2)!2! 2 8 Probability =
8
Probability = 0.5
1 3 1 1 4! 1 4 1
P3H = 4C3( ) ( ) = (4−1)!2! [ ] =
2 2 2 4
SOLUTION 37:
1 4 1 0 1 4 1
P4H = 4C4( ) ( ) = 1 [ ] = Probability of getting passing score in each
2 2 2 16
subject is 0.8
3 1 1 11
P= + + = Probability of failing in any of the three
8 4 16 16
subjects is 0.2
SOLUTION 31:
Probability of getting a credit = 1/3 P1 = probability of passing exactly two
Probability of getting any credit = 2/3 subjects
3!
P1 = probability that only one student gets a credit P1 = 3C2 (0.8)2(0.2)1 = (3−2)!2!
(0.128) =
1 1 2 2 3! 4 12 0.384
P1 =3C1 ( ) ( ) = [ ]
(3−1)!1! 27
=
2 3 27
P2 = probability of passing all the three
P1 = probability that all student gets a credit
subjects
1 2 2 1 3! 2 6
P2 =3C2 ( ) ( ) = [ ]
(3−2)!2! 27
= P1 = P2 = 3C3 (0.8)3(0.2)0 = 1(0.128) = 0.512
2 3 27
probability that all three students gets a credit
P = probability of passing at least two subjects
1 3 2 0 1 1
P3 =3C3 ( ) ( ) = 1 [ ] = P = P1 +P2
2 3 27 27
P = 0.384 + 0.512 = 0.896 or 89.6%
P = probability that at least one student gets a
credit SOLUTION 38:
12 6 1 19
P= + + = Probability of getting a correct answer is 1/5
27 27 27 27
Probability of getting a wrong answer is 4/5
SOLUTION 32:
P = probability of getting 6 correct answers out
The only way to get zero is, if all the 3 answers were from 10 questions
wrong. 4 4 10!
P = 10C6( ) = (10−6)!6! (2.62𝑥10−5 ) = 0.0055
5
P = probability of getting a correct answer = 2/3 or 0.55 %
q = probability of getting a wrong answer = 1/3
SOLUTION 39
P = nCrprqn-r P = probability of getting red or a green ball from the
1 3 2 0 1 3 1
P = 3C3( ) ( ) = 1 [ ] = box
3 3 3 27
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠 18 9
SOLUTION 33: P= = =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠 28 14

6𝐶3 𝑥 4𝐶2
P= SOLUTION 40:
10𝐶5
10
P=
21

__M I J D__
 UNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES – NAGA CITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
MODULE # 8
PROBABILITY
P1 = probability of getting a white ball in the last to sit down
first draw
Probability that A, B and C are correct
6 3
P1 = = 1 1 1
14 7 P= 𝑥 𝑥1=
3 2 6

P2 = probability of drawing a white ball in SOLUTION 44:

second draw
Numbers from 1 to 20, which is divisible by 3 =
The first ball was not returned in the bag 6 numbers (3,6,9,12,15,18)
before the second ball was drawn
Numbers from 1 to 20, which is divisible by 7 =
5
P2 = 2 numbers (7,14)
13

P = probability that both balls are all white Total numbers from 1 to 20, which is divisible
by 3 or 7
3 5 15
P= 𝑥 =
7 13 91
P = (numbers between 1 to 20 which is
SOLUTION 41: divisible by 3 or 7)/(total numbers from 1 to 20)
P1 = probability of getting a white ball in the P = 8/20 = 2/5
first draw
SOLUTION 45:
7
P1 =
13 1 1
P= 𝑥
6 6
P2 = probability of drawing a white ball in 1
P=
second draw 36

The first ball was returned in the bag before SOLUTION 46 :

𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
the second ball was drawn P=
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
7 5
P2 = P=
13 36

P = probability that both balls are all white SOLUTION 47:

7 7 49 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑒

P= 𝑥 = = 0.29 P=
13 13 169 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑒
3 1
P= =
SOLUTION 42: 6 2

Assume the first draw is blue and the second draw is SOLUTION 48:
green:
P1 = Pblue x Pgreen 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
P=
7 8 56 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
P1 = 𝑥 = 4 1
15 15 225 P= =
36 9
Assume the first draw is blue and the secong
draw is green: SOLUTION 49:

P2 = Pgreen x Pblue 1 1 1 1
P= 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
8 7 56 2 2 2 2
P2 = 𝑥 = 1
15 15 225 P=
P = probability that one ball is blue and the 16
SOLUTION 50:
other is green
P = P1 + P2 P = nCrprqn-r
1 1
56 56 112 p= ,q= , n = 10, r = 4
P= + = = 0.50 2 2
225 225 225
1 2 1 4 10! 1 4 4 6 3
P4 = 10C4( ) ( ) = [ ] [ ] =
2 5 (10−4)!4! 5 5 8
SOLUTION 43:
P4 = 210 𝑥 0.0016 𝑥 0.262144
Probability that A is correct = 1/3, assuming he is
P4 = 0.08808 = 0.09
to sit down the first
P4 = 9 %
Probability that B is correct = assuming that he is
to sit down after A
Probability that C is correct = assuming he is the
__M I J D__
 UNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES – NAGA CITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
MODULE # 7
ENGINEERING ECONOMY
PROBLEM 1. John wants to have P 3,000,000 for retirement in 45
P 5,000 is borrowed for 75 days at 15 % per annum years. He invest in a mutual fund paying an average
simple interest. How much will be the due at the end of 9.5% eavh year compounded quarterly. How much
of 75 days? should he deposit into his mutual fund?
a. P 5,156.25 a. 44,874.95 b. 34,098.09
b. P 5,156.50 c. 53,098.94 d. 43,874.95
c. P 5,156.75
d. P 5,159.25

PROBLEM 10
PROBLEM 2. John borrowed P 50,000.00 from the bank at 25%
A 100,000 deposit was made for 31 days. The net compounded semi-annually. What is the
interest after deducting 20 % withholding tax is P corresponding effective rate of interest?
890.36. Find the rate of return annually? a. 25.56% b. 26.56%
a. 11.95% c. 21.66% d. 12.56%
b. 12.75%
c. 11.75%
d. 12.25% PROBLEM 11
If P 5,000.00 shall accumulate for 10 years at 8 %
PROBLEM 3 compounded quarterly. Find the compounded interest
Nena invested P 500,000 into a simple savings at the end of 10 years.
account that earned 5% per year. How much did she a. 6,005.30 b. 6,000.00
have in total after four years? c. 6,040.20 d. 6,010.20
a. P 550,000 b. P 575,000
c. P 600,000 d. P 625,000 PROBLEM 12
If the nominal interest rate is 3%, how much is P
5,000.00 worth in 10 years in a continuously
PROBLEM 4 compounded account?
How long would it take to earn P 55,000 if you invest a. 5,759.00 b. 6,750.00
P 460,000 in an account with a simple annual interest c. 7,500.00 d. 6,350.00
rate of 3%?
a. 3.99 years b. 5.54 years
c. 4.88 years d. 3.61 years

PROBLEM 13
PROBLEM 5 By the condition of a will, the sum of P 20,000 is left to
Find the exact simple interest and the amount if 500 is a girl to be held in trust fund by her guardian until it
loaned for 100 days at 4%. amounts to P 50,000. When will the girl received the
a. 505.48 b. 505.42 money if the fund is to be invested at 8 %
c. 501.48 d. 505.50 compounded annually.
a. 17.98 years b. 10.34 years
PROBLEM 6 c. 11.57 years d. 10.45 years
A man who invested 1000 on Jan. 1, 2004 had 1010
returned to him 45 days later. At what rate did hid
money earn exact simple interest?
PROBLEM 14
a. 0.0913 b. 0.0918
c. 0.0813 d. 0.0818 P 1,500 was deposited in a bank account 20 years
ago. Today it is worth P 3,000.00. interest is paid
PROBLEM 7 semi-annually. Determine the interest rate paid on this
Find the exact simple interest on 1000 pesos which account?
was deposited on Jan. 08, 1990 and to be withdrawn a. 3 % b. 2.9 %
on Oct. 08, 1992. If I = 10% c. 3.5 % d. 4 %
a. 278.85 b. 274.85
PROBLEM 15
c. 275.85 d. 277.87
A piece of machinery can be bought for P 10,000.00
PROBLEM 8 cash or for P 2,000.00 down and payments of P
Susan puts P 50,000 in a savings account paying 9% 750.00 year for 15 years. What is the annual interest
annual interest compounded monthly. At this rate, rate for the time payments?
how much money will be in the account after 30 a. 4.61 % b. 3.81 %
years? c. 5.71 % d. 11.0 %
a. 678,098.987 b. 736,528.806
PROBLEM 16
c. 465,099.099 d. 809,098.990

PROBLEM 9
__M I J D__
 UNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES – NAGA CITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
MODULE # 7
ENGINEERING ECONOMY
A debt of P 10,000 with 10% interest compounded If you invest P 2,500 in an account that pays 4%
semi-annually is to be amortized by semi-annual continuous interest, what will be the balance after 4
payments over the next 5 years. The first due is 6 years?
months. Determine the semi-annual payment? a. 6.76 years b. 6.67 years
a. P 1,200.00 b. P 1,295.05 c. 6.66 years d. 6.77 years
c. P 1,193.90 d. P 1,400.40
PROBLEM 25
PROBLEM 17 How much must you invest in an account today that
A man purchased on monthly instalment a P 100,000 pays 5.5% continuous interest if you want to P 10,000
worth of land. The interest rate is 12% nominal and in the account 5 years from now?
payable nin 20 years. What is the monthly a. P 7,654.89
amortization? b. P 7,595.72
a. P 1,101.08 b. P 1,121.01 c. P 8,765.90
c. 1,152.15 d. P 1,128.12 d. P 7,098.88

PROBLEM 18 PROBLEM 26
Money borrowed today is to be paid in 6 equal If the nominal interest rate is 3%, how much is P
payments at the end of 6 quarters. If the interest is 5,000 worth in 10 years in a continuously
12% compounded quarterly. How much was the compounded naccount?
initially borrowed if quarterly payment is P 2,000.00? a. P 6,750.00 b. P 6,570.00
a. 10,834.38 b. 10,382.90 c. P 6,567.00 d. P 6,057.00
c. 10,586.99 d. 10,200.56
PROBLEM 19
What is the present worth of a 3 years annuity paying PROBLEM 27:
P 3,000.00 at the end of each year, with interest at The accumulated amount P 5,000 is P 20,000 after 9
8% compounded annually. years. Calculate the interest rate if it is compounded
a. P 7,731.29 b. P 9,731.79 continuously.
c. P 7,371.29 d. P 9,371.79 a. 15.4% b. 15.8%
c. 16.4% d. 16.8%

PROBLEM 20 PROBLEM 28
What is the accumulated amount of five year annuity A wealthy businessman wants to start a permanent
paying P 6,000.00 at the end of each year, with fi=und for supporting research directed toward
interest at 15% compounded annually. sustainability. The donor plans to give equal amounts
a. P 40,454.29 b. P 41,114.29 of money for each of the next 5 years, plus one now
c. P 41,454.29 d. P 40,544.29 (i.e., six donations) so that P 100,000 per year can be
withdrawn each year forever, beginning in year 6. If
PROBLEM 21 the fund earns at a rate of 8% per year, how much
How much money must you invest today in order to must be donated each time?
withdraw P 2,000 annually for 10 years if the interest a. P 170,394.23 b. P 170.345.09
rate is 9 %? c. P 170.393.00 d. P 170,354.03
a. P 12,853.32 b. P 12,881.37
c. P 12,385.32 d. P 12,835.32 PROBLEM 29

The purchase of a motor of P 6,000 and a generator

PROBLEM 22 for P 4,000 will allow a company to produce its own
Money borrowed today is to be paid in 6 equal energy. The configuration can be assembled for P
payments at the end of 6 quarters. If the interest is 500. The service will operate for 1600 hours per year
12% compounded quarterly. How much was initially and the cost to operate is P 0.85 per hour for fuel and
borrowed if quarterly payment is P 2,000.00? related costs. Using a straight-line depreciation, what
a. P 10,834.38 b. P 10,382.90 is the annual cost for the machine. Salvage value P
c. P 10,586.99 d. P 10,200.56 400.00.
a. P 2,670.00 b. P 2,760.00
c. P 2,680.00 d. P 2,980.00
PROBLEM 23
A manufacturing firm wishes to give each 80 PROBLEM 30
employees a holiday bonus. How much is needed to A bridge constructed for P 20,000,000. The estimated
invest monthly for a year at 12% nominal interest rate annual maintenance cost is P 400,000. If the interest
compounded monthly so that each employee will rate is 8% per annum, what is the capitalized cost of
receive P 2,000.00 bonus? the bridge?
a. P 12,608.00 b. P 12,615.00 a. P 24,000,000.00
c. P 12,600.00 d. P 12,300.00 b. P 25,000,000.00
c. P26,000,000.00
PROBLEM 24 d. P27,000,000.00
__M I J D__
 UNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES – NAGA CITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
MODULE # 7
ENGINEERING ECONOMY
PROBLEM 37
A company which manufactures electric motors has a
PROBLEM 31 production capacity of 200 motors a month. The
A new engine was installed by a textile plant at cost of variable costs are P 150.00 per motor. The average
P 300,000.00 and projected to have a useful life of 15 selling price of the motors is P 275.00. fixed costs of
years. At the end of its useful life, it is estimated to the company amount to P 20,000.00 per month which
have a salvage value of P 30,000.00. Determine its includes taxes. The number of motors that must be
capitalized cost if interest is 8% compounded sold each month to breakeven is closest to:
annually? a. 240 b. 150
a. P 324,654.17 c. 280 d. 160
b. P 324,604.17
c. P 324,444.12 PROBLEM 38
d. P 324,345.17 A machine costing P 720,000 is estimated to have a
life of 10 years. If the annual rate of depreciation is
25%, determine the total depreciation using the
PROBLEM 32
constant percentage or declining balance method
The cost of equipment is P500,000 and the cost of a. P 352,845.34 b. P 785,437.23
installation is P 30,000. If the salvage value is 10% of c. P 679,454.27 d. P 764,243.33
the cost of equipment at the end of 5 years, determine
the book value at the end of the fourth year. use PROBLEM 39
straight line method. The corporation purchased a machine for P 1 million.
a. P 155,000.00 b. P 140,000.00 Freight and installation charges amounted to 3% of
c. P 146,000.00 d. P 132,000.00 the purchase price. If the machine shall be
depreciated over a period of 8 years with a salvage
value of 12%. Determine the depreciation charged
PROBLEM 33
during the fifth year using the sum of the years digit
An asset purchased for P 500,000.00. the salvage
method.
value in 25 years is P 100,000.00. what is the total a. P 101,107.11
depreciation in the first three years using straight line b. P 170,110.11
method? c. P 107,110.11
a. P 48,000.00 d. P 100,711.11
b. P 24,000.00
PROBLEM 40
c. P 32,000.00
A computerized machine shop will require a fixed
d. P 16,000.00 capital investment of P 8 million and an estimated
PROBLEM 34 working capital of P 1.5 million. Upon evaluation the
annual depreciation is estimated to be 8 % of the fixed
A machine has an initial cost of P 50,000 and a
capital investment. If annual profit is P 2 million, what
salvage value of P 10,000.00 after 10 years. What is
is the rate of return on the total investment?
the book value after 5 years using straight line
a. 14.31% b. 12.24%
depreciation?
c. 10.23% d. 11.24%
a. P 35,000.00 b. P 25,000.00
c. P 15,500.00 d. P 30,000.00 “Courage is found in unlikely places”

PROBLEM 35
PREPARED BY:
An asset is purchased for P 9,000.00. its estimated Ivan Dioso, RCE, RMP
life is 10 years after which it will be sold for P
1,000.00. find the book value during the first year, if
sum of the years digit (SYD) depreciation is used?
a. P 8,000.00 b. P 6,500.00
c. P 7,545.00 d. P 6,000.00

PROBLEM 36
A company purchases an asset P 10,000.00 and
plans to keep it for 20 years. If the salvage value is
zero at the end of the 20th year, what is the
depreciation in the third year? Use sum of the years
digits depreciation.
a. P 1,000.00 b. P 857.00
c. P 937.00 d. P 747.00

__M I J D__
 UNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES – NAGA CITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
MODULE # 7
ENGINEERING ECONOMY
SOLUTION 1: SOLUTION 8
𝑖
A = P ( 1 + ( ))nt
F = P (1+in) 𝑛
75 12(30)
0.08
= 5000 [1 + 0.15 ( )] A = 50,000 (1 + ( ))
360 12
= 5,156.25 A = P 736,528.8062

SOLUTION 9:
SOLUTION 2 : 𝑖
A = P ( 1 + ( ))nt
𝑛
890.36 = 0.8 I 4(45)
0.95
I = 1125.95 A = 3,000,000 (1 + ( ))
4
I = Pin A = P 43,874.95
Subsitute:
31 SOLUTION 10:
1112.95 = 110,000 (i) ( )
360
I = 11.75% 0.25 2
ERI =(1 + ) −1
2
SOLUTION 3
F = P (1+in) ERI = 0.2656
= 500,000 [1 + 0.05(4)]
ERI = 26.56 %
= 600,000
SOLUTION 4 SOLUTION 11:
I = Pin F = P ( 1 + (𝑖))n
55,000 = 460,000 x 0.03 x n 0.08
n = 3.99 years F = 5,000 ( 1 + ( ))40
4

SOLUTION 5 F = 11,040.20
A = p (1+in)
I = Pin I = 11,040.20 -5,000
100
I = 500 (0.04) ( ) I = 6,040.20
365
I = 5.48
A=P+I SOLUTION 12
A = 500 + 5.48 F = Pert
A = 505.48 F = 5,000 e0.08(10)
F = 6,750.00

