MODULE
ECE 11 FEEDBACK AND CONTROL SYSTEM
Unit 1
Module 2: System Configurations
Introduction to Control System
A control system consisting of interconnected components is designed to
achieve a desired purpose. To understand the purpose of a control system, it is
useful to examine examples of control systems through the course of history. These
early systems incorporated many of the same ideas of feedback that are in use
today.
Modern control engineering practice includes the use of control design
strategies for improving manufacturing processes, the efficiency of energy use,
advanced automobile control, including rapid transit, among others.
We also discuss the notion of a design gap. The gap exists between the
complex physical system under investigation and the model used in the control
system synthesis.
The iterative nature of design allows us to handle the design gap effectively
while accomplishing necessary tradeoffs in complexity, performance, and cost in
order to meet the design specifications.
Definition of Terms
System – An interconnection of elements and devices for a desired purpose.
Control System – An interconnection of components forming a system configuration
that will provide a desired response
-A Device or set of devices that manages, commands, directs or regulates the
behavior of other system
Process – The device, plant, or system under control. The input and output
relationship represents the cause-and-effect relationship of the process.
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MODULE
ECE 11 FEEDBACK AND CONTROL SYSTEM
TYPES OF CONTROL SYSTEM
Open-Loop Control Systems utilize a controller or control actuator to obtain the desired
response.
Closed-Loop Control Systems utilizes feedback to compare the actual output to the
desired output response.
Multivariable Control System
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ECE 11 FEEDBACK AND CONTROL SYSTEM
CONTROL SYSTEM FUNCTION
1. Measurement
2. Comparison
3. Computation
4. Correction
4 PRIMARY REASON TO BUILD A CONTROL SYSTEM
1. Power amplification
2. Remote control
3. Convenience of the input form
4. Compensation of the disturbances
3 OBJECTIVES ON THE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF CONTROL
SYSTEM
1. To produce the desired transient response.
2. Ready the steady-state error
3. Achieve stability
natural stability
forced response
Differences between Open-loop and Closed-loop control systems
• These two types of control system have contrast with each other. They have
dissimilarities some of which are discussed below:
• Effect of output
• – An open loop control system acts completely on the basis of input and the
output has no effect on the control action.
• – A closed loop control system considers the current output and alters it to the
desired condition. The control action in these systems is based on the output.
Reaction to Internal and External Disturbances
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ECE 11 FEEDBACK AND CONTROL SYSTEM
– An open loop control system works on fixed operation conditions and there are no
disturbances.
– A closed loop control system doesn’t encounter and react on external disturbances
or internal variations.
Stability
– Open loop control systems are mostly stable.
– In closed loop control systems stability is a major issue.
Effect on gain
– There is no effect on gain.
– There is no-linear change in system gain.
Implementation
– The structure of open loop control system is rather easy to construct. These
systems can be easily implemented.
– The working principle and structures of closed loop control systems are rather
complex and they are often difficult to implement.
Cost
– As an open loop control system is easy to implement, it needs lesser number of
components to be constructed. Such systems need good calibration and lesser
power rating. The overall cost of these systems is low.
– As the principle is complex, a closed loop control system needs larger number of
components than an open loop control systems. These systems comparatively need
less calibration and higher power rating. The overall cost of these systems is higher.
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ECE 11 FEEDBACK AND CONTROL SYSTEM
Activity 2
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. Name three applications for feedback control systems.
2. Name three reasons for using feedback control systems and at least one reason
for not using them.
3. Give three examples of open-loop systems.
4. Functionally, how do closed-loop systems differ from open-loop systems?
5. State one condition under which the error signal of a feedback control system
would not be the difference between the input and the output.
6. If the error signal is not the difference between input and output, by what
general name can we describe the error signal?
7. Name two advantages of having a computer in the loop.
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