10

SCIENCE

QUARTER 2
FORCE, MOTION AND ENERGY
MODULE 2

The material is intended for educational purposes only. The images

and other media content provided are for general information and
presentation enhancement only. All originated in the World Wide Web;
hence the writer claims no right. All are found within the World Wide
Web. Unless otherwise noted, all images have been taken from the
internet and are assumed to be in the public domain. Should there is
still an issue with the copyrighted material, the copyright breach is
unintentional, and the material will be removed immediately.

FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY

1
 CHAPTER II
FORCE, MOTION AND ENDERGY

MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY

1. Compare the relative wavelengths of different forms of electromagnetic waves.

2. Cite examples of practical applications of the different regions of EM waves,
such as the use of radio waves in telecommunications
3. Explain the effects of EM radiation on living things and the environment
4. Predict the qualitative characteristics (orientation, type, and magnification) of
images formed by plane and curved mirrors and lenses
5. Identify ways in which the properties of mirrors and lenses determine their use
in optical instruments (e.g., cameras and binoculars)
6. Explain the operation of a simple electric motor and generator

At the end of this unit, you will be able to answer the following questions:

1. Compare the relative wavelengths of different forms of electromagnetic waves;

2. Cite examples that show practical applications of the different regions of EM
waves such as the use of radio waves in telecommunications; and
3. Explain the effects of EM radiation to living things and the environment.

This chapter is divided into three lessons, namely:

Lesson 1- Electromagnetic Waves

Lesson 2- Practical Uses of the EM Spectrum
Lesson 3- Risks and Hazards of EM Spectrum

2
 LESSON ELECTOMAGNETIC (EM) WAVES
1N
In this lesson, you will be introduced to the nature of electromagnetic waves
and on how they are produced and transmitted. And, how these waves are applied as
we listen to radio, eat microwaved food, or have our broken bones X-rayed. We often
encounter these waves yet we cannot see.

So, let us explore and have fun!

Ready?

A. For electromagnetic wave vocabulary enrichment.

List three devices that make use of electromagnetic wave properties.

How will these devices function if EM waves were not discovered or
their properties were found to be limited? Write your explanation after
the EM waves.

1.__________________

2.__________________

3.__________________

Get Set!

ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
Electromagnetic waves or EM waves are transverse waves consisting of a
combination of oscillating electric and magnetic fields. It is the transmission of energy
through a vacuum or without media at the speed of light (c=299 792 458 m/s or
approximately 3.0 x 1010# 𝑚/𝑠)

3
 https://www.toppr.com/guides/physics/communication-
systems/propagation-of-electromagnetic-waves/

Figure 1. In a transverse wave, the direction of the wave energy moves into a right angle to the electric
and magnetic fields.

An electromagnetic wave is made up of an electric field and a magnetic field

positioned at right angles to each other and to the direction of motion of the wave (see
Figure 1). Since these fields are located at the right angles to the direction of motion
of the wave, electromagnetic waves are considered as transverse waves. This means
that both electric and magnetic fields oscillate perpendicular to each other and to the
direction of the propagating wave

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

The EM waves are classified according to their frequencies. They cover a wide
range of wavelengths and photon energies.

¨ Frequency- is the number of waves per second.

¨ Wavelength- is the distance from the peak if one wave to the next one.

4
 Supplemental Video: The ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cfXzwh3KadE

Fig. 2. The inverse relationship of frequency and wavelength to the

Electromagnetic Spectrum

As shown in Figure 2, EM waves have wavelengths ranging from radio waves

to the gamma rays. The frequency increases from low (radio) to high (gamma rays)
but decreases in wavelengths. There is an inverse relationship among the frequency
and wavelength. The higher the frequency of EM wave, the shorter its wavelength
and vice versa.

Properties of Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic waves are known to possess the following properties:

5
 1. They are produced by accelerated or oscillating charge.

2. They do not require any material or medium for propagation.

3. They travel in free space at the speed of 3x108 m/s.

TYPES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

Ø RADIO WAVES

How they are made:

Radio waves are made by various types of transmitter, depending on the

wavelength. They are also given off by stars, sparks and lightning, which is why you
hear interference on your radio in a thunderstorm.

Uses:

Radio waves are the lowest frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum, and
are used mainly for communications.

They are divided into:

l Long Wave- around 1~2 km in wavelength. The radio station "Atlantic 252"
broadcasts here.
l Medium Wave- around 100m in wavelength, used by BBC Radio 5 and other
"AM" stations.
l VHF- which stands for "Very High Frequency" and has wavelengths of around
2m. This is where you find stereo "FM" radio stations, such as "Galaxy 101" and "GWR
FM". Further up the VHF band are civilian aircraft and taxis.
l UHF- stands for "Ultra High Frequency", and has wavelengths of less than a
meter. It's used for Police radio communications, military aircraft radios and television
transmissions.

6
 Dangers:

Large doses of radio waves are believed to cause cancer, leukemia and other
disorders. Some people claim that the very low frequency field from overhead power
cables near their homes has affected their health.

Ø MICROWAVES

How they are made:

Microwaves are basically extremely high frequency radio waves, and are made
by various types of transmitter. In a mobile phone, they're made by a transmitter chip
and an antenna, in a microwave oven they're made by a "magnetron". Their
wavelength is usually a couple of centimeters. Stars also give off microwaves.

Uses:

Microwaves cause water and fat molecules to vibrate, which makes the
substances hot. Thus we can use microwaves to cook many types of food.

Mobile phones use microwaves, as they can be generated by a small antenna,

which means that the phone doesn't need to be very big. The drawback is that, being
small, they can't put out much power, and they also need a line of sight to the
transmitter. This means that mobile phone companies need to have many transmitter
towers if they're going to attract customers.

Microwaves are also used by traffic speed cameras, and for radar, which is
used by aircraft, ships and weather forecasters.

The most common type of radar works by sending out bursts of microwaves,
detecting the "echoes" coming back from the objects they hit, and using the time it
takes for the echoes to come back to work out how far away the object is.

7
 Dangers:

Prolonged exposure to microwaves is known to cause "cataracts" in your eyes,

which is a clouding of the cornea. So don't make a habit of pressing your face against
the microwave oven door to see if your food's ready!

Recent research indicates that microwaves from mobile phones can affect parts
of your brain - after all, you're holding the transmitter right by your head. The current
advice is to keep calls short.

People who work on aircraft carrier decks wear special suits which reflect
microwaves, to avoid being "cooked" by the powerful radar units in modern military
planes.

Ø INFRARED

How they are made:

Infrared waves are just below visible red light in the electromagnetic spectrum
("Infra" means "below"). You probably think of Infrared waves as heat, because they're
given off by hot objects, and you can feel them as warmth on your skin. Infrared waves
are also given off by stars, lamps, flames and anything else that's warm - including
you.

Uses:

Infrared waves are called "IR" for short. They are used for many tasks, for
example, remote controls for TVs and video recorders, and physiotherapists use heat
lamps to help heal sports injuries.

8
Because every object gives off IR waves, we can use them to "see in the dark". Night
sights for weapons sometimes use a sensitive IR detector (other types, called "image
intensifiers", use visible light).

the
Remember
r"?
film, "Predato

Infrared vision from the movie Predator

Apart from remote controls, one of the most

common modern uses for IR is in the field of security.
"Passive Infra-Red" (PIR) detectors are used in burglar
alarm systems, and to control the security lighting that
many people have fitted outside their houses. These
detect the Infra-Red emitted by people and animals.
You've probably seen TV programs in which police
helicopters track criminals at night, using cameras which
can see in the dark. These cameras use Infra-Red waves
instead of "ordinary" light, which is why people look bright
in these pictures.

9
 Weather forecasters use satellite pictures to
see what's heading our way. Some of the images they
use are taken using IR cameras, because they show
cloud and rain patterns more clearly.

Dangers:
The danger from too much Infra-Red radiation is very simple - it makes you hot.

Ø VISIBLE LIGHT

How it is made:

Our eyes can detect only a tiny part of the electromagnetic spectrum, called
visible light. This means that there's a great deal happening around us that we're
simply not aware of, unless we have instruments to detect it.

Light waves are given off by anything

that's hot enough to glow. This is how
light bulbs work - an electric current
heats the lamp filament to around
3,000 degrees, and it glows white-hot.
The surface of the Sun is around 5,600 degrees, and it gives off a great deal of light.

10
White light is actually made up of
a whole range of colors, mixed
together.
We can see this if we pass white
light through a glass prism - the
violet light is bent ("refracted")
more than the red, because it has a shorter wavelength - and we see a rainbow of
colors

Uses:

We use light to see things! As the Sun sends

so much light towards our planet, we've evolved to
make use of those particular wavelengths in order
to sense our environment.
Light waves can also be made using a laser.
This works differently to a light bulb, and produces
"coherent" light. Lasers are used in Compact Disc players, where the light is reflected
from the tiny pits in the disc, and the pattern is detected and translated into sound or
data.

Lasers are also used in laser printers, and in aircraft

weapon aiming systems.

Dangers:
Too much light can damage the retina
in your eye. This can happen when you look at
something very bright, such as the Sun. Although the
damage can heal, if it's is too bad it'll be permanent.

11
 Ø ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
Ø

How they are made:

Ultra-Violet light is made by special lamps, for example, on sun beds. It is also
given off by the Sun in large quantities. We call it "UV" for short.

Uses:
¨ UV light include getting a sun tan, detecting forged bank notes in shops; and
hardening some types of dental filling.
¨ UV lamps in discos, where they make your clothes glow. This happens because
substances in washing powder "fluoresce" when UV light strikes them.
¨ When you mark your possessions with a security marker pen, the ink is invisible
unless you shine a UV lamp at it.
¨ Ultraviolet rays can be used to kill microbes.
¨ Hospitals use UV lamps to sterilize surgical equipment and the air in operating
theatres.
¨ Food and drug companies also use UV lamps to sterilize their products suitable
doses of Ultraviolet rays cause the body to produce vitamin D, and this is used
by doctors to treat vitamin D deficiency and some skin disorders.

Dangers:
Large doses of UV can damage the retinas in your eyes, so it's
important to check that your sunglasses will block UV light. The cheaper sunglasses
tend not to protect you against UV, and this can be really dangerous. When you wear
sunglasses the pupils of your eye get bigger, because less light reaches them. This
means that if your sunglasses don't block UV, you'll actually get more ultra-violet light
on your retinas than if you didn't wear them.
Large doses of UV cause sunburn and even skin cancer. Fortunately, the ozone
layer in the Earth's atmosphere screens us from most of the UV given off by the Sun.
Think of a sun tan as a radiation burn!

12
 Ø X-RAYS
Ø

How they are made:

X-rays are very high frequency waves, and
carry a lot of energy. They will pass through most
substances, and this makes them useful in
medicine and industry to see inside things.
X-rays are given off by stars, and strongly
by some types of nebula. When we use X-rays,
we make them by firing a beam of electrons at a
"target". If we fire the electrons with enough
energy, X-rays will be produced.

Uses:
X-rays are used by doctors to see inside people. They
pass easily through soft tissues, but not so easily through
bones. We send a beam of X-Rays through the patient and onto
a piece of film, which goes dark where X-Rays hit it. This leaves
white patches on the film where the bones were in the way.

Lower energy X-
Rays don't pass
through tissues as easily, and can be used
to scan soft areas such as the brain

Sometimes a doctor will give a patient a

"Barium
Meal", which is a drink of Barium sulfate. This will absorb
X-rays, and so the patient's intestines will show up
clearly on a X-Ray image.

13
 X-Rays are also used in airport security checks, to see inside your luggage.
They are also used by astronomers - many objects in the universe emit X-rays, which
we can detect using suitable radio telescopes.

Dangers:

X-Rays can cause cell damage and cancers. This is why Radiographers in
hospitals stand behind a shield when they X-ray their patients. Although the dose is
not enough to put the patient at risk, they take many images each day and could
quickly build up a dangerous dose themselves

Ø GAMMA RAYS
Ø

How they are made:

Gamma rays are given off by stars, and by some radioactive substances. They
are extremely high frequency waves, and carry a large amount of energy. They pass
through most materials, and are quite difficult to stop - you need lead or concrete in
order to block them out.

Uses:
Because Gamma rays can kill living
cells, they are used to kill cancer cells without
having to resort to difficult surgery. This is called
"Radiotherapy", and works because cancer
cells can't repair themselves like healthy cells
can when damaged by gamma rays. Getting the
dose right is very important!

Dangers:
Gamma rays cause cell damage and can cause a variety of cancers. They
cause mutations in growing tissues, so unborn babies are especially vulnerable.

14
Go!

Activity 1.1: Building a Wave Machine

Adapted from: Science 10 Learner’s Material, DepEd 1st Edition, 2020
Objective:
To observe the propagation of a wave.
Materials:
Monobloc Chairs– 2 pcs
Scotch Tape or Masking tape
Sticks (from stickbroom or BBQ sticks) – 15 pcs
Modelling Clay- 30 pcs (alternative NIPS candy or any softy small circle
objects with same size and weight that can hold the sticks)
Any books to hold the tape– 2 pcs

Procedure:

1. Gather all materials needed for the activity

and then place the two chairs about 1 meter
apart from each other.
2. Stretch a piece of scotch tape or masking
tape to both sides of the chair and place any
books to hold the ends of the tape. Make
sure that the sticky part of the tape is facing
upward.

3. Leaving about one (1) foot of tape empty on

each end, center the sticks from the
stickbroom or barbecue sticks along the
tape, placing each one 1 ½ inches away
from the one.

4. Make a 30 small circles of modelling clay

with the same size and weight that can hold
the sticks or if you don’t have a modelling
clay you can use Nips candy or any softy
small circle objects with same size and
weight that can still hold the sticks. Then,
place the circled modeling clay/nips into the
ends of the stick by pushing them through
the stick. Actual Photos of the Activity
Performed and Captured by: Elmar M. Dongallo

5. Tap the stick on one end of the tape.

Do tapping for five times or at your own desires. Observe what happen.

15
Guide Questions:

1. When you tapped the stick on one end of the tape, did you see a wave that
formed and rolled down the line? Write your observations.
2. How is a wave propagated and produced?
3. Remove half of the circled modelling clay/nips from both ends of the line.
Now, tap one stick. Does the wave still travel along the line? Write your
observations on a separate sheet of paper.

Keep Moving!
Direction: Do the following.

1. Inside your house, look around four devices and appliances that you use every day.

2. Name four (4) objects that you see which can produce electromagnetic waves.

3. Write the uses/applications of the objects that you have listed. 4. Write your answer
on a separate sheet of paper.

You are a finisher!

Think and do this!

1. Humans are nearly blind to most wavelengths of light. If you lost your
ability to see visible light, but could choose another wavelength
region of the EM spectrum, what would you choose? Describe how
would you see world around you.
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________________

Enjoy! J

16