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Exact Differential Equations

The document discusses exact differential equations. It provides that an equation of the form Mdx + Ndy = 0 is exact if there exists a function f(x,y) such that d(f(x,y)) = Mdx + Ndy. The necessary and sufficient condition for an equation to be exact is that the partial derivatives of M and N with respect to y and x respectively are equal. The solution of an exact differential equation is of the form ∫Mdx + ∫(terms of N not containing x)dy = C. Two examples are provided to illustrate these concepts.

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876 views2 pages

Exact Differential Equations

The document discusses exact differential equations. It provides that an equation of the form Mdx + Ndy = 0 is exact if there exists a function f(x,y) such that d(f(x,y)) = Mdx + Ndy. The necessary and sufficient condition for an equation to be exact is that the partial derivatives of M and N with respect to y and x respectively are equal. The solution of an exact differential equation is of the form ∫Mdx + ∫(terms of N not containing x)dy = C. Two examples are provided to illustrate these concepts.

Uploaded by

balaji
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Differential Equations

Exact DE

Exact Differential Equations: If M as well as N is a function in x and y, then the


equation Mdx + Ndy = 0 is said to be an exact differential equation if there exist a
function f(x, y) such that
d(f(x, y))= Mdx + Ndy.
∂f ∂f
i.e., ∂x dx + ∂y dy = Mdx + Ndy

Example: 3x2ydx + x3dy = 0 is an exact differential equation since there exists a


function x3y such that d(x3 y) = 3x2ydx + x3dy

The necessary and sufficient condition for an equation of the form Mdx + Ndy = 0 to
∂M ∂N
be an exact equation is ∂y = ∂x

The solution of the exact differential equation Mdx + Ndy = 0 is U + ∫φ(y)dy = C


∂u
where U = ∫Mdx and φ(y) = N – ∂y
x
Or ∫ Mdx + ∫(terms of N not containing x)dy = C

x
Here ∫ Mdx denote integration of M with reference to x treating y as a constant.

Eg 1. Find the solution of (3x – 2y + 5)dx + (3y – 2x + 7)dy = 0.

Sol. M = 3x – 2y + 5, N = 3y – 2x + 7
∂M ∂N ∂M ∂N
= –2 = – 2. = ∂x
∂y ∂x ∂y

∴ The given equation is exact


The solution is
x
∫ Mdx + ∫(the terms of N not containing x) dy =C
Differential Equations

x
∫ (3 x − 2y + 5)dx + ∫ (3 y + 7)dy = C

3x 2 3y 2
− 2yx + 5 x + + 7y = C
2 2

Eg 2. Find the solution of (ey+1) cotxdx + ey log(sinx)dy=0.

Sol. Given (ey+1)cot x dx + ey log (sin x)dy = 0


Let M = (ey+1)cot x and N = ey log (sin x)
∂M ∂N
= ey cot x and = ey cot x
∂y ∂x
∂M ∂N
∴ ∂y = ∂x

∴ The given equation is exact


The solution is
x
∫ Mdx + ∫

(the terms of N not containing x)dy = C

∴
x
∫ (e + 1)cot xdx + 0dy = C
y
∫

(ey+1) log (sin x) = C

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