SOLUTION 6 SOLUTION 13
A = p (1+in) F = P ( 1 + (𝑖))n
45
1010 = 1000 (1 + r ( )) 0.08
366 50,000 = 20,000 ( 1 + ( ))4n
i= 0.0813 4

n = 11.57 years
SOLUTION 7
F = 11,040.20
1990 – ordinary Jan 09, 1990 – Dec 31, 1990
1 𝑦𝑟
n days = 365 – 8 = 357 days( ) = 0.978 yr SOLUTION 14:
365𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
1991 – ordinary Jan 01, 1991 – Dec 31, 1991 F = P ( 1 + (𝑖))n
𝑁𝑅
n days = 1 yr 3,000 = 1,500 ( 1 + ( ))40
2
1992 – leap year Jan 01, 1992 – Oct 08, 1992 NR = 3.49% compounded semi-annually
Jan – 31 days June – 30 days
Feb – 29 days July – 31 days
Mar – 31 days Aug – 31 days SOLUTION 15:
Apr – 30 days Sept – 30 days 1−(1+𝑖)−𝑛
P = A[ ]
May – 31 days Oct – 8 days 𝑖
1 𝑦𝑟 P = 10,000 – 2,000 = 8,000
Total days = 282 days ( ) = 0.7705 yr 1−(1+𝑖)−15
366𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
8,000 =750[ ]
n yr = 0.978 + 1 + 0.7705 = 2.7485 yrs 𝑖
I = Pin i = 4.61%
I = 1000 x 0.10 x 2.7485
I = P 274.85 SOLUTION 16:
1−(1+𝑖)−𝑛
P=A| |
𝑖
1−(1+0.05)−10
1,000 = A | |
0.05
A = 1,295.05
__M I J D__
 UNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES – NAGA CITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
MODULE # 7
ENGINEERING ECONOMY
SOLUTION 17:

i = 0.12/12 = 0.01 SOLUTON 25:

n = 12(20) = 240 A = Pert
10,000 = P e(0.055)(5)
𝐴 |(1+𝑖)𝑛 −1|
P= P = 7,595.72
(1+𝑖)𝑛 𝑖

𝐴 |(1+0.01)240 −1| SOLUTION 26:

100,000 = (1+𝑖0.01)240 A = Pert
(0.01)
P = 5,000 e(0.03)(10)
A = 1,101.08 P = 6,750.00

SOLUTION 18: SOLUTION 27:

i = 0.12/12 = 0.01
n = 12(20) =240 A = Pert
20,000 = 5,000 e(r)(9)
𝐴 |(1+𝑖)𝑛 −1|
P= r = 0.154 = 15.4%
(1+𝑖)𝑛 𝑖
2000 |(1+0.03)6 −1|
P= (1+𝑖0.03)6 (0.03)
SOLUTION 28
𝐴 100,000
P = 10,834.38 CC = = (P/F, 8%,5)
𝑖 0.08

100,000
CCtrue = (1.08)−5 = P 850,728.9963
SOLUTION 19: 0.08
1−(1+𝑖)−𝑛
P=A| | P = A + A (P/F, I, n-1)
𝑖
𝑃
1−(1+0.08)−3 1+(𝐴,𝑖,𝑛−1)
P= 3000 | | P=A
0.08 𝑃
P = 7,731.29 850,728.9963
A= 𝑃
1+ 𝑃
1+(𝐴,𝑖,𝑛−1)
SOLUTION 20:
(1+𝑖)𝑛 −1
F=A| | A=
850,728.9963
𝑖 (1.08)5−1
(1+0.15)5 −1 1+( )
F = 6,000 | | 0.08(1.08)5
015
F = 40,454.29 A = 170,394.23
SOLUTION 21:
1−(1+𝑖)−𝑛
SOLUTION 29:
P=A| | AC = FC(i) + OM + d + other yearly costs
𝑖
1−(1+0.09)−10 FC = PCM + PGM +INC
P= 2000 | | 300 0.85
0.09 OM = + (t)
P = 12,835.32 𝑦𝑟 ℎ𝑟
AC = Om + d
300 0.85
AC = +d+ (1600hrs)
𝑦𝑟 ℎ𝑟
𝐹𝐶−𝑆𝑉 10,500−400
SOLUTION 22 d= = = 1,010
𝐿 10
1−(1+𝑖)−𝑛 AC = 1,010 +300 + (0.85x1,600)
P=A| | AC = 2,670
𝑖
0.12 −6
1−(1+ 4 )
P = 2000 | 0.12 | SOLUTION 30
4 𝑂𝑀 𝐹𝐶−𝑆𝑉
CC = FC + +
P = 10,834.38 (1+𝑖)𝐿 −1
𝑖
400,000
CC = 20,000,000 +
0.08
CC = 25,000,000.00
SOLUTION 23:
(1+𝑖)𝑛 −1 SOLUTION 31:
F=A| | 𝑂𝑀 𝐹𝐶−𝑆𝑉
𝑖 CC = FC + +
(1+0.01)12 −1 𝑖 (1+𝑖)𝐿 −1
80(2000) = A | | (300,000−30,000
0.01 CC = 300,000 +
A = 12,615.00 (1+0.18)15 −1
CC = 324,604.17
SOLUTION 24:
A = Pert
6,000 = 4,000 e(0.06)(t) SOLUTION 32
t = 6.76 years
__M I J D__
 UNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES – NAGA CITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
MODULE # 7
ENGINEERING ECONOMY
Co = 500,000 + 30,000 = 530,000 1 8/36
Cn = 0.10(500,000) = 50,000
𝐶𝑜−𝐶𝑛 530,000−50,000 2 7/36
d= = = 96,000
𝑛 5
3 6/36
Cm = Co – d(m) = 530,000 -96,000(4)
Cm = 146,000 4 5/36

SOLUTION 33: 5 4/36

𝐶𝑜−𝐶𝑛 500,000−100,000
d= = = 16,000 4
Depreciation = (1,030,000 − 123,600)
𝑛 25
36
let D = total depreciation after m years Depreciation = 100,711.11
SOLUTION 40
D = dm = 16,000(3) 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡
D = 48,000 ROR =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
SOLUTION 34:
𝐶𝑜−𝐶𝑛 50,000−10,000 1,800,000
d= = = 4,000 ROR =
𝑛 10 500,000−50,000

Cm = Co – d (m) = 50,000 – 4,000(4) ROR = 14.31%

Cm = 30,000

SOLUTION 35:
10
Sum of thye years = (1 + 10) = 55
2

10
D1 = (9,000 − 1000) = 1,454.54
55
C1 = 9000 – 1,454.54
C1 = 7,545.00

SOLUTION 36:
20
Sum of thye years = (1 + 20) = 210
2

18
D3 = (10,000 − 0) = 857.00
210

SOLUTION 37:
X = no. of motors to be sold per month
To break even:
Income = Expenses
Where:
Income = 275 x
Expenses = 150 x + 20,000
Then:
275x = 150 + 20,000
X = 160
SOLUTION 38:
Cn = Co (1-k)n
C10 = 720,000 (1-o.25)10
C10 = 40,545.73
Dn = Co – Cn
D10 = 720,000 – 40,545.73
D10 = 679,454.27

SOLUTION 40:
Sum of the years = 8/2 (1+8) = 36
Original Cost = 1,000,000 + 0.03 (1,000,000)
Original Cost = 1030,000
Salvage Value 0.12(1,030,000) = 123,600
YEAR DEPRECIATION
FACTOR

__M I J D__
 UNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES – NAGA CITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
MODULE # 11
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
Fundamental Principles of Traffic Flow Case 1

Time-Space Diagram

Case 2

Time-Space Diagram

Progression of Vehicles in Space and Time “Steepness of

the slope of the graph”

Fast vehicle at a short period of time

Slow vehicle at a long period of time Density (k) - Amount or Number of Vehicle travelling over
a unit length of a highway

Speed (u) - DISTANCE travelled by a vehicle during a unit

length of time

(Distance/Time), (km/hr), (mi/hr), (ft/sec)

1 km = 1000 m

1 mi = 1609.34 m

1m = 3.28 ft

1 hr = 3600 secs

SPEED

U= Slope TIME MEAN SPEED

x 2 – x3= Headway difference between 2 vehicles The Average Speed of VEHICLE STREAM Passing a fixed
point on a road
T 2 – T3= Time difference between 2 vehicles
SPACE MEAN SPEED

The Average Speed all vehicles found within a defined

Primary Elements of Traffic Flow section of roadway at an instance in time.
- Flow TIME HEADWAY (h)
- Density
- Speed The difference between the time the front of a vehicle
pass a point on a highway and the time the front of
Flow (q) – Hourly rate at which a vehicle pass a designated another vehicle pass that point on a highway.
point on a highway on a duration less than or exactly an
HOUR. (It is usually expressed in seconds)

(𝑛 ∗ 3600)
𝑞=
𝑇
SPACE HEADWAY (h)

__M I J D__
 UNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES – NAGA CITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
MODULE # 11
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
d
The distance between the front of a vehicle on a highway Σt
Σμi
i
and the the front of another vehicle on that highway. μt = ; μt =
n n

(It is usually expressed in feet) 𝒕𝒊 = time of observations

I. Highway safety and accident analysis n= no of vehicles

1. Accident rates for 1,000,000 vehicle miles of travel d= length of segment of the road
(HMVM) for a segment of highway
Σμi = sum of all spot speeds (kph)
𝑨 (𝟏𝟎𝟎,𝟎𝟎𝟎,𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝐑= 6. Rate of flow
𝑨𝑫𝑻 𝒙 𝑵 𝒙 𝟑𝟔𝟓 𝒙𝑳

R = The accident rate for 1,000,000 vehicle miles. q = Kμs

A = No of accidents during period of analysis q = rate of flow in vehicles/hour

ADT = Average Daily Traffic k = density in vehicles / hour / mile

N = No of period in years μs = space mean speed

L = Length of segment in miles 7. Spacing of vehicles
2. Accident rates per million entering vehicle (MEV) for an 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑖𝑛
𝑣𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠
ℎ𝑟
intersection No of vehicles per km = 𝑘𝑚
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑟 𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑟
𝑨 (𝟏,𝟎𝟎𝟎,𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝐑= average density = no of vehicles per km
𝑨𝑫𝑻 𝒙 𝑵 𝒙 𝟑𝟔𝟓

R = The accident rate for 1,000,000 entering vehicle. 1000

Spacing of vehicles =
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
ADT = Average Daily Traffic
8. Capacity of a single lane in vehicles per hour
N = No of period in years
s = Vt + L
3. Severity ratio
S = average center to center spacing of cars in meters
𝐹𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙 + 𝑖𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝑅= V = average speed of cars in meters
𝐹𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙 + 𝑖𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑟𝑦 + 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒
t = reaction time in seconds

L = Length of one car in meters

1000𝑉
C =
s
4. Space mean speed of a vehicle, 𝛍𝐬
C = Capacity of a single lane in vehicles / hour
The space-mean speed is the distance traveled divided by
an average travel time 9. Minimum time headway
𝑛𝑑 𝑛 3600
𝛍𝐬 = ; 𝛍𝐬 = 1 Ht =
Σ𝑡𝑖 Σ𝛍 C
𝑖

𝚺𝒕𝒊 = summation of all time observations Ht = time headway in seconds

n= no of vehicles C = capacity in seconds

1000𝑉
d= length of segment of the road C =
s

𝛍s= space mean speed 10. Peak hour factor (PHF)

μi = spot speeds (kph) 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟

PHF = 60
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑥 5
5. time mean speed of a vehicle, 𝛍𝐭 :

The time-mean speed is an average of individual

vehicle speeds

__M I J D__
 UNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES – NAGA CITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
MODULE # 11
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
PROBLEM 1 1742(1,000,000)
𝑅=
348(4)(365)
Data on a traffic accident recorded on a certain 𝑅 = 3428.593
intersection for the past 5-years has an accident rate of PROBLEM 5
4160 per million entering vehicle (ARMV). If the average
daily traffic entering the intersection is 504, find the total Based on the record of a road accidents, find the number
number of accidents during the 5 year period. of fatal accidents in 1996, if the severity ratio for a period
a. 3826 b. 2215 of 5 years was 0.24864
c. 1501 d. 4193
SOLUTION 1 YEAR PROPERTY DAMAGE INJURY FATAL
N = 5 years
R=4160
1992 205 56 2
ADT = 504
A=?
𝐴[1,000,000] 1993 178 48 3
𝑅=
𝐴𝐷𝑇(𝑁)(365)
𝐴[1,000,000] 1994 152 41 3
4160 =
504(5)(365)
𝐴 = 3826.368 ≈ 3826 1995 190 60 5
PROBLEM 2

Data on a traffic accident recorded on a certain 1996 236 88 X

intersection for the past 4-years has an accident rate of
9200 per million entering vehicle (ARMV). If the total 961 293 13 + X
number of accidents is 802, find the average daily traffic
entering the intersection during the 4 year period
a. 11 b. 10
a. 14.22 b. 40.14
c. 12 d. 14
c. 59.71 d. 62.15
SOLUTION 5:
SOLUTION 2 𝑓𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙 + 𝑖𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑟𝑦
𝑅=
𝐴[1,000,000] 802(1,000,000) 𝑓𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙 + 𝑖𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑟𝑦 + 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝. 𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝐴𝑅 = ; 9200 = 𝑅 = 0.24864
𝐴𝐷𝑇(𝑁)(365) (𝐴𝐷𝑇)(4)(365)
(13 + 𝑥) + (293)
0.24862 =
𝐴𝐷𝑇 = 59.71 (13 + 𝑥) + 293 + 961
𝑥 = 12.01 ≈ 12
PROBLEM 3

The accident rate at a sharp highway curve was PROBLEM 6

1240 per million passing vehicles. In the last 5 years, there
had beem 2607 accidents. What was the average daily Based on the record of a road accidents, find the severity
traffic? ratio for a period of 5 years.
a. 1190 b. 1152
c. 1024 d. 1601 YEAR PROPERTY DAMAGE INJURY FATAL
SOLUTION 3

𝐴(1,000,000) 2607(1,000,000) 1992 205 56 2

𝑅= ; 1240 =
𝐴𝐷𝑇(𝑁)(365) 𝐴𝐷𝑇(5)(365)
1993 178 48 3
𝐴𝐷𝑇 = 1152.01 ≈ 1152

PROBLEM 4 1994 152 41 3

Find the accident rate at a road intersection per

million entering vehicles. If the average daily traffic is 348 1995 190 60 5
and 1742 accidents had occurred in the last 4 years.
a. 3014 b. 4011 1996 236 88 8
c. 3429 d. 3022
SOLUTION 4:
961 293 21
ADT = 348
A = 1742
N=4
a. 0.155 b. 0.151
c. 0.246 d. 0.290
__M I J D__
 UNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES – NAGA CITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
MODULE # 11
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
SOLUTION 6: PROBLEM 10
21 + 293
𝑅= = 0.246 The rate of flow at a point in the highway is 1200 veh/hr.
21 + 293 + 961
PROBLEM 7 Find the space mean speed if the density is 25 vehicles per
How many vehicles pass thru a certain point in a highway mile
every hour if the density is 48 vehicles / mile and space a. 48 mph b. 50 mph
mean speed is 50 kph. c. 70 mph d. 28 mph
a. 1490 b. 1801 SOLUTION 10:
c. 1214 d. 1910 𝑞 = 𝑘(𝜇𝑠)
SOLUTION 7: 𝑣𝑒ℎ 𝑣𝑒ℎ
1200 = 25 (𝜇𝑠)
ℎ𝑟 𝑚𝑖
𝑣𝑒ℎ 𝑚𝑖
𝑘 = 48 𝜇𝑠 = 48
𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒 ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝑚 1000 𝑚 1 𝑚𝑖 𝑚𝑖
𝜇𝑠 = 50 𝑥 𝑥 = 31.069 SITUATION 1
ℎ𝑟 1 𝑘𝑚 1609.34 𝑚 ℎ𝑟
𝑣𝑒ℎ 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑣𝑒ℎ The speed of a car moving on a single lane is 60 kph. If the
𝑞 = 𝑘(𝜇𝑠) = 48 𝑥 31.069 = 1,491.312
𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒 ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟 length of the car is 4.2 m and the value of the reaction
times is 0.7 sec
Flow (q) – Hourly rate at which a vehicle pass a designated
11. Compute the average center to center of cars in
point on a highway on a duration less than or exactly an
meters.
HOUR.
a. 14.14 m b. 19.22 m
(𝑛 ∗ 3600) c. 15.87 m d. 20.19 m
𝑞= 12. Compute the capacity of single lane in vehicles / hr
𝑇
a. 1901 b. 2097
PROBLEM 8 c. 3561 d. 3781
13. Average density in vehicles / km
Data on traffic passing thru an intersection indicates that a. 65 b. 67
vehicles moved at a space mean speed of 40 mph where c. 63 d. 61
the density is 22 vehicles per hour per mile. Compute the L = 4.2m
rate of flow in vehicles per hour. t = 0.7 secs
a. 880 b. 900 60𝑘𝑚 1ℎ𝑟 1000𝑚
c. 920 d. 940 𝑉 = 60𝑘𝑝ℎ ≈ 𝑥 𝑥 = 16.667
ℎ𝑟 3600𝑠 1𝑘𝑚
SOLUTION 8: SOLUTION 11:
𝑆 = 𝑉𝑡 + 𝐿
𝑞 = 𝑘(𝜇𝑠) 𝑚
𝑆 = 16.667 (0.7𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑠) + 4.2
𝑣𝑒ℎ 𝑚𝑖 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑞 = 22 𝑥 40 𝑆 = 15.867𝑚
𝑚𝑖 ℎ𝑟 SOLUTION 12:
𝑣𝑒ℎ 60𝑘𝑚
𝑞 = 880 1000𝑉 1000( ℎ𝑟 )
ℎ𝑟 𝐶= = = 3,781.87
𝑆 15.867
PROBLEM 9 SOLUTION 13:
𝐶 3781.87
𝑉𝑒𝑙 = ; 60𝑘𝑝ℎ =
Compute the rate of flow in vehicles per hour if the space 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
mean speed is 30 mph and the density is 14 vehicles per 𝑣𝑒ℎ
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 63.024
km 𝑘𝑚
a. 692 b. 689 8. Capacity of a single lane in vehicles per hour
c. 627 d. 668 s = Vt + L
SOLUTION 9: S = average center to center spacing of cars in meters
𝑞 = 𝑘(𝜇𝑠) V = average speed of cars in meters
𝑚𝑖 t = reaction time in seconds
𝜇𝑠 = 30 L = Length of one car in meters
ℎ𝑟
𝑣𝑒ℎ 1000𝑉
𝑘 = 14 C =
s
𝑘𝑚 C = Capacity of a single lane in vehicles / hour
𝑚𝑖 1609.34𝑚 1 𝑘𝑚 𝑘𝑚
𝜇𝑠 = 30 𝑥 𝑥 = 48.28
ℎ𝑟 1 𝑚𝑖 1000 𝑚 ℎ𝑟
𝑣𝑒ℎ 𝑘𝑚 𝑣𝑒ℎ
𝑞 = 14 𝑥 48.28 = 675.92 SITUATION 2
𝑘𝑚 ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟 In an observation post shows that 5 vehicles passes
throught the post at intervals of 8 secs, 9 sec, 10 sec, 11
sec, and 13 secs respectively. The speeds of the vehicles
__M I J D__
 UNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES – NAGA CITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
MODULE # 11
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
were 80 kph, 76 kph, 70 kph, 60 kph, and 50 kph 19. Compute the space mean speed in kph
respectively a. 59.19 b. 68.16
14. Compute the time mean speed c. 78.13 d. 44.15
a. 69.1 b. 67.2 SOLUTION 17:
c. 81.1 d. 76.2
15. Compute the space mean speed if the distance 5𝑣𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑣𝑒ℎ
𝑘= = 25
traveled by the vehicles is 250 m. 0.2𝑘𝑚 𝑘𝑚
a. 88.25 b. 90.15 SOLUTION 18:
c. 95.11 d. 91.28
16. If the density of traffic is 20 vehicles per km, compute Σ𝜇𝑖 (80 + 72 + 64 + 56 + 48)
the rate of flow of traffic in vehicles per hour 𝜇𝑡 = = = 64𝑘𝑝ℎ
𝑛 5
a. 1281 b. 1915
c. 1765 d. 1554 SOLUTION 19:
SOLUTION 14: 𝑛𝑑 200(5)
𝜇𝑠 = =
Σ𝜇𝑖 80 + 76 + 70 + 60 + 50 Σti (8.18 + 9.09 + 10.23 + 11.68 + 13.64)
𝜇𝒕 = = = 67.2𝑘𝑝ℎ 18.93𝑚
𝑛 5 = 𝑥 3.6 = 68.16
𝑠
SOLUTION 15:

𝑛𝑑 5(250)
𝜇𝑠 = = = 24.5(3.6)
Σ𝑡𝑖 8 + 9 + 10 + 11 + 13
= 88.235𝑘𝑝ℎ

SOLUTION 16:

𝑣𝑒ℎ 𝑣𝑒ℎ
𝑞 = 𝑘(𝜇𝑠) = 20 𝑥(88.235) = 1764.70
𝑘𝑚 𝑘𝑚

4. Space mean speed of a vehicle, 𝛍𝐬

The space-mean speed is the distance traveled divided by
an average travel time
𝑛𝑑 𝑛
𝛍𝐬 = ; 𝛍𝐬 = 1
Σ𝑡𝑖 Σ𝛍
𝑖
𝚺𝒕𝒊 = summation of all time observations
n= no of vehicles
d= length of segment of the road
𝛍s= space mean speed
μi = spot speeds (kph)
5. time mean speed of a vehicle, 𝛍𝐭 :
The time-mean speed is an average of individual
vehicle speeds
d
Σ
ti Σμi
μt = ; μt =
n n
𝒕𝒊 = time of observations
n= no of vehicles
d= length of segment of the road
Σμi = sum of all spot speeds (kph)
SITUATION 3
Two sets of students are collecting traffic data at two
sections A and B of a highway 200 m apart. Observation at
A shows that 5 vehicles passes that section at intervals of
8.18 sec, 9.09 sec, 10.23 secs, 11.68 secs and 13.64 sec
respectively. If the speed of the vehicles were 80, 72, 64,
56, and 48 kph respectively…
17. Compute the density of traffic in vehicles per km
a. 25 b. 26
c. 27 d. 28
18. Compute the time mean speed in kph
a. 64 b. 65
c. 66 d. 67

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 UNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES – NAGA CITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
MODULE # 12
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
Situation I: 3 110.65
A line was determined to be 1395.25 m when 4 110.54
measured with a 25m steel tape supported throughout 6. Find the probable error.
its length under a pull of 4kg at a mean temperature of a. ±0.0765 b. ±0.0513
33oC. Tape used is of standard length at 20oC under a c. ±0.0173 d. ±0.0257
pull of 6kg. Cross-sectional area of tape is 0.04 Solution:
sq.cm., Coefficient of thermal expansion is
0.0000116/oC, Modulus of elasticity of tape is Σ𝑉 2
Probable error = 0.6745√
2x106kg/cm2 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
1. Determine the error of the tape due to change in Mean Value
temperature. 110.57 + 110.63 + 110.65 + 110.54
=
a. +0.377 b. +0.21040 4
c. -0. 377 d. -0.21040 = 110.5975
Residual V V2
Solution: 110.57 – 110.5975 = -0.0275 0.000756
𝐶𝑡 =∝ 𝐿(△ 𝑇) 110.63 - 110.5975 = 0.0325 0.00106
Ct = (0.0000116)(1395.25)(33-20) 110.65 - 110.5975 = 0.0525 0.00276
Ct = +0.21040m (answer) 110.54 - 110.5975 = -0.0575 0.00331
Σ𝑉 2 0.00789
2. Determine the error due to tension.
a. +0.0625 b. +0.03488 0.00789
Probable error = 0.6745√
c. -0.0625 d. -0.03488 4(3)
Solution: Probable error = 0.0173 (answer)
(𝑃 − 𝑃𝑠 )𝐿
𝐶𝑝 = 7. Find the standard deviation.
𝐴𝐸 a. ±0.0765 b. ±0.0513
(4 − 6)(1395.25)
𝐶𝑝 = c. ±0.0173 d. ±0.0257
(0.04)(2𝑥106 )
Cp = -0.03488m (answer) Solution:
3. Determine the corrected length of the line. Σ𝑉 2
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = √
a. 1395.43m b. 1395.00m (𝑛 − 1)
c. 1395.50m d. 1395.08m
0.00789
Solution: 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = √
(3)
L = 1395.25 + 0.21040 – 0.03488
L = 1395.43m (answer) Standard Deviation = 0.0513
(answer)
Problem 4:
These sides of a square lot having an area of 3.30 8. Find the standard error
hectares measured using a 50m tape that was 0.05m a. ±0.0765 b. ±0.0513
too short. Compute the error in the area in sq.m c. ±0.0173 d. ±0.0257
a. 66 sq.m b. 55 sq.m Solution:
c. 33 sq.m d. 46 sq.m 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 =
Solution: √𝑛
0.0513
(50 − 0.05)2 502 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 =
= √4
𝐴 3.30 Standard error= 0.02565 (answer)
A =3.2934 ha
Error in Area = 3.30-3.2934 Situation III:
Error in Area = 0.0066ha x 10,000 The following interior angles of a triangle traverse
Error in Area = 66sq.m (answer) were measured with the same precision.
Problem 5: Angle Degrees No. of
The Distance from A to B, as measured, is 201.35m. measurements
If the 30m tape used is 0.02 too short, what is the A 51o 4
o
correct distance in m? B 63 5
a. 201.46m b. 201.22m C 67o 2
c. 200.95m d. 201.52m 9. Determine the most probable value of angle A
Solution: a. 51.74 b. 50.33
Correct Distance c. 51.33 d. 50.74
201.35
= 201.35 − (0.02)
30
= 201.22m (answer)
Situation II:
From the measured values of distance DE, The
following trials were recorded.
Trials Distance
1 110.57
2 110.63
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 UNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES – NAGA CITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
MODULE # 12
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
Solution: Solution:
𝜃 = 51 + 63 + 67 = 181° X E W=1/E2 X(W)
E = Vmeasured – Vcorrect A 1356.22 0.4 6.25 8476.38
E = 181o – 180o B 1356.37 0.3 11.11 15069.27
E = 1o too much C 1356.28 0.25 16 21700.48
K = 1/n 8476.38 + 15069.27 + 21700.48
𝑥𝑎𝑣𝑒 =
KA = 1/4; KB = 1/5; KC = 1/2; 6.25 + 11.11 + 16
1 =1356.30m (answer)
4
DFA = 1 1 1 = 5/19
+ +
4 5 2 Problem 14:
A = 51o – 1o(5/19) The difference of elevation between BM1 and BM2
A = 50.74o (answer) was taken by a survey party using three different trials
10. Determine the most probable value of angle B taking the length of each path alongside with it.
a. 62.79 b. 63.33 Assuming that the distance taken were accurate, find
c. 62.33 d. 63.79 the most probable value of the difference in elevation
Solution: between BM1 and BM2
1
5
Difference Distance
DFA = 1 1 1 = 4/19 in
+ +
4 5 2
A = 63o – 1o(4/19) elevation
A = 62.79o (answer) (x)
Trial 1 44.64 2.5km
11. Determine the most probable value of angle C Trial 2 45.75 3.9km
a. 67.47 b. 66.33 Trial 3 44.60 2.8km
c. 67.33 d. 66.47 a. 44.82 b. 44.85
Solution: c.45.12 d. 44.91
1
2 Solution:
DFA = 1 1 1 = 10/19 x D W=1/D X(w)
+ +
4 5 2
1 44.64 2.5km 0.4 17.856
A = 67 – 1 (10/19)
o o
2 45.75 3.9km 0.256 11.712
A = 66.47o (answer) 3 44.60 2.8km 0.357 15.922
17.856 + 11.712 + 15.922
Problem 12: 𝑥𝑎𝑣𝑒 =
0.4 + 0.256 + 0.357
Three groups with different number of trials measured = 44.91 (answer)
distance AB as follows.
Ave. dist. No. of trials Problem 15:
Group A 1356.22 2 The Distance from D to E, as measured, is 527.75m.
Group B 1356.37 5 If the 100m tape used is 0.03 too short, what is the
Group C 1356.28 4 correct distance in m?
Find the most likely value of the distance from A to B. a. 527.61m b. 527.65
a.1356.29m b. 1356.26m c. 527.59m d. 527.72
c. 1356.31m d. 1356.27m Solution:
Solution: Correct Distance
Average No. of X(w) 527.75
= 527.75 − (0.03)
Distance Trials 100
(x) (n=w) = 527.59m (answer)
A 1356.22 2 2712.44
B 1356.37 5 6781.85
C 1356.28 4 5425.12
Problem 16:
Σ =14919.41 These sides of a square lot having an area of 4.45
= 11 hectares measured using a 75m tape that was 0.03m
14919.41 too short. Compute the error in the area in sq.m
𝑥𝑎𝑣𝑒 =
11 a. 25 sq.m b. 36 sq.m
=1356.31 m (answer) c. 55 sq.m d. 42 sq.m
Solution:
Problem 13: (75 − 0.03)2 752
Three different groups with the following probable =
𝐴 4.45
errors measured distance AB A =4.4464 ha
Average Probable Error in Area = 4.45-4.4464
Distance Error (E) Error in Area = 0.0036ha x 10,000
(x) Error in Area = 36 sq.m (answer)
Group X 1356.22 0.4
Group Y 1356.37 0.3 Problem 17:
Group Z 1356.28 0.25 Using the following notes, what is the elevation of
a.1356.30m b. 1356.26m BM19
c. 1356.28m d. 1356.27m Station BS FS Elevation
BM17 3.53 305.69
1 4.79 4.05
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 UNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES – NAGA CITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
MODULE # 12
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
2 1.14 4.01 A 1500 1500
BM18 5.01 4.74 B 2100 2100
3 7.85 3.23 C 3000 700
4 7.05 2.11 a. 550,000 b. 8,760,000
5 8.34 2.60 c. 10,550,000 d. 690,000
6 11.21 1.01 Solution:
BM19 1.95 1 1500 2100 700 1500
𝐴= | |
a. 344.38 b. 330.91 2 1500 2100 3000 1500
c. 329.05 d. 325.72 A = 0.5 {[(1500 x 2100)+(2100 x
3000)+(700 x 1500)] – [(1500 x
Solution: 2100)+(2100 x 700)+(3000x1500)]}
Σ𝐵𝑆 = 48.92 A = 690,000 sq. units
Σ𝐹𝑆 = 23.7
El.19 - El.17 = Σ𝐵𝑆 − Σ𝐹𝑆
El.19 – 305.69 = 48.92 – 23.7 Problem 24:
El.19 = 330.91 (answer) The Distance from P to Q, as measured, is 675.94m.
If the 75m tape used is 0.02 too short, what is the
Situation IV: correct distance in m?
Given a field notes as follows. Correct the clockwise a. 675.76m b. 675.82
deflection angle of the 5-point traverse. c. 675.92m d. 675.45
STATION Deflection Angle Solution:
A 45oR Correct Distance
675.94
B 122oR = 675.94 − (0.02)
75
C 49oL = 675.76m (answer)
D 103oR
E 140oR
Problem 25:
18. What is the corrected Deflection Angle A
Three groups with different number of trials measured
a. 44o48’R b. 45o12’R
distance AB as follows.
c. 44 37’R
o
d. 45o25’R
Ave. dist. No. of trials
19. What is the corrected Deflection Angle B
Group A 545.87 3
a. 121o37’R b. 122o12’R Group B 545.76 5
c. 121o48’R d. 122o25’R Group C 545.43 2
20. What is the Corrected Deflection Angle C
a. -48o48’L b. -49o12’L Find the most likely value of the distance from A to B.
c. -48 37’L
o
d. -49o25’L a. 545.79 b. 545.73
21. What is the Corrected Deflection Angle D c. 545.65 d. 545.61
a. 103o48’R b. 102o25’R
Solution:
c. 103o12’R d. 102o48’R
Average No. of X(w)
22. What is the Corrected Deflection Angle E Distance Trials
a. 139o48’R b. 140o48’R (x) (n=w)
c. 139o25’R d. 140o12’R A 545.87 3 1637.61
B 545.76 5 2728.8
Solution:
C 545.43 2 1090.86
Take sum of deflection angle
Σ 5457.27
taking R-right (clockwise) = 10
positive 5457.27
Σ𝑑𝑒𝑓∠𝑠 = 45+ 122– 49+ 103+ 140 𝑥𝑎𝑣𝑒 =
10
Σ𝑑𝑒𝑓∠𝑠 = 361 – 360 =545.73 m (answer)
E = total error
E = 361 – 360
E = 1o too much
E = 60’ too much
Correction per station = -E/n
= -(60’)/5 = -12’
Deflection Correction Corrected
Angle Deflection
A 45oR -12’ 44o48’R
B 122oR -12’ 121o48’R
C 49oL -12’ -49o12’L
D 103oR -12’ 102o48’R
E 140oR -12’ 139o48’R
(answer)

Problem 23:
Find the area of the 3-point traverse with the following
coordinated.
Sta. Northing y Easting x
__M I J D__
 UNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES – NAGA CITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
MODULE # 13
ROUTE SURVEYING
Situation I: Solution:
A simple curve has a central angle of 38o and a degree 𝐿𝑐 20
of curve of 5o =
𝐼 𝐷
1. Find the nearest distance from the point of Solve for degree of curve:
intersection of the tangents to the midpoint of the curve. 1145.916
𝐷=
a. 10.15 b. 13.21 250
D = 4.58
c. 14.31 d. 9.15 𝐿𝑐 20
Solution: =
60 4.58
1145.916 Lc = 262.01m (answer)
𝑅=
5
R = 229.1832 Situation III:
𝐼 A simple tangents AB and BC intersecting at a common
𝐸 = 𝑅(𝑠𝑒𝑐 − 1) point B. AB has an azimuth of 180 o and BC has an
2
38 azimuth of 250o. If the degree of the curve of the simple
𝐸 = 229.1832(𝑠𝑒𝑐 − 1)
2 curve is 5o.
E = 13.206 (answer) 7. Compute the length of the long chord from A.
2. Compute the distance from mid-point of curve to the a. 269.91 b. 255.83
mid-point of long chord. c. 260.59 d. 274.36
a. 13.65 b. 11.62 Solution:
c. 12.49 d. 10.54 draw the simple curve;
Solution: Solve for the central angle I:
𝐼 I = 250o – 180o = 70o
𝑀 = 𝑅(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) Solve for the Radius:
2
38 1145.916
𝑀 = 229.1832(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) 𝑅=
2 5
M = 12.49m (answer) R = 229.1832
𝐼
Situation II: 𝐿 = 2𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛
2
The tangents of a simple curve have bearings of N 60o 70
E and 𝐿 = 2(229.1832)𝑠𝑖𝑛
2
S 60o E respectively. The radius of the curve is 250m. L = 262.91m (answer)
3. Compute the angle of intersection of the curve 8. Compute the Tangent distance AB of the curve
a. 30o b. 60o a. 155.36 b. 160.48
o
c. 45 d. 33.62o c. 167.47 d. 142.33
Solution: Solution:
Solve for the Central Angle I: 𝐼
I = 180o – 60o – 60o = 60o (answer) 𝑇 = 𝑅 𝑡𝑎𝑛
2
4. Compute the external distance of the curve 70
𝑇 = 229.1832 𝑡𝑎𝑛
a. 38.68m b. 35.60m 2
c. 33.65m d. 42.90m T = 160.48 m (answer)
Solution: Situation IV:
𝐼 A simple curve connects two tangents AB and BC with
𝐸 = 𝑅(𝑠𝑒𝑐 − 1)
2 bearings N 79o30’ E and S 56o30’ E respectively. If the
60 stationing of the PC is 10+255.64 and the stationing of
𝐸 = 250(𝑠𝑒𝑐 − 1)
2 the Vertex is 10+360.68
E = 38.68 (answer)
9. Determine the Radius
5. Compute the middle ordinate of the curve a. 245 b. 220
a. 26.72 b. 33.49 c. 280 d. 260
c. 30.19 d. 35.47 Solution:
Solution: draw the simple curve
𝐼 Solve for the Central Angle I:
𝑀 = 𝑅(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 )
2 I = 180o – 79o30’ – 56o30’ = 44o
60 The distance of the vertex to PC is
𝑀 = 250(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 )
2 the Tangent AB
M = 33.49m (answer) T = (10+360.68) - (10+255.64)
6. Compute the Length of the curve T = 105.04 m
44
a. 267.85 b. 276.09 105.04 = R 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2
c. 255.98 d. 262.01 R = 259.98 say 260m

10. Determine the External distance

a. 20.42 b. 16.82
c. 17.69 d. 22.65

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 UNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES – NAGA CITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
MODULE # 13
ROUTE SURVEYING
Solution: Solution:
𝐼 BC = 114.01 (Long Chord 2)
𝐸 = 𝑅(𝑠𝑒𝑐 − 1)
2 LC2 = 2(R)sin(I/2)
44 114.01 = 2(R)sin(17/2)
𝐸 = 260(𝑠𝑒𝑐 − 1)
2 R = 385.67m (answer)
E = 20.42 m (answer) 16. If stationing of P.C. is 10+360.68, find the stationing
11. Determine the Middle ordinate of P.T.
a. 18.93 b. 23.67 a. 10+697.42 b. 10+613.73
c. 23.11 d. 20.10 c. 10+634.02 d. 10+767.16
Solution: Solution:
𝐼 𝜋
𝑀 = 𝑅(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) 𝐿𝑐1 = 𝑅𝐼( )
2 180
44 𝜋
𝑀 = 260(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) 𝐿𝑐1 = (567.29)(14)( )
2 180
M = 18.93m (answer) Lc = 138.62
𝜋
𝐿𝑐 = 𝑅𝐼( )
12. Determine the chord distance 180
𝜋
a. 243.49 b. 221.35 𝐿𝑐 = (385.67)(17)( )
180
c. 194.80 d. 201.23 Lc = 114.43
Solution: Sta. P.T = (10+360.68) + 138.62 +
𝐼 114.43
𝐿 = 2𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛 Sta. P.T = 10+613.73 (answer)
2
44
𝐿 = 2(260)𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 Situation VI:
L = 194.80 (answer) A compound curve has a length of chord of the first
curve (passing through P.C to P.C.C) of 500m. If the
13. Determine the Length of curve
angle that the long chord makes with the chord from
a. 217.82 b. 239.60 P.C to P.C.C and from P.T to the P.C.C are 8o and 11o
c. 180.01 d. 199.67 respectively. Assume the long chord is parallel to the
Solution: common tangent.
𝜋
𝐿𝑐 = 𝑅𝐼( ) 17. Find the length of the long chord
180
𝜋 a. 969.47m b. 1066.41m
𝐿𝑐 = (260)(44)( ) c. 801.21m d. 853.13m
180
Lc = 199.67 (answer) 18. Find the radius of the first curve
a. 2245.40m b. 2041.27m
Situation V: c. 1796.32m d. 1687.00m
The long chord from the P.C to the P.T of a compound 19. Find the radius of the second curve.
curve is 250m long and the angles it makes with the a. 1194.55m b. 955.64m
longer and shorter tangent are 14o and 17 o c. 1314.01m d. 1085.95m
respectively. If the common tangent is parallel to the
Solution:
long chord. draw the figure.
14. Find the Radius of the first curve. say your P.C. is A, P.T. is B and
a. 567.29 b. 618.86 P.C.C is C
c. 680.75 d. 562.60 Considering Triangle ABC
Solution: where Angle A = 8o, B = 11 and
draw the figure. C = 161o and Side AC = 500m
say your P.C. is A, P.T. is B and 𝐿 500 𝐵𝐶
= =
P.C.C is C 𝑆𝑖𝑛 161° sin 11° 𝑠𝑖𝑛8°
I1 = 14o; I2 = 17o L = 853.13m (answer)
Considering Triangle ABC LC1 = 2(R)sin(I/2)
where Angle A = 7o, B = 8o30’ and 500 = 2(R)sin(8)
C = 164o30’ and Side AB = 250m R = 1796.32m (answer)
250 𝐴𝐶 𝐵𝐶 BC = 364.69 (Long Chord 2)
= = 364.69 = 2(R)sin(11)
𝑆𝑖𝑛 164°30′ sin 8°30′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛7°
AC = 138.27 (Long Chord 1) R = 955.64m (answer)
BC = 114.01 (Long Chord 2)
LC1 = 2(R)sin(I/2)
138.27 = 2(R)sin(14/2) Situation VII:
R = 567.29m (answer) Two parallel tangent 12m apart are connected by a
reversed curve. The chord length from P.C to the P.T
15. Find the Radius of the second curve. equals 100m
a. 462.80 b. 385.67 20. Compute the length of tangent with common
c. 420.73 d. 378.69 direction.
a. 62.97 b. 57.25
c. 50.38m d. 47.31

__M I J D__
 UNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES – NAGA CITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
MODULE # 13
ROUTE SURVEYING
Solution: Solution:
Draw the Reverse curve. 𝑔1 𝐿
𝐼 12 𝑆=
𝑔1 − 𝑔2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 =
2 100 −(0.009)(140)
I = 13.78o 𝑆= = 90
−0.009 − 0.005
Consider the point of intersection of 𝐿
tangents of the first curve be A and 𝐻 = (𝑔1 − 𝑔2 )
8
point of intersection of tangents of 140
the second curve be B 𝐻= (−0.009 − 0.005) = 0.245
8
12 0.245 𝑦1
sin(13.78) = =
𝐴𝐵 (70) 2 (140 − 90)2
AB = 50.38m y = 0.125
21. Determine the equal radius of the reversed curve. Elev. A = 130.50 + (70-
a. 236.89m b. 208.46m 50)(0.005)
c. 195.77m d. 260.58m Elev. A = 130.60
Solution: Elevation of lowest point of
2T = AB curve = 130.60 + 0.125
2T = 50.38 Elev = 130.725 (answer)
T = 25.19
𝐼 25. Compute the elevation at station 10+340
𝑇 = 𝑅 𝑡𝑎𝑛 a. 130.73 b. 130.81
2
13.78 c. 130.35 d. 130.44
25.19 = 𝑅 𝑡𝑎𝑛
2 Solution:
R = 208.46 m (answer) 𝑦2 0.245
2
=
22. Compute the stationing of the P.R.C if the (50) (70)2
stationing of A at the beginning of the tangent with y2= 0.125
common direction is 10+360.68 Elev. = 130.50 + 20(0.009) + 0.125
a. 10+482.34 b. 10+385.87 Elev. = 130.805 (answer)
c. 10+438.49 d. 10+385.63
Solution:
𝜋
𝐿𝑐 = 𝑅𝐼( )
180
𝜋
𝐿𝑐 = (208.46)(13.78°)( )
180
Lc = 50.14 m
Sta. P.C = (10+360.68) – 25.19
Sta. P.C = 10+335.49
Sta. P.R.C = (10+335.49) + 50.14
Sta. P.R.C = 10+385.63 (answer)
Situation VIII:
A parabolic curve has a descending grade of -0.9%
which meets an ascending grade of 0.5% at sta
10+360. The max. allowable change of grade per 20m
station is 0.20. Elevation at Station 10+360 is 130.50m
23. Find the length of the chord
a. 140 b. 175
c. 145 d. 180
Solution:
𝑔2 − 𝑔1
𝑛=
𝑟
0.5 − (−09)
𝑛=
0.20
n=7
L = 20(7)
L = 140 (answer)
24. Compute the
elevation of the lowest point of the curve.
a. 130.73 b. 130.81
c. 130.35 d. 130.44

__M I J D__
PRACTICE PROBLEM 5
MIJD
PROBLEM 1
Find the volume of the solid generated by rotating about the x-axis the region bounded by the curves y=x3,
x=4 and x-axis
a. 4587 b. 8974
c. 6523 d. 7353
PROBLEM 2
Find the volume generated by revolving about the line x – 3 = 0 the area in the first quadrant bounded by the
curve x2 + y2 – 9 = 0 and the coordinate axes
a. 76.8 b. 64.7
c. 81.3 d. 90.1
SITUATION
Given the following parabolas
Parabola 1: x2 – 8x + 16y – 176 = 0
Parabola 2: x2 – 4x – 12y – 32 = 0
3. Find the moment of inertia with respect to the x – axis of the area bounded by the parabolas.
a.) 6824 b.) 1426
c.) 7263 d.) 7074
4. What is the moment of inertia with respect to the x – axis of the area bounded in the first quadrant by the
curves x2 = 8y, the line y = 2 and the y – axis?
a. 9.14 b. 8.47
c. 4.76 d. 6.73
PROBLEM 5:
Find the area bounded by the parabola y2 = x and the line x + y = 2.
a. 6.7 b. 2.3
c. 5.9 d. 4.5
PROBLEM 6:
Find the area enclosed by the curve x2 + 8y + 16 = 0, the x – axis, y – axis, and the curve x – 4 = 0.
a. 10.67 b. 17.85
c. 12.92 d. 8.14
PROBLEM 7:
Find the minimum distance from the point (4, 2) to the parabola y2 = 8x
a. 4.21 b. 3.09
c. 2.83 d. 2.50
PROBLEM 8:
Find the area enclosed by the curve r2 = 16 cos θ.
a. 22 b. 30
c. 16 d. 32
PROBLEM 9:
The depth of water in a cylindrical tank, 4 m in diameter, is increasing at a rate of 0.7 m/min. Find the rate at
which the water is flowing into the tank.
a. 2.24 m3/min b. 6.12 m3/min
c. 7.64 m /min
3 d. 8.80 m3/min

