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There Are Three Mechanisms by Which Heat (Energy) Is Transferred in The Atmosphere

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34 views3 pages

There Are Three Mechanisms by Which Heat (Energy) Is Transferred in The Atmosphere

Uploaded by

mohd firdaus bin ibrahim
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Question 1

There are three mechanisms by which heat (energy) is transferred in the atmosphere:

 Radiation.

 Conduction.

 Convection.

Conduction

Conduction heat transfer is energy transport due to molecular motion and interaction. Conduction
heat transfer through solids is due to molecular vibration. Fourier determined that Q/A, the heat
transfer per unit area (W/m2) is proportional to the temperature gradient dT/dx. The constant of
proportionality is called the material thermal conductivity k

Fourier’s equation:

The thermal conductivity k depends on the material, for example, the various materials used in
engines have the following thermal conductivities (W/m K):

Table I. Thermal Conductives of Common Materials

Copper 400

Aluminum 240

Cast Iron 80

water 0.61

air 0.026

The thermal conductivity also depends somewhat on the temperature of the material.

Figure 1 Conduction through Piston Cylinder Wall

For a cast iron 0.012m (½") cylinder block at steady state,


Convection

Convection is heat transfer through fluid (like air or water) motion. The difference between


conduction and convection is the motion of a material carrier; convection is the movement of the
thermal energy by moving hot fluid (as opposed to making other material hot by wiggling atoms).
Usually this motion occurs as a result of differences in density. Warmer particles are less dense, so
particles with higher temperature will move to regions where the temperature is cooler and the
particles with lower temperature will move to areas of higher temperature. The fluid will remain in
motion until equilibrium is reached.

Figure 2 Air over land heats faster than air over water, leading to convection which feels like cool ocean breeze.

Heat transferred by radiation is called radiant heat. Like light, radiant heat is radiant energy, and
does not necessarily require a medium to carry it. This form of energy transfer is facilitated through
a type of electromagnetic radiation. All moving charged particles emit electromagnetic radiation.
This emitted wave will travel until it hits another particle. The particle that receives this radiation will
receive it as kinetic energy. Particles will receive and emit radiation even after everything is at the
same temperature, but it's not noticed due to the fact that the material is at equilibrium at this
point.

This type of heat transfer is particularly important in the setting the temperature of Earth. Radiation,
as heat transfer, is how the Earth gets energy from the sun. Radiation is also important for
the greenhouse effect.
Figure 3 Campfires emit radiant “energy" and is felt as "radiant heat"

QUESTION 2

A. ABSORPTIVITY
a. Absorptivity (α), reflectivity (ρ) and transmissivity (t) If the amounts of
radiation energy absorbed, reflected, and transmitted when radiation strikes a
surface are measured in percentage of the total energy in the incident
electromagnetic waves, the total energy will be divided into three groups.
B. Black Body
a. A blackbody (sometimes spelled "black body") is a theoretically ideal radiator and
absorber of energy at all electromagnetic wavelength s. The term comes from the
fact that a cold blackbody appears visually black. The energy emitted by a
blackbody is called blackbody radiation.
C. Emissivity
a. Quantitatively, emissivity is the ratio of the thermal radiation from a surface to the
radiation from an ideal black surface at the same temperature as given by the
Stefan–Boltzmann law. The ratio varies from 0 to 1.
D. Grey Body
a. A grey body is defined as a body with constant emissivity over all wavelengths and
temperatures. Such an ideal body does not exist in practice but the assumption is a
good approximation for many objects used in engineering. Gray Bodