General Chemistry 1

Module 11
The module / handouts contain the following lessons:

 Lesson 1 – Meaning and Units of Pressure;

 Lesson 2 – Expressing the Gas Laws in Equation

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Define pressure and give the common units of pressure. (STEM_GC11G-lh-i-43)

2. Use the gas laws to determine pressure, volume, or temperature of a gas under certain
conditions of change. (STEM_GC11G-lh-i-45)
3. Use the Ideal Gas Equation to calculate pressure, volume, temperature, or number of
moles of gas. (STEM_GC11G-lh-i-46)
4. Use Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure to relate mole fraction and partial pressure of gases
in a mixture. (STEM_GC11G-lh-i-4)

GAS LAWS

The entire universe is made up of matter including humans, animals, plants, and even the non-living things.
There are three phases or states of matter, namely; solid, liquid, and gas. Moreover, gas behaves differently
from solids and liquids due to differences in their molecular behavior. The movement of the gas is in
random motion due to the vast empty space in a certain system since the distance per particles are far greater
than the other two states of matter. Under some conditions of a gas sample, it can be defined in terms of its
variables; temperature, volume, moles, and pressure.

In the gaseous phase, molecules or the particles collide randomly against other molecules and against
its container or its system. This random collision resulted changes in momentum which give way to the one
of the property of gases called pressure. Pressure as one of the variables defines as the amount of force
exerted per unit area. It refers to the force exerted by colliding molecules per unit area of container walls.

What makes pressure quantifiable? How does pressure

measured and expressed? The following

a. Standard Atmosphere (atm) → It is commonly and widely

used unit for pressure in chemistry. The 1 atm is equal to the
pressure that supports a column of mercury which is exactly
760 mmHg.

b. Torr (or mmHg) → mmHg means millimeter of mercury,

where it represents the pressure exerted by a column of a
mercury which exactly equals to atmosphere. The unit mmHg
is called torr, named after the Italian scientist Evangelista
Torricelli, who also invented Barometer, a device used to
measure the atmospheric pressure.
c. Pounds per square inch (psi) → If we say that gas exerts a
pressure of 20 psi, it means the pressure on the wall of the gas container is 20 pounds or the force per
square inch of the unit area. The atmospheric pressure at sea level is 14.7 psi.

d. kilopascal(kPa) → A kilopascal is equal to 1000 pascals (Pa). It is the standard unit for pressure.
 Conversion Factor:

1 atm = 760 mmHg = 760 torr = 101.3 kPa = 14.7 psi

1 kPa = 1000 Pa

Gas Laws governs the behavior of gases and describes the relationship of the following variables:
Pressure, Volume, Temperature, and moles. The relationship among the variables are led and investigated by
Robert Boyle, Jacques Charles, and Amedeo Avogadro, and the laws where named after them respectively.

Boyle’s Law

The law is named after its proponent, who is a British chemist, Robert Boyle. He emphasized the law
correctly and stated that “The volume of a given amount of gas is inversely proportional to its pressure at
constant temperature”. It means, as the volume increases, the pressure of the gas decreases, and vice versa,
provided that the temperature remains the same. Thus, it is evident that the relationship between the two
variables, volume and pressure is inversely proportional.

Boyle’s Law is expressed in this mathematical equation:

In terms of proportion: V 1/P (at constant amount and temperature)

In terms of equation: V = k/P (at constant amount and temperature)
PV = k or
P1V1 = P2V2
Where;
P1 = initial pressure
V1 = initial volume
P2 = Final pressure
V2 = Final volume

Example:
A 2.5 L container has a gas pressure of 4.6 atm. If the volume is decreased to 1.6 L. What will be the
new pressure inside the container?

Given:
V1 = 2.5 L
P1 = 4.6 atm
V2 = 1.6 L
P2 = ?
P1V1 = P2V2 , P2 = P1V1 / V2
 = 1.6 atm (2.5 L)
1.6 L

= 7.2 atm

Charles’ Law

It is one of the gas laws and named after the French scientist Jacques Charles who formulated the law
in 1897. This law states that “The volume of a given amount of gas is directly proportional to its absolute
temperature and constant pressure.” It means that as the volume increases, the temperature also increases,
and vice versa, provided that the amount of gas and the pressure is constant. The temperature should be
expressed in Kelvin (K).

Charles’ Law is expressed in this mathematical equation:

In terms of proportion: V T (at constant amount and pressure)

In terms of equation: V = kT (at constant amount and pressure)

V / T = k or
V1 / T1 = V2 / T2
Where;

V1 = initial volume
T1 = initial Temperature

V2 = Final volume
T2 = Final Temperature
Example:
A 3.5 L flexible container holds a gas at 250 K. What will be the new volume if the temperature is
increased to 400K at constant pressure?

Given:
V1 = 3.5 L
T1= 250 K
V2 = ?
T2 = 400K
V1 / T1 = V2 / T2 ; V2 = V1T2 / T1

= 3.5 L (400 K)
250 K

= 5.6 L

Avogadro’s Law

The proponent of this law is named after Amedeo Avogadro, who is a

notable Italian mathematical physicist. This law state that “The volume of a gas at a
given temperature and pressure is directly proportional to the number of moles
contained in the volume”. This law is based on Avogadro’s hypothesis that the same
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the same number of molecules. It means
as the volume increases the amount of substance or the moles also increases, so the relationship is directly
proportional. Keep in mind that a mole is related to the quantity of molecules in a substance.

Avogadro’s Law is expressed in this mathematical equation:

In terms of proportion: V n (at constant temperature and pressure)

In terms of equation: V = k n (at constant temperature and pressure)
V / n = k or
V1 / n1 = V2 / n2

Where;

V1 = initial volume
n1 = initial number of moles of the gas
V2 = Final volume
T2 = Final number of moles of the gas

Example:
A 2.4 moles of gas occupies 60.0 L at a certain temperature. What volume
will 3.7 moles of a gas occupy?

Given:
n1 = 2.4 moles
V1= 60.0 L
n2 = 3.7 moles
V2 = ?
V1 / n1 = V2 / n2 ; V1n2 = n1V2

V2 = V1 n2 / n1

= 60.0 L (3.7moles)
2.4 moles

= 92.5 L

Ideal Gas Law

It is a single equation that sums up and combines the mathematical expression of Boyle’s Law,
Charles’ Law, and Avogadro’s Law.

PV = nRT
Where;

P = Pressure
n = moles (refers to the amount of substance)
V = Volume
T = Temperature (express in Kelvin (K))
R = The universal gas constant (0.0821 atm.L / mol.K)
 The value of the universal gas constant (R) is the same anywhere and anytime. It can be calculated
using the using the standard conditions of mole, pressure, volume, and temperature. The value can also be
derived from the ideal gas equation as shown below.

PV = nRT

PV 1.00 atm x 22.4 L

R= nT = 1.00 mole x 273 K

R = 0.0821 atm .L
mole .K

Example:
A 3.5 L container holds 0.45 moles of O2 gas at 300K. What is the pressure
inside the container?

Given:
V = 3.5 L
T = 300 K
n = 0.45 moles
P=?
PV = nRT ; P = nRT
V

atm .Lx 300 K

= 0.45 moles x 0.0821
mole .K
1.5 L
P = 3.17 atm

Most of the gases encountered in the surroundings are mixtures. Mixtures are composed of different
components. An example of a mixture is air which is a combination of primarily nitrogen and oxygen and
other inert gases. Each individual component in air exert its own pressure, has its own volume, can have a
temperature that is in thermal equilibrium with the other components, and also has its own molar amount.
This just means that the ideal gas equation can also be used on mixtures of gases.

Say for example, a constant-volume piston shown below contains a sample of flue gas, a by-product
of combustion, which is composed of nitrogen (1), carbon dioxide (2), and carbon monoxide (3) at a
constant temperature of 30°C.

From the situation above, the number of moles of each component can be interpreted as n 1, n2, and n3
for nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide, respectively, so that the total number of moles can be
shown as:
 𝑛total = n 1 + n2 + n 3

The pressure exerted by the mixture can then be calculated using the ideal gas equation:

ntotalRT
Pmixture =
V

…where V is the volume of the container or in this case, the volume of the constant-volume piston.

Substituting the two equations, the pressure of the mixture can be expressed as:

(n1 + n2 + n3) RT
Pmixture = V

And distributing the ideal gas constant and temperature:

n1 RT n2 RT n3 RT
Pmixture = V + V + V

As you may recall, the term nRT/V is equal to P which means that the terms in the right-hand side of
the equation equates to the pressure exerted by each individual component.

n1 RT
P1 = V n2 RT n3 RT
P2 = P3 = V
V

Pressures P1, P2, and P3 are called the partial pressure of each gas. Combining all the equations, it
can be concluded that the pressure exerted by the mixture is the sum of the pressures exerted by each
component. This is known as the Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure.
Pmixture = P1 + P2 + P3

The application of Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure can help us learn about the composition of each
component in terms of mole fraction of the component.

n1 RT ntotalRT
P1 = V Pmixture =
V

Combining these two equations gives the following expression:

P1 n1
Pmixture = ntotal = x1

…where x1 is the mole fraction of component 1 in the mixture. Rearranging the above equation leads
to:

P1 = Pmixturex1
 This means that the partial pressure of a component is equal to its mole fraction multiplied to the
pressure exerted by mixture.

General Chemistry 1
Summative Assessment
Gas Laws

Name: Section:

Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answers on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. Which of the following description refers to 6. When volume on a gas goes up what happens
pressure? to its pressure?
a. It is the force exerted by colliding a. Stays the same
molecules per unit area of container walls. b. Goes down
b. It refers to the force exerted by the wall. c. Rises
c. The force resulted from the molecules or d. Rises, then falls
particles in static. 7. Which of the following refers to the statement
d. The resulting force from the bodies at rest of Charles’ Law?
or in equilibrium. a. The relationship of volume and pressure of
2. Which of the following is not a unit of a gas is inversely proportional.
pressure? b. The relationship of volume and pressure of
a. atm a gas is directly proportional.
b. mmHg c. The relationship of temperature and
c. Torr volume of a gas is directly proportional.
d. None of the above d. The relationship of temperature and
3. Which of the following refers to standard volume of a gas is inversely proportional.
atmospheric pressure? 8. When the volume goes down the what happens
a. atm to its temperature?
b. Torr a. Rises
c. mmHg b. Goes up
d. Pa c. Goes down
4. One (1) atm is equal to what value of mmHg? d. Rises, then falls
a. 706 mmHg 9. Which of the following gas laws describes the
b. 273 mmHg relationship of volume and moles?
c. 760 mmHg a. Avogadro’s Law
d. 101.3 kPa b. Charles’ Law
5. The volume of a given amount of gas is c. Gay-Lussac’s Law
inversely proportional to its pressure at d. Boyle’s Law
constant temperature is stated by what law? 10. Which of the following is the ideal gas
a. Avogadro’s Law equation?
b. Charles’ Law a. PV=nRT
c. Gay-Lussac’s Law b. Pv=nrt
d. Boyle’s Law c. PV=Nrt
d. pv=nRT

B. Problem Solving. In a separate sheet of paper, show your solution and encircle
your final answer. Express your final answer in two (2) decimal places and show
your solution.

1. A sample of oxygen gas, which is saturated with water vapour, is kept in a 10-L vessel at
30°C and has a pressure of 758 Torr. If the pressure of the water vapour at this
temperature is 31.8 Torr, what would be the pressure of the dry oxygen?
 2. If the oxygen gas sample in #1 passed through a drier that decreased the pressure
of the mixture to 750 Torr and the pressure exerted by the water vapour is only
80% of the saturated vapour pressure at the given temperature, what would be the
pressure of the dry oxygen?