PROBLEM 10:
A kite is 40 ft high, with 50 ft of chord out. If the kite moves horizontally at 5 mph directly away from the boy
flying it, how fast in ft/sec is the chord being paid out?
a. 4.40 b. 12.05
c. 8.63 d. 14.43
PRACTICE PROBLEM 6

PROBLEM 1:
Find the slope of the curve
y = 6(4 +x)1/2 at (0, 12).
a. 0.75 b. 1.33
c. 1.5 0.67
PROBLEM 2:
Find the derivative of (x+5)/(x2-1) with respect to x.
a. y’=(-x2-10x-1)/(x2-1)2
b. y’=(-x2+10x-1)/(x2-1)2
c. y’=(x2-10x-1)/(x2-1)2
d. y’=(-x2-10x+1)/(x2+1)2
PROBLEM 3:
Differentiate ax2+b to the 1/2 power
a. -2ax b. 2ax+b
c. 2ax d.ax+2b
PROBLEM 4:
Given the function f(x)=x3-5x+2, find the value of the first derivative at x=2, f’(2)
a. 8 b. 2
c. 3x2-5 d. 7
SITUATION I:
Skittles candies are of varying colors and the different color occur in different proportions. The table below
gives the probability that a randomly chosen skittles has each color, but the value for brown candies is
missing.
Color Probability
Green 0.1
Orange 0.2
Red 0.3
Yellow 0.1
Brown ?
5. Determine the value of the missing probability
a. 0.3 b. 0.2
c. 0.4 d. 0.1
6. You draw a Skittles at random from a pocket. What is the Probability you get a brown one or red one
a. 0.9 b. 0.6
c. 0.12 d. 0.3
7. What is the probability you don’t get a yellow one
a. 0.2 b. 0.1
c. 0.3 d. 0.9
PROBLEM 8:
Two cards are drawn together from a pack of 52 cards. The probability that one is a spade and one is a heart,
is:
a. 3/10 b. 47/99
c. 28/35d. 13/102
PROBLEM 9:
One card is drawn at random from a pack of 52 cards. What is the probability that the card drawn is a face
card (Jack, Queen and King only)?
a. 4/15 b. 3/13
c. 9/37 d. 29/55
PROBLEM 10:
Two cards are drawn together from a pack of 52 cards. The probability that one is a spade and one is a heart,
is:
a. 3/10 b. 47/99
c. 28/35d. 13/102
PROBLEM 11:
One card is drawn at random from a pack of 52 cards. What is the probability that the card drawn is a face
card (Jack, Queen and King only)?
a. 4/15 b. 3/13
PRACTICE PROBLEM 6

c. 9/37 d. 29/55
PROBLEM 12:
If 5 coins are tossed, in how many ways can it happen that 3 coins fall tails?
a. 10 b. 25
c. 22 d. 12
PROBLEM 13:
Tickets numbered 1 to 30 are mixed up and then a ticket is drawn at random. What is the probability that the
ticket drawn has a number which is a multiple of 4 or 5?
a. 13/30 b. 9/20
c. 1/2 d. 8/15
PROBLEM 14:
In a box, there are 9 white, 8 red and 7 blue balls. One ball is picked up randomly. What is the probability that
it is neither white nor blue?
a. 4/9 b. 7/10
c. 1/3 d. 8/23
PROBLEM 15:
Three unbiased coins are tossed. What is the probability of getting at most two heads?
a. 3/8 b. 1/4
c. 7/8 d. 3/4
PROBLEM 16:
Two dice are thrown simultaneously. What is the probability of getting two numbers whose product is even?
a. 3/4 b. 3/8
c. 5/16 d. 1/2
PROBLEM 17:
In a class, there are 20 boys and 15 girls. Three students are selected at random. The probability that 2 girl
and 3 boys are selected, is:
a. 3420/187
b. 2565/374
c. 1710/187
d. 2565/2992
SITUATION 3:
In a box containing 100 washers, there are 24 silver, 36 bronze and the remainder are steel. Two men took in
succession one washer without replacement
18 Find the probability both washers are steel.
a. P = 0.1576 b. P = 0.0873
c. P = 0.097 d.P = 0.2124
19. Find the probability of getting a silver and a bronze.
a. P = 0.1576 b.P = 0.0873
c. P = 0.097 d. P = 0.2124
20. Find the probability of getting a steel and a silver.
a. P = 0.1576 b. P = 0.0873
c. P = 0.097 d. P = 0.2124
PRACTICE PROBLEM 7

SITUATION 1: An item is purchased for 100,000 with 16. The sum of the digit’s method:
A newly licensed Civil Engineer wants to annual cost of 18,000. Using 8%, what is
buy a new car. The purchase of new car the capitalized cost? a. P598, 765 b. P556, 923
requires P 100,000 down payment, P a. 350K b. 320K c. P489, 231 d. P432, 820
300,000 after 2 years, P 500,000 after 5 c. 335K d. 325K 17. The double declining balance method:
years. The interest rate is 18% a. P334, 898 b. P555, 047
compounded monthly. PROBLEM 10 c. P452, 211 d. P673, 982
P 50,000.00 is deposited annually at an 18. The sinking fund method using 6%
1. What is the present worth? interest rate of 6% per annum interest:
a. 427,151.91 compounded continuously. How many a. P762, 126 b.P665,232
b. 491,245.18 years will it accumulate to P 1,000,000.00 c. P712, 234 d. P792, 765
c. 511501.51 a. 60.13 years b. 29.11 years PROBLEM 19
d. 514511.16 c. 49.93 years d. 51.41 years An asset purchased for P 500,000.00. the
2. What is the lumpsum value if paid in 5 salvage value in 25 years is P 100,000.00.
years? SITUATION 4 what is the total depreciation in the first
a. 1,257,063.839 A shoe factory has a production capacity three years using straight line method?
b. 911,124.15 of 9000 units per month. The fixed and a. P 48,000.00
c. 1,091,112.23 variable cost are as follows: b. P 24,000.00
d. 1,223,190.11 Fixed Cost = P800,000 c. P 32,000.00
Variable Cost= P200.00 per unit
d. P 16,000.00
3. With a down payment of P 100,000.00 Selling price per unit= P500.00
and monthly interest of 1.5%. What is the 11. What is the profit per month if the PROBLEM 20
monthly amortization of the car for 5 factory has an efficiency of 80%? A machine has an initial cost of P 50,000
years. a. 4,240,000 and a salvage value of P 10,000.00 after
a. 10500 b. 3,600,000 10 years. What is the book value after 5
b. 10000 c. 2,980,000 years using straight line depreciation?
c. 11000 d. 1,360,000 a. P 35,000.00
d. 11500 b. P 25,000.00
12. What is required units to be sold at
c. P 15,500.00
SITUATION 2: break even point?
d. P 30,000.00
An annual payment of Php 15000 is made a. 3341 units
with interest rate of 12% compounded b. 2667 units
quarterly for 16 years. c. 4711 units -ID
d. 1556 units
4. Determine the present worth
considering annuity due PROBLEM 13
a. 477887.86 What is the present worth of P500
b. 427117.21 deposited at the end of every three
c. 389924.15 months for 6 years if the interest is 12%
d. 515,152.98 compounded semi-annually?
5. Find the difference of the future a. 6205 b. 7560
amounts of the annuity due and ordinary c. 8504 d. 5836
annuity
a. 67,189.15 PROBLEM 14
b. 92,115.12 A father started a fund by making end of
c. 84,465.77 month deposits for his son from his birth
d. 76,115.19 to his 6th birthday. At his 17th, 18th, 19th,
6. If the first payment was made at the end 20th, and 21st birthday, the son will receive
of the 10th year, determine the present Php 5,000. How much will his monthly
worth considering ordinary annuity. payment with an interest rate of 5%
a. 146,499.79 compounded annually?
b. 126,499.79 a. P217.9 b.P125.0
c. 136,499.79 c. P199.3 d. P159.2
d. 116,499.79
PROBLEM 21
PROBLEM 7 A man paid a 10% downpayment of
Calculate the difference of the future 200,000 for a house and lot and agreed to
amount of annuity due and ordinary pay the balance of monthly installments
annuity, given that the periodic payment for 5 years at an interest rate of 15%
is P12,500 with interest rate of 12% compounded monthly. What was the
compounded annually for 20 years. monthly installment in pesos
a. 86,462.92 b. 108,078.66 a. 44,728.78 b. 42,821.87
c. 13,931.53 d. 273,248.18 c. 41,727.82 d. 48,265.29

PROBLEM 8 SITUATUION 5
Determine the capitalized cost of an
equipment costing Php 2,000,000 with an Given the following data for construction
annual maintenance of 200,000 if the equipment:
money is worth 20% per annum Initial cost = P1, 200, 000
a. 2.5 M b. 3M Economic life = 12 years
c. 2.75 M d. 3.5 M Estimated salvage value = P320, 000
PROBLEM 9 Determine the book value after 7 years
using: