Lake Package

v.1.6 released on 26/01/2017

Massimilano Cannata1, Mirko Cardoso1, Jakob Neumann1

1. SUPSI – Lugano (Switzerland)
 DOCUMENTATION LICENSES

Please attribute FREEWAT

with a link to http://www.freewat.eu/

Except where otherwise noted,

this slides are licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

FREEWAT - Free and Open Source Software Tools for Water Resource Management
This project has received funding from the European Union‟s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement
No 642224 2
 DATA LICENSES

Please attribute FREEWAT with a link to

http://www.freewat.eu/

Except where otherwise noted,

data used in this tutorial are licensed under a
Open Database License:
http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/

Any rights in individual contents of the databases are licensed

under the Database Contents License:
http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/dbcl/1.0/
FREEWAT - Free and Open Source Software Tools for Water Resource Management
This project has received funding from the European Union‟s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement
No 642224 3
 This is a working version of
this tutorial!
Your feedback is much
appreciated.

FREEWAT - Free and Open Source Software Tools for Water Resource Management
This project has received funding from the European Union‟s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement
No 642224 4
 Introduction/1
The general aim of this tutorial is to introduce some capabilities of the GIS-
integrated FREEWAT platform related to the MODFLOW Lake package.

To achieve this scope, free and open source codes, such as MODFLOW-
2005 (Harbaugh, 2005), were integrated as a plugin within the QGIS
desktop GIS.

To perform this exercise, knowledge of QGIS tools and basics of

groundwater modelling and hydrogeology are required.

Some concepts, already introduced in previous tutorials, will not be invoked

further.

Harbaugh AW (2005). MODFLOW-2005, The U.S. Geological Survey Modular Ground-Water Model - the
Ground-Water Flow Process. U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-A16, 253 p. 5
 Introduction/2

Download and installation of the following software is required:

 QGIS version 2.14Essen (https://www.qgis.org/en/site/forusers/download.html) or
later
 the provided version of the FREEWAT plugin
 MODFLOW-2005 (http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/modflow/MODFLOW.html)

In order to install all these softwares, please follow the instructions

contained in the README.rst file within the provided plugin folder.

This exercise was successfully performed within WINDOWS 7 and

WINDOWS 10 OS and using QGIS versions 2.8, 2.10, 2.14 and 2.18*.

* Please, notice that screenshots were made within QGIS 2.14 and that some tools/functions names
may be a bit different within other QGIS versions
6
 Objectives
This tutorial has two specific objectives.

To introduce the MODFLOW Lake Package and its implementation in

FREEWAT.

To guide through the activation and use of the Lake Package in an
example exercise.

7
 Input data files
The folder input_data contains the following subfolders with data files
necessary to implement the model:
 Input_data
 basemap.tif is a raster map of the area
 LakesL1 is a shapefile containing the lakes used in Layer 1
(additionally .dbf, .prj, .qix files)
 LakesL2 is a shapefile containing the lakes used in Layer 2
(additionally .dbf, .prj, .qix files)

8
 Programs executables (For modeling exercises)

The folder bin contains MODFLOW-2005 executable mf2005.exe.

It can be downloaded from the following web site, along with MODFLOW
User Manual and a set of exercises:
https://water.usgs.gov/ogw/modflow/MODFLOW.html#downloads

9
 Overview

The Lake package concept

Lake package inputs
The Conceptual Model
Creating the Model in FREEWAT

10
 The Lake Package

A technique to describe the hydraulic interaction between a lake and the

surrounding aquifer so that the effect of changes in either water body on
conditions in the other can be estimated with an independent water budget.
Previously:
• Constant Head - the head in reservoirs is unaffected by the interaction
between the reservoir and the groundwater
• River Package – using a specified conductance term calculates the
effect of a user-specified stage on the groundwater, not the other way
around
• Reservoir Package – changing the stage the reservoir also changes
the area (bathymetry), but the stage is user-specified for each stress
period
• High K – using very large K values permit to have changing stages of
cells based on surrounding cells. However: different stage for each cell,
no support for streams, no separate budget.

11
Further details about previous methods
The constant head is one of the most basic ways to simulate a large body of water.
The constant head can be simulated either by changing the IBOUND to -1, in which case the heads in the
specified cells remain at STRT throughout the simulation. Another method is so use the CHD package,
which allows the user to specify stage in cells at the beginning and end of every stress period. The head in
these cells then changes linearly during the stress period but is the same as the IBOUND= -1 approach in all
other aspects.

