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MTH30105/MTH30605 Mathematics: TOPIC 4 - Integration

This document provides an overview of integration in mathematics. It discusses: 1) What integration is and how it is the reverse process of differentiation, allowing you to find areas, volumes, and other values. 2) Basic rules of integration like knowing the integral of 1 is x + C, and the integral of a constant times a function is that constant times the integral of the function. 3) How to find antiderivatives from known derivatives using basic rules of integration. 4) Techniques for integrating power functions like using substitution, as well as rational functions using partial fraction decomposition.

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Mishaalan
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
35 views

MTH30105/MTH30605 Mathematics: TOPIC 4 - Integration

This document provides an overview of integration in mathematics. It discusses: 1) What integration is and how it is the reverse process of differentiation, allowing you to find areas, volumes, and other values. 2) Basic rules of integration like knowing the integral of 1 is x + C, and the integral of a constant times a function is that constant times the integral of the function. 3) How to find antiderivatives from known derivatives using basic rules of integration. 4) Techniques for integrating power functions like using substitution, as well as rational functions using partial fraction decomposition.

Uploaded by

Mishaalan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

MTH30105/MTH30605
MATHEMATICS
TOPIC 4 – Integration

Prepared by : Tee Lee Hong


Presented by : Afiq Arif Aminuddin Jafry
2

Outline:
oWhat is integration
oBasic rules of integration
oIntegration for power function
oIntegration for rational function
3

What is integration?
• Differential Calculus cuts something into small pieces to find how it
changes.

• Integral Calculus joins (integrates) the small pieces together to find how
much there is.
4

Introduction to integration
• Integration can be used to find areas, volumes, central points and many more:

• Let’s look at area under the curve of a function like this:


5

Introduction to integration
• We can calculate the area
under the function at few points
and add up slices of width ∆𝒙𝒙
like the figure.

 the answer wont be accurate

• To improve the accuracy, we


can make ∆𝒙𝒙 a lot smaller and
add up many small slices

 the answer is getting more


accurate
6

What is integration?
• As the slices approaches
zero in width, the answer
approaches the true
answer

 We write 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 to mean


that ∆𝒙𝒙 slices are
approaching zero

Use the shortcut method


There is a lot of  Integration which is
the reverse of
adding up!! differentiation
7

Integration

We write the answer as :


Why we need to
put a C?
8

Why need plus C?


• C is the constant of
integration.

• It is because of all the


functions whose
derivative of 2𝑥𝑥:

• The derivatives of 𝑥𝑥 2 + 4 • So when we reverse the


is 2𝑥𝑥; The derivatives of operation (to find integral),
𝑥𝑥 2 + 99 is also 2𝑥𝑥  we only know 2𝑥𝑥 + C (a
because the derivative of constant of any value)
a constant is zero
9

Learning outcomes
Find antiderivative of a function from its known derivative

To use basic rules of integration in solving questions


10

Antiderivative from known derivative


11

Antiderivative from known derivative


12

Antiderivative from known derivative – Example 1


1 1
Find ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 and then ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥

Solution:

1
Move the constant out:
2
13

Antiderivative from known derivative – Example 2


2 1
Find ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 and then ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2𝑥𝑥−1 2𝑥𝑥−1

Solution:

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2
=
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2𝑥𝑥−1
14

Basic rules of integration


� 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐

� 𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑐𝑐 𝑎𝑎 & 𝑐𝑐 are constants

𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛+1
� 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = + 𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛𝑛 + 1

� 𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑎𝑎 � 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑎 is constant

� 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 ± 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ± � 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑


15

Basic rules of integration – Example 3


Integrate the following with respect to the variable used:

a. 4𝑥𝑥 2

b. 𝑡𝑡 3 + 4𝑡𝑡 2

2
c.
𝑥𝑥

d. 2𝑤𝑤 + 1 2
16

Basic rules of integration – Example 3


a. ∫ 4𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
4𝑥𝑥 2+1
= + 𝑐𝑐
3
4𝑥𝑥 3
= + 𝑐𝑐
3

b. ∫ 𝑡𝑡 3 + 4𝑡𝑡 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= ∫ 𝑡𝑡 3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 4 ∫ 𝑡𝑡 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑡𝑡 4 𝑡𝑡 3
= + 𝑐𝑐1 + 4 + 𝑐𝑐2
4 3
𝑡𝑡 4 4𝑡𝑡 3
= + + 𝑐𝑐3
4 3 Where 𝑐𝑐3 = 𝑐𝑐1 + 𝑐𝑐2
17

Basic rules of integration – Example 3


2 d. ∫ 2𝑤𝑤 + 1 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
c. ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥
1
= −2
2 � 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = �(4𝑤𝑤 2 +4𝑤𝑤 + 1)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

1
𝑥𝑥 −2+1 = 4 � 𝑤𝑤 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 4 � 𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + � 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
=2 + 𝑐𝑐
1
2 𝑤𝑤 2+1 𝑤𝑤 1+1
1 =4 +4 + 𝑤𝑤 + 𝑐𝑐
= 4𝑥𝑥 2
+ 𝑐𝑐 3 2
= 4 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐 4𝑤𝑤 3
= + 2𝑤𝑤 2 + 𝑤𝑤 + 𝑐𝑐
3
18

Type of functions:
• Power function

• Rational function

• Exponential function

• Trigonometric function

• Others
19

Power function
1. Use the basic rules of integration:

2. Integration by substitution to solve functions like


(𝑥𝑥 − 1)5
(2𝑥𝑥 + 1)5
20

Power function (Substitution) – Example 1

Expand the function and


integrate using basic rules
21

Power function (Substitution) – Example 1


For integration by substitution:

Let
22

Power function (Substitution) – Example 2


Integrate ∫ 3𝑥𝑥 − 2 5 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Solution:
23

Power function - summary


24

Power function – integration by substitution

Derivative of the (3𝑥𝑥 − 2)


25

Integration – Rational function


26

Rational function
Can be solved using integration by substitution:

√ No issue

How to solve
this?
27

Rational function – Substitution – Example 1


First recall:
28

Rational function – Substitution – Example 2


29

Rational function – by substitution


30

Rational function – Integration by partial fraction


3𝑥𝑥
Integrate
2𝑥𝑥 2 −𝑥𝑥−1

Steps:

3𝑥𝑥
1. Express in term of partial faction
2𝑥𝑥 2 −𝑥𝑥−1

2. Integration by partial fraction


31

Rational function – integration by partial fraction

Denominator with
linear factor

Substitute ,
32

Rational function – integration by partial fraction


33

Integration by partial fraction


Denominator with
repeated linear factor
34

Integration by partial fraction


35

THANK YOU~

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