3. In a gas mixture composed of N 2, Ne, and He, the partial pressure of N 2 is 0.50
atm, that of Ne is 1.1 atm, and the total pressure is 2.4 atm. What is the partial
pressure of He?

C. Complete the following table and use the Ideal gas equation to calculate
pressure, volume, number of moles, and temperature of a gas. Express your
final answer in two (2) decimal places and show your solution below the
table.

Pressure (P) Volume (V) Temperature (T) Moles (n)

1. 5.00 atm 25.00 L 273.15 K

2. 0.55 L 308 K 0.50 mol

3. 20.00 atm 30.00 L 25.30 mol

4. 15.00 atm 370.00 K 3.00 mol

5. 10.50 L 280.00 K 10.00 mol

Senior High School

What I Need to Know

This module encourages you to draw the Lewis structures of ions and apply the octet rule
in the formation of molecular covalent compounds. It is here to help you master the nature
of General Chemistry 1. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different
learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students.
The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in
which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The module has one lesson, namely:

Lewis Structures and the Formation of Molecular Covalent Compounds After going through
this module, you are expected to:
draw the Lewis structure of ions;
apply the octet rule in forming molecular covalent compound;
explain how understanding the concept of covalent compounds and its structure helps us to
interpret situations in our daily life; and
appreciate the importance of the knowledge on covalent compounds and its application to
our daily life.

What I Know

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your chosen letter on a separate sheet
of paper.
1. What do you call to the electrons in the outermost shell or outermost energy
level of an atom and are transferred or shared when atoms bond together?
a. atoms c. ions
b. electrons d. valence electrons
2. The number of valence electrons of an atom can be determined through its
?
a. atomic number c. mass number
b. group number d. period number
3. According to the octet rule, how many valence electrons an atom needs to
become stable?
a. 4 b. 6 c. 8 d. 10
4. What type of chemical bond can be formed through the sharing of electrons?
a. covalent bond c. ionic bond
b. hydrogen bond d. metallic bond
5. Which of the following atoms will have this Lewis dot structure ?
a. Boron b. Carbon c. Nitrogen d. Oxygen
6. Which of the following represents a non-polar covalent bond?
a. C-N C. H-O
b. C-C D. S-O
7. Which of the following would form a positively charged ion when paired
to another atom?
a. Al c. S
b. P d. Te
8. How many single covalent bonds must a Silicon atom form to have a complete
octet in its valence shell?
a. 4 b. 3 c. 2 d. 1
9. What will be the change in electrons of Boron to satisfy the Octet rule?
a. lose 3e- c. lose 5e-
b. gain 3e- d. gain 5e-
10. All the elements in a particular group in the periodic table will also have
the same number of ?
a. electrons c. energy levels
b. valence electrons d. proton
11. Which of the following atom would produce an anion?
a. Al b. K c. Ca d. F
12. Which of the following is NOT true about cation?
a. A positively charged ion.
b. Has more protons than electrons.
c. Has more protons than electrons.
d. Formed when an atom gives an electron.
13. Which of the following illustrations shows the correct electron dot structure
of Gallium?

14. Which of the following is NOT a covalent bond?

a. H-O C. Na-Cl
b. C-N D. C-C
15. Which group of elements in the periodic table satisfies the octet without
forming compounds?
a. Alkali metal
b. Alkaline-earth metal
c. Halogens
d. Noble gases
What’s In

Before you proceed to the discussion of the next lesson about Lewis structures and
the formation of molecular compounds, it is important that you can draw an orbital
diagram to represent the electron configuration of an atom.

An orbital diagram provides a visual representation of the way in which an atom’s

electrons are distributed into various orbitals. Electron configuration can be expressed in
the form of an orbital, where ach orbital refers to a subshell and one-headed arrows are
used to depict electrons. Each orbital can accommodate a maximum of two (2) electrons.

There are rules to observe when drawing orbital diagrams such as:

1. Pauli Exclusion Principle that states no two electrons in an atom can have the
same four quantum numbers (electrons must have opposite spins) and;

2. Hund’s Rule states that the most stable arrangement of electrons in subshells
is the one with the greatest number of parallel spins.

Example of Orbital Filling diagrams for Hydrogen, Lithium, Boron and

Nitrogen

1
Hydrogen
1S1

3
Lithium
1S2 2S2

5
Boron
1
1S2 2S2 2p

7
Nitrogen
3
1S2 2S2 2p
 Directions: Draw the orbital diagrams for atoms with the following electron
configuration then identify the groups in which they belong.
1. 1s22s2 4. 1s22s22p63s23p2

2. 1s22s22p4 5. 1s22s22p63s23p64s2

3. 1s22s22p63s1

What’s New

Through the orbital diagram it can help you to determine the electron configuration
of an element. Valence electrons can be found by determining the electronic
configurations of elements. Thereafter the number of electrons in the outermost shell gives
the total number of valence electrons in that element. Determining the valence electrons is
important to understand the behavior of the elements, and this will be discussed as you go
through this module.

Lewis Structure and Formation of Molecular

Covalent Compounds
Knowing the Lewis structure of an atom allows you to know how it will bond and
how many bonds it will form. As you go through this lesson, you must be famil- iar with
the following terms:

 Chemical bond is a force that holds the atoms of various elements together to
form a compound.

 Covalent bond is a chemical link between two atoms or ions in which the
elec- tron pairs are shared between them.

 Lewis structure also known as Lewis dot diagrams or Lewis electron dot
structures is a very simplified representation of the valence electrons in a
molecule.

 Lone pair is an electron pair in the outermost shell of an atom that is not
shared or bonded to another atom.

 Octet rule dictates that an atom is most stable when its valence shell is filled
with eight electrons.

 Valence electron is an outermost shell of an atom that can be gained or lost

during chemical bonding.
Word Hunt: Look for words that will help you complete the concept below.

Guide Question 1: What are the words that you found and how do you think they are
interrelated to one another?

Let us frame the concept!

[1] compound is formed b e t w e e n atoms by the [2] of

electrons. Its structural formula can be illustrated through [3]
to show the [4] and [5] electron pairs in a
molecule that is based on the concept of the [6] , in which atoms
tend to form compounds in a way that gives them [7] electrons in
its [8] shell.
 Now that you are familiar with the concept of covalent compound and how it is
related with Lewis structure and Octet rule, let us expound each concept more.

What is It

Lewis Structure of Ions

Lewis structure is a representation showing how the atoms are bonded and the nature
of their chemical bonds. Ions may be represented using Lewis structure by simply
removing or adding the number of dots ( · ) that corresponds to the electrons lost or gained
by the neutral atom.
The Lewis structure for an atom depicts its valence electrons as dots around the
symbol for the element. For example, the Lewis structure of Nitrogen depicts a “N”
surrounded by five (5) valence electrons because Nitrogen has an electron configuration
of 1s22s22p3, its outermost energy level or shell is 2 having subshell s with two (2)
electrons and subshell p with three
(3) electrons resulting to five (5) as its valence electrons.

The Lewis electron dot structure for Nitrogen: Each of

the five electrons is represented as a dot.

For practice, draw the Lewis electron dot structure of the following atoms:
1. Tin 2. Iodine 3. Hydrogen 4. Neon 5. Strontium

What is an ion?
An ion is a charged atom. Its charge is due to unequal number of protons and
electrons whenever there is transfer of electron/s to another atom. An atom can acquire a
positive charge or a negative charged depending on whether the number of electrons is
greater or lesser than the number of protons in an atom.
 An atom is neutral if there is the same number of protons and electrons.
 An atom is negatively charged if there are more electrons than protons.
 An atom is positively charged if there is less electrons than protons.
Guide Question 2:
How are the group number and valence configuration of an atom related to the charge of its
corresponding ion?

Kinds of
Ions
Cation Anions
s
- Negatively charged ion
- Positively charged ion
(Formed when an atom gains electrons)
(Formed when an atom loses one or
more electrons)

Losing the valence electron in the Gained electrons are represented as

neutral atom leaves a Lewis structure additional dots in the configuration of
with no dot but with a + (positive) the neutral atom, basically forming an
charge. octet enclosed in brackets. The charge of
ion is added at the upper right hand
corner of the configuration.

Now that you know how ions were formed, answer the table below by writing
equations showing whether an atom gains or loses electron then indicate if the final ion is a
cation or anion.

Types of
Ion
Ex: K · loses 1e- K+ Cation
1. O

2. M
g
Transfer of Electrons Using Lewis Electron Dot Structure

Example: KCl

Potassium (K) will donate one electron

to Chlorine (Cl) that has seven electrons
in order to complete the octet rule.

This is the Lewis structure that will be

formed when Potassium and Chlorine
are combined.

It is now your time to draw the Lewis structure for the ions formed by Magnesium
and Oxygen.

Application of Octet Rule in the Formation of Covalent Compound

The Octet Rule requires all atoms in a molecule to have 8 valence electrons either
by sharing, losing or gaining electrons to become stable. For Covalent bonds wherein it
involves two or more non-metallic elements, atoms tend to share their electrons with each
other to satisfy the Octet Rule. It requires 8 electrons because that is the amount of
electrons needed to fill s- and p- orbital (electron configuration); also known as a noble gas
configuration. Each atom wants to become as stable as the noble gases which have their
outer valence shell filled because noble gases have a charge of 0. Although it is important
to remember the "magic number", 8, note that there are also many Octet rule exceptions.

Guide Question 3:

Neon has a total of 8 elec- trons which satisfies the Octet Rule, while Nitrogen wants to
be like Neon who has a full outer valence shell. How many electrons does Nitrogen need
in order to fulfil the Octet Rule?
Exceptions to the Octet Rule

Octet rule is important and useful in chemical bonding, but there are also some
violations. There are three violations to the octet rule namely odd-electron molecules,
electron-deficient molecules, and expanded valence shell molecules.

1. Odd-electron Molecules

There are molecules whose total number of electron is an odd number. It is not
possible for all the atoms in such molecule to satisfy the octet rule.

Examples of stable odd-electron molecules is NO. The Lewis electron dot

diagram for NO is as follows:

Although the O atom has an octet of electrons, the N atom has only
seven electrons in its valence shell. Although NO is a stable
compound, it is very chemically reactive, as are most other odd-
electron compounds.

2. Electron-deficient Molecules

Is defined as a molecule in which there are not enough bonding electrons available
to join all the atoms in the molecule together by normal covalent bonds.

For example, Beryllium can form two covalent

bonds, resulting in only four electrons in its
valence shell.

3. Expanded Valence Shell

These are compounds with more than eight electrons assigned to their valence
shell.

This compound has the P atom making five covalent

bonds wherein it has 10 electrons in its valence shell.
 Now that you are aware of the exceptions to the octet rule, try to identify what
rule does the given compounds violates in the octet rule.

1. PCl5 2. NO2 3. BF3

The Covalent Bond

Covalent bonding occurs between non-metal elements when pairs of electrons are
shared by atoms. Atoms will covalently bond with other atoms to attain the nearest noble
gas electron configuration. Based on the number of shared electron pairs, there are three
types of covalent bond namely, single covalent bond, double covalent bond and triple
covalent bond.

Single Bond

A single bond is formed when two electrons (one pair of electrons) are shared
between two atoms. It is depicted by a single line between the atoms. This form of bond is
the most stable because it has a lower reactivity.

Example: HCl

Hydrogen has only 1 valence electron whereas Chlorine has 7 valence electrons. To
satisfy the Octet Rule, each atom gives out 1 electron to share with each other,
thus making a single bond.

Double Bonds

A double bond is formed when two atoms share two pairs of electrons with each
other. It is depicted by two horizontal lines between two atoms in a molecule. This type of
bond is much stronger than a single bond, but less stable.

Example: CO2

Carbon dioxide has a total of 1 Carbon atom and 2 Oxygen atoms. Each Oxygen atom
has 6 valence electrons whereas the Carbon atom has only 4 valence electrons. To
satisfy the Octet Rule, Carbon needs 4 more valence electrons. Since each Oxygen
atom has 2 lone pairs of electrons, each can
Triple Bonds

A triple bond is formed when three pairs of electrons are shared between two
atoms in a molecule. It is the least stable out of the three general types of covalent
bonds.

Example: C2H2

Acetylene has a total of 2 Carbon atoms and 2 Hydrogen atoms. Each Carbon
needs 4 more electrons and each Hydrogen can share 1 electron. Hydrogen shares
its only electron with carbon to get a full valence shell. Because each Carbon atom
has 4 valence electrons (1 single bond and 3 unpaired electrons) the two Carbon
atoms can share their unpaired electrons forming a triple bond.

Polarity of Covalent Compounds

Covalent
Bonds
Polar Covalent Bond Nonpolar Covalent Bond
is created when the shared electrons
is created when atoms share their
between atoms are not equally
electrons equally
shared
Example: H2O Example: O2

Hydrogen (H) has 2 electrons each. Both Oxygen atoms have 8 outer
electrons.
Oxygen (O) has 8 valence electrons.
 Polar covalent bond is a type of chemical bond where a pair of electrons is unequally
shared between two atoms. In a polar covalent bond, the electrons are not equally shared
because one atoms spend more time with the electrons than the other atom. One atom has a
stronger pull than the other atom and attracts electrons. When electrons spend more time
with one atom, it causes that atom to carry partial negative charge. While the atom that does
not spend as much time with the electrons carries a partial positive charge.

While nonpolar covalent bonds are a type of bond that occurs when two atoms share
a pair of electrons with each other. These shared electrons glue two or more atoms together
to form a compound. Nonpolar covalent bonds are very strong bonds requiring a large
amount of energy to break the bond.

Polarity plays a big role on how different molecules interact. You must always
remember that “like dissolves like”, wherein polar solvent dissolves polar solute and non-
polar solvent dissolves non-polar solute. For example, why does sugar dissolve in water?

It is because of the polarity. Water is a polar solvent wherein Oxygen atom has a
partial negative charge associated with it while the Hydrogen atom have a partial positive
charge associated with it. Sugar, on the on the other hand, is also polar, thus, has both partial
positive and negative charges associated with it. For this reason, sugar will dissolve in
water.

What’s More

Independent Activity 1

Directions: Complete the table.

Independent Assessment 1
Directions: Read the following statements carefully. Write TRUE if the statement is
correct and FALSE if it is incorrect.

1. The total number of electrons represented in a Lewis structure is equal to the

sum of the numbers of valence electrons in each individual atom.

2.In Lewis Structure, Carbon has 5 valence electrons.

3. When an atom gives out electron, it creates a negatively charged ion.

4. An atom that loses one or more valence electrons to become

positively charged ion is known as a cation.

5. The correct Lewis structure for Potassium in KBr is K+.

Independent Activity 2
Directions: Analyze each set of compounds then identify which one does not belong to the
group.

1. CH4, CaI2, CsF

2. F2, CH2O, C2H4

3. Cl2, N2, HF

Independent Assessment 2
Directions: Draw the Lewis electron dot structure of the following compounds then identify
which type of bond is present.
1. OF2
2. HC
N 3.
CCl4
4. SO3
5. CO

Independent Activity 3
Directions: Draw the Lewis dot structure of each covalent compound then write its
violation/s to the octet rule.
1. ClO
2. SF6
3. XeF2
 Independent Assessment 3
Directions: Put a check () if the given covalent compound follows the octet rule and a
cross mark (X) if not. Write your answer before each number
1. OF2 6. NF3
2. CBr4 7. BeH2
3. AsF5 8. PCl3
4. SF4 9. XeF4
5. BCl3 10. ClO2

What I Have Learned

Directions: Complete the table below by filling out the numbers provided.

3-2-1
Activity
3 Things You Have 1 Question You Still
2 Important Details
Learned about Lewis Have about Lewis
about Lewis Structure
Structure and Covalent Structure and Covalent
Bond and Covalent Bond Bond

1. 1.
1.
2.
2.
3.

What I Can Do

Directions: Read the given situation carefully, then answer the questions that follow.
Situation
Rose decided to wash the dishes after she had her lunch then an emergency
occur. She moved quickly as she could and just rinsed the dishes without using any
soap, only water. When she was drying the bowl, she noticed that there was still
grease on it.

Guide Question 4:
What do you think is the reason why the grease was not able to remove by rinsing the bowl
with water alone?
Guide Question 5:
How does understanding the concept of covalent compound and its bond help you to
explain Rose’s situation?

After understanding the concepts and some rules involving covalent compounds, I
am now confident that you can identify some of their uses in our daily living. Can you
give three situations that may involve covalent compounds? 1,2,3! Great job!

Assessment

A. Directions: Read each statement carefully. Choose the letter of the correct
answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What does the Lewis dot structure show?
a. The protons in an atom.
b. All the electrons in an atom.
c. The valence electrons in an atom.
d. The electrons, protons and neutrons in an atom.
2. Which of the following is TRUE about the octet rule?
a. Electrons orbit atoms in energy shell.
b. Atoms like to have an empty valence shells.
c. Atoms must bond eight times with other atoms.
d. Atoms like to have full valence shells of eight electrons.
3. What happens to an atom of Bromine and to its charge when it forms an ion?
a. It loses 1 valence electron, and it forms an ion with a charge of 1-.
b. It loses 7 valence electrons, and it forms an ion with a charge of 1+.
c. It gains 1 valence electron, and it forms an ion with a charge of 1-.
d. It gains 7 valence electrons, and it forms an ion with a charge of 7+.
4. Why does Neon rarely form compounds?
a. It has complete valence electron shells, meaning it has a full octet of 8.
b. It has less than 8 valence electrons, so it does not need to react.
c. It has complete electron shells.
d. It has 8 electrons.
5. Which of the following substance will have three covalent bonds in its Lewis
structure?
a. H2O b. CH2Cl2 - c. NH3- d. CCl4-
6. Which of the following violates the Octet rule?
a. PCl3 b. CBr4 c. AsF5 d. OF2
B. Directions: Complete the table below by drawing the Lewis structure of the
given covalent compounds following the octet rule.

Covalent
Lewis
Compoun
d Structure

(7-9) NH3

(10-12) H2S

(13-15) HCl
 References
Baygue, Aristea V., Peña, Gardee T. General Chemistry 1 Exploring Life Through Science
Series. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc., 2016
Khan Academy, “Covalent Bonds?Molecular and Ionic Compound Structure and
Properties/AP Chemistry, YouTube Video, 5:42, October 31, 2019,
https:/youtu.be/kS5iU4v0QZk
Chemistry LibreTexts, “Covalent Compound”, May 19, 2020,
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/
Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/
Supplemental_Modules_(Ph ysical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/
Chemical_Bonding/Fund amentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Covalent_Bonds
ChemistryBytes.com,”Orbital Diagrams”, https://chemistrybytes.com/welcome/
concepts/quantum-chemistry/orbital-diagrams/
Chemistry LibreTexts, “Writing Lewis Structures for Covalent Compounds”, May 20,
2018, https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/
College_of_MarinCHEM_114%3A_Introductory_Chemistry/10%
3A_Chemical_Bonding/10.05%
3A_Writing_Lewis_Structures_for_Covalent_Compounds
 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
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St., City of Malolos, Bulacan
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