The river package calculates the effect of a specified stage in a water body, through a specified
conductance term to the aquifer. The river always has vertical sides and the volume of water in the river is
not calculated.

The reservoir package has a specified stage, but includes bathymetry to a certain extent. The surface area
of the water body changes with the stage, but the stage is still specified by the user for each stress period.

The “high K” method lets the stage in a “lake” cell change in relation to the heads in surrounding cells. The K
values of the lake cells is set to a very large value, storage coefficient is set to 1 for the lake cells and to the
compressibility of water for underlying cells. This way the stage in the “lake” cells cannot be specified, but
will change according to the surrounding cells‟ heads.

See: Merritt, M. L., & Konikow, L. F. (2000). Documentation of a computer program to simulate lake-aquifer interation using the
MODFLOW Ground-Water Flow Model and the MOC3D Solute-Transport Model. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations
Report 00-4167, 146.

12
 The Lake Package/2

Inactive cells extending

downwards from the surface.
Active cells adjacent exchange
water with the lake at a rate
determined by :
• relative heads
• hydraulic conductivities of
the aquifer materials
(lakebed sediments and
leakance
aquifer material)
• area of lakes
Conductances of the lakebed and aquifer
Lake leakance depends on as if they were in series
lakebed sediments and aquifer (McDonald and Harbaugh, 1988)
properties

Lake stage at step n 13

 The Lake Package/3

Current additional simulation capabilities (if required):

• rate of lake atmospheric recharge,
• evaporation,
• overland runoff rate after precipitation,
• rate of any direct withdrawal

• Sections of the lake can dry and re-wet

• Integrates SFR package

14
 The Lake Package/4

Simulating lake expansion

It is possible to create an inactive layer on top which is wettable and

convertible to permit the lake expansion based on lake stage.
(Amr El Zehairy, 2014.
https://www.itc.nl/library/papers_2014/msc/wrem/elzehairy.pdf)

15
 Lake Cells

Lake bathymetry is determined by model grid geometry

Lake Cells = inactive grid cells
Bottom of cell = Bottom of lake
Lake occupies the whole cell: this can lead to step changes in
lake area and water budgets. Step changes make it harder for
the model to converge.
3500
3000
X 2500
Z 2000
1500 Lake volume [L³]
1000 Lake area [L²]
500
0
0 5 10 15
Lake stage [L]

16
 Lake Cells

There are 2 basic methods of specifying lake bathymetry within FREEWAT

3rd method: external files (not yet supported)
Method 1:
retaining cells from the geologic model without modification to their heights,
selecting those cells that the lake will occupy in several layers.

L1 Lake
Bottom
L2 X
Z
L3

Note: This is useful when geology is well known and the lake is known to
intersect more than one hydro-stratigraphic unit with differing properties.
Because the layers that contain lake cells have to be convertible, this may not
be desired.
17
 Lake Cells

Method 2:
keep the lake in a single layer, but change the vertical extent of the
cells that contain the lake cells.

Lake
Bottom
X
Z

Note: more appropriate if there is only one aquifer or a simple model

18
 Overview

The Lake package concept

Lake package inputs
The Conceptual Model
Creating the Model in FREEWAT

19
 Lake package Inputs

Input Description
Theta, Number of iterations, Convergence Lake solver specific inputs for all lakes.
criteria (THETA, NSSITR, SSCNCR)
Theta determines whether the solution for the lake package is solved implicitly (Theta =
1) or semi-implicitly (0.5 ≤ Theta < 1).
A negative theta value is used as flag for additional options in the lak package for
transient calculations. We set it as a negative value by default because MODFLOW will
automatically convert it to a positive value for calculations of lake stage

Maximum number of iterations (NSSITR) is the maximum number of iterations for

Newton‟s method solution for equilibrium lake stages in each MODFLOW iteration for
steady-state aquifer head solution.

Convergence criterion (SSCNCR) is the convergence criterion for equilibrium lake

stage solution by Newton‟s method. If SSCNCR = 0, a value of 0.0001 will be used
instead.

http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/modflow/MODFLOW-2005-Guide/index.html?lak.htm
20
 Lake package Inputs

Input Description
Theta, Number of iterations, Convergence Lake solver specific inputs for all lakes.
criteria (THETA, NSSITR, SSCNCR)
Lake bottom elevation undulations Important for calculations regarding the
(SURFDEPTH) rewetting of the lake bottom [0.01….0.5]
Starting stage (STAGES) Initial Stage of each lake at the start of the run
Minimum and Maximum stages (SSMN, SSMX) Required for steady state simulations
Precipitation, Evaporation, Runoff, and Sources and Sinks specific to each lake and
Withdrawal (PRCPLK, EVAPLK, RNF, WTHDRW) stress period (rate per unit area)
Lakebed Leakance (BDLKNC) Leakance term representing the lakebed
sediments (K/Δl)
Lake ID Lake identifier for determining location, sub-
lakes and stream flow routing

http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/modflow/MODFLOW-2005-Guide/index.html?lak.htm
21
 Overview

The Lake package concept

Lake package inputs
The Conceptual Model
Creating the Model in FREEWAT

22
 Geographical setting
This tutorial presents a hypothetical case study, with a
simplified topography and geology. The base map is used only
to assign the location and general lateral extent of the lakes.

Modeling such hydrological system requires preliminary

processing of the available data not described here.

23
 Methods
We will use a simplified semi-synthetic example to demonstrate
how lakes are to implemented into a FREEWAT model and
simulated using the MODFLOW LAKE package.

Before the lake package is implemented, several necessary

changes will be made to the groundwater model.

We will determine the effect of three lakes on the groundwater

flow from mountain front recharge into a larger lake
(considered a constant head in comparison to the smaller
lakes).

24
 Hydrostratigraphic setup and
hydrodynamic conditions

The ground surface elevation ranges

from 193 m at the western side of the
study
area and slopes upwards until about
300 m at the eastern side.

The subsurface is composed by one

sandy hydrostratigraphic unit.

Mountain front recharge from the north-

east flows toward the large boundary of
the Lake Maggiore at 193 m.

The 3 lakes have varying depths.

The lakes have slightly varying Calculated flow directions without lakes
Leakance values

25
 Hydrostratigraphic setup
One single hydrostratigraphic unit having a flat basal surface
(140 m a.m.s.l.) is identified:
- a sandy unit, with variable thickness between ca 53 m and
160 m, hosting a porous aquifer.

The hydrodynamic properties of this unit are the following:

Kx=Ky=0.003172 m/s; Kz=0.0003172 m/s
Ss=5e-5 1/m
Sy=0.15

This single hydrostratigraphic unit will be simulated with 3

model layers to accomodate the lakes.

26
 Geometry

Horizontal discretization
The investigated domain is 27.5 km x 22 km.
The domain will be divided in 500 m x 500 m cells.
The horizontal grid will consist of 44 rows and 55 columns.

Vertical discretization
The sandy aquifer will be represented by three model layers.
The first layer will have varying thickness, depending on topography, with a horizontal
bottom at 180 m.
The lower layers will each be 20 m thick

Model layer 1 and layer 2 will be defined as convertible (i.e., unconfined) and
the wetting option will be activated.
Model model layer 3 is confined within the domain
(meaning that it is always saturated).

Initial conditions
We will assign a high value (210 m) for the initial hydraulic head, in
order to avoid difficulties when using the module for rewetting of dry
cells

27
 Time discretisation

We will run the model over 1 Stress Periods (SPs).

For the aim of this tutorial, the SP is steady state.

The following scheme is adopted for this tutorial:

Stress Period From (s) To (s) Length (s) State Time steps Stresses involved

1 0 86400 86400 Steady state 1 Mountain front recharge

(injection wells) + constant
head boundary

28
 Boundary conditions and
source/sink terms
NO-FLOW Mountain
from
recharge
(wells)
Constant head Lake 1
Lake 2

Lake 3 NO-FLOW

NO-FLOW

29
 Overview

The Lake package concept

Lake package inputs
The Conceptual Model
Creating the Model in FREEWAT

30
 Preview: Using the Lake package in FREEWAT

A. Conceptual Model
B. Load the database of the base model, run a test
simulation

1. Load the lakes into the model

2. Deactivate the cells in which lakes are present
3. Change layer geometry to accommodate lakes
4. Create MODFLOW lake layers
5. Locate the lakes within the model
6. Change LPF settings

31
 Importing the sqlite
• Create a new folder ...\Lak and place the input_data folder inside.
• Copy the tlake.sqlite from the input_data folder to the Lak folder. (Always keep a
backup!)
• Open QGIS
• Connect the database (DB):
- Press Add SpatiaLite Layer in the Side Toolbar near the Layers Panel (LP)
- Click New -> select the tlake.sqlite in Lak folder
- Click Connect

-Check ‘Also list tables with no geometry’

You can use the Ctrl-button to
select multiple MDOs and tables
-Select all the MULTIPLOYGON MDOs
-Select the following tables
modeltable_farm
timetable_farm
lpf_farm
pgr_locations_farm
-> click Add
32
 Importing the sqlite/2
• In the modeltable, edit the field working_dir:
• you must write the path of the directory where you saved
the tlake.sqlite file and the project
• (e.g., C:/FREEWAT/Lak) Make sure not to mix / and \

• Through FREEWAT -> Program Locations, set the

executable path to mf2005.exe

• Check the prg_locations table to make sure the path to the

executables was successfully updated.
• The path in the prg_locations must include the .exe files, not just the path
to their folders!
Important: the sqlite must be in your working directory, and
have the same name as the model.
33
 Input data files
The folder input_data contains the following subfolders with data files
necessary to implement the model:
 Input_data
 basemap.tif is a raster map of the area
 LakesL1 is a shapefile containing the lakes used in Layer 1
(additionally .dbf, .prj, .qix files)
 LakesL2 is a shapefile containing the lakes used in Layer 2
(additionally .dbf, .prj, .qix files)

34
 Preliminary steps/1

• Create a new project,

by using the menu:
Project -> Project Properties… -> General
- Project title: tlake
- Click OK
• Save the project, by using the menu:
Project -> Save as…
- Choose your working folder (e.g., C:\FREEWAT\lak)
- File name: tlake
- Click Save
• The project is now saved in your working folder (e.g.,
C:\FREEWAT\lak) as „tlake.qgs‟
35
 Preliminary steps/2

We will now run the groundwater flow model (Groundwater Flow

tab in the Run Model window), so that all the MODFLOW input
files needed afterwards are created and stored in the working
folder

• In the Groundwater Flow tab of the Run Model window, check

all the MODFLOW Packages implemented (WEL and CHD),
as in the following figure, and run the model

36
Preliminary steps/4

37
 Groundwater Model Output

Plot the groundwater heads and create contourlines for Layer

1:
FREEWATPost-processing  View Model Output
3 rasters are loaded, the CRS for each must be chosen
Select the raster for layer 1:
tlake_lay_1_sp_1_ts_1
Raster  Extraction: Contour
set contour distance for 5m

FREEWATPost-processing 
View Model
Volumetric Budget
38
 Groundwater Model Output

In the list file you can check that only the only terms invloved
at the end of the Stress Period are those related to the
constant head and the wells.

Listing file

Extracted contours Plotted Volumetric budget

39
 Preview: Using the Lake package in FREEWAT

A. Conceptual Model
B. Load the database of the base model, run a test
simulation

1. Load the lake files into the model

2. Deactivate the cells in which lakes are present
3. Change layer geometry to accommodate lakes
4. Create MODFLOW lake layers
5. Locate the lakes within the model
6. Change LPF settings

40
 Import lake shapefiles

Drag the LakesL1.shp and LakesL2.shp into the canvas from the browser,
or by adding a vector layer . They are located in the \input_data folder

All 3 lakes exist in Layer 1

-Lake 1 occupies less cells of Layer 2 than in Layer 1 (V form) this means
that the contact area between the lake and model layer 2 is smaller than
that between the lake and model layer 1
-Lake 2 has the same extent in both Layer 1 and Layer 2 (U form)
-Lake 3 does not exist in Layer 2

LakesL1 LakesL2
41
 Preview: Using the Lake package in FREEWAT

A. Conceptual Model
B. Load the database of the base model, run a test
simulation

1. Load the lakes into the model

2. Deactivate the cells in which lakes are present
3. Change layer geometry to accommodate lakes
4. Create MODFLOW lake layers
5. Locate the lakes within the model
6. Change LPF settings

42
 Deactivate Lake Cells

Use the Spatial Query tool to select the cells of

Layer 1 in which the lakes are present:

Click the Spatial Query tool

Select source features from l1 where the feature

intersects reference features of LakesL1

-Click “Apply”

Note: if you do not have the Spatial Query button

to the left of your LP, check that the spatial query
plugin is activated:
Plugins Manage and Install plugins
43
 Deactivate Lake Cells

130 “geometries” should be

selected.

The spatial query tool can be

closed
-the selection will remain active

44
 Edit L1 attribute table

Open the l1 attribute table

Enable editing
Change the ACTIVE field to 0 for selected features only
Save the attribute table stop editing and close

Clear the selection

Change the Style of l1 to show the ACTIVE field in

categorised view

45
 Deactivate Lake Cells

Use the Spatial Query tool to select the cells of

Layer 2 in which the lakes are present:

Click the Spatial Query tool

Select source features from l2 where the feature

intersects reference features of LakesL2

-Click “Apply”

46 “geometries” should be selected

46
 Edit L1 attribute table

Open the l2 attribute table

Enable editing
Change the ACTIVE field to 0 for selected features only
Save the attribute table , stop editing and close.

Clear the selection

Change the Style of l2 to show the ACTIVE field in categorised view

Note: legend colours in QGIS

will be assigned randomly
l1 l2 47
 Preview: Using the Lake package in FREEWAT

A. Conceptual Model
B. Load the database of the base model, run a test
simulation

1. Load the lakes into the model

2. Deactivate the cells in which lakes are present
3. Change layer geometry to accommodate lakes
4. Create MODFLOW lake layers
5. Locate the lakes within the model
6. Change LPF settings

48
 Change layer geometry

We will change the thickness of l2 under Lake 2 to represent a lake that is not as
deep as the other lake in this layer.

-In the LP, select on the LakesL2 shapefile

-On the map, select lake 2

-Click the Spatial Query tool

-Select source features from l2 where the feature intersects reference
features of LakesL2

Click Apply
18 cells should be selected:
49
 Edit L1 attribute table

Open the l2 attribute table

Enable editing
Change the BOTTOM field to 175 for selected features only
Save the attribute table , stop editing and close

Clear the selection

Manually select the four central cells of Lake 2 in the map

Open the l2 attribute table

Enable editing
Change the BOTTOM field to 170 for selected features only
Save the attribute table , stop editing and close
50
 Change layer geometry

To be consistent, copy the L2 Bottom

field to the L3 Top field using
Freewat>Tools>Copy from Vector
Layer
The final effect:

Lake 3 Lake 1 Lake 2

51
 Preview: Using the Lake package in FREEWAT

A. Conceptual Model
B. Load the database of the base model, run a test
simulation

1. Load the lakes into the model

2. Deactivate the cells in which lakes are present
3. Change layer geometry to accommodate lakes
4. Create MODFLOW lake layers
5. Locate the lakes within the model
6. Change LPF settings

52
 Creating the Lakes/1
Setting up the lake package

Open: Freewat-> MODFLOW Boundary Conditions -> Create LAK Layer

53
 Creating the Lakes/2
Setting up the lake package

Open: Freewat-> MODFLOW Boundary Conditions -> Create LAK Layer

This is the default

interface, before any
values are changed.

54
 Creating the Lakes/3
Creating lak layers

Set: [1]
Theta* -1
NSSITR* 99
SSCNCR* 0.01

-Click “Create LAK layers” button

[1]

Note: other functions of the

dialog window are “locked”

* See slides 13 and 14 for explanation of variables

55
 Creating the Lakes/4
Creating lak layers

A new MDO group is created in

the LP:

The create lake layers interface

stays open and “unlocks”.

56
 Creating the Lakes/5
Creating new lakes

-Fill in the properties of the first lake:

Variable* Value
SURFDEP 0.2
STAGES 200
SSMN 160
SSMX 220
Leakance 0.00000001
Lake id 1

-Leave PRCPLK, EVAPLK, RNF and

WTHDRW at 0
-Press “Add”

57
 Creating the Lakes/6
Creating new lakes

Lake 1 has been created! 

Fill create two more lakes with the

following values:
Variable Value lake 2 Value lake 3
SURFDEP 0.2 0.2
STAGES 200 200
SSMN 170 180 
SSMX 220 220
Leakance 0.00000002 0.000000015
Lake id 2 3

Press “Add” after each lake

58
 Creating the Lakes/7
Creating new lakes

After the lakes have been created, the dialog can be closed

Note: all stress periods

from the timetable are
read and displayed
here. If required,
PRCPLK, EVAPLK, RNF
and WTHDRW can be
set for each lake and
Three lakes:
each time step during
lake creation.
This will not be done
for this exercise.
59
 Creating the Lakes/8
Lake tables

The three tables that contain the lake information are created in the
database, but are not loaded into the LP.
All changes to the lake layers can be made through the “Create LAK layer”
interface. If needed the tables can also be edited through the model
database.
These are examples of lake data tables:

An example of the created tables:

These do not need to be edited for this tutorial.

60
 Preview: Using the Lake package in FREEWAT

A. Conceptual Model
B. Load the database of the base model, run a test
simulation

1. Load the lakes into the model

2. Deactivate the cells in which lakes are present
3. Change layer geometry to accommodate lakes
4. Create MODFLOW lake layers
5. Locate the lakes within the model
6. Change LPF settings

61
 Set LakeID

Open the attribute table of LakesL1.shp

All features have the LakeID attribute

Open FREEWAT > Tools > Copy from Vector Layer

Copy the LakeID field from the LakesL1 shapefile to the l1_lak layer‟s
LAKE field

Change l1_lak‟s Style to display the

LAKE column

62
 Set LakeID

Open FREEWAT > Tools > Copy from Vector Layer

Copy the LakeID field from the LakesL2 shapefile to the l2_lak layer‟s
LAKE field

Change l2_lak‟s Style to display the LAKE column

63
 Preview: Using the Lake package in FREEWAT

A. Conceptual Model
B. Load the database of the base model, run a test
simulation

1. Load the lakes into the model

2. Deactivate the cells in which lakes are present
3. Change layer geometry to accommodate lakes
4. Create MODFLOW lake layers
5. Locate the lakes within the model
6. Change LPF settings

64
 Set LPF properties

Layers that contain lakes need to be unconfined. In the LPF this means
that the layer type is changed to “convertible”.

Layer cells also need to be rewettable, in case they run dry as the model
solves the GW equation

Set the lpf_tlakes as follows:

Tip: Pay attention to

spelling and
capitalisation

65
 Preview: Using the Lake package in FREEWAT

A. Conceptual Model
B. Load the database of the base model, run a test
simulation

1. Load the lakes into the model

2. Deactivate the cells in which lakes are present
3. Change layer geometry to accommodate lakes
4. Create MODFLOW lake layers
5. Locate the lakes within the model
6. Change LPF settings
7. RUN MODEL

66
 Check results

Run the model with the WEL, CHD and LAK packages activated.

67
 Check results

The listing file now

contains the
additional term of
the lake.

68
 Check results

The listing file also

contains a more
detailed Budget
summary for the
lakes

69
 Check results

The presence of the lakes

alters GW flow direction
regionally

The lake is not a source

or sink boundary
condition, so the general
flow, and total budget are
not expected to change
significantly for the whole
model

70
 Summary: Using the Lake package in FREEWAT

General guidelines or Checklist:

Although it is not necessary to complete the steps in the same
order, creating lakes in FREEWAT requires following steps:

A. Create Model, Grid and Layers

1. Change layer properties (convertible and wettable)

2. Change Topography (with or without lake bathymetry)
1. Edit topography to include Lakes
2. Choose discretisation to allow deactivation of Lake cells
3. Create Lake Layers
4. Define Time variant and time constant properties for each lake

B. Other boundary conditions and stresses

C. Run Model
71
 If you need any assistance, please
contact
Massimiliano Cannata – SUPSI (Lugano- Switzerland) -
[email protected]
FREEWAT Development has received funding from the following projects:

1. Hydrological part has been developed starting from a former project, named SID&GRID, funded by Regione Toscana through EU POR-
FSE 2007-2013 (sidgrid.isti.cnr.it).

2. Porting of SID&GRID under QGis has been performed through funds provided by Regione Toscana to Scuola Superiore S.Anna - Project
Evoluzione del sistema open source SID&GRID di elaborazione dei dati geografici vettoriali e raster per il porting negli ambienti QGis e
Spatialite in uso presso la Regione Toscana (CIG: ZA50E4058A)

3. Latest Version of FREEWAT is under development within EU H2020 project FREEWAT - Free and Open Source Software Tools for
Water Resource Management. FREEWAT project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation
programme under grant agreement n. 642224 (www.freewat.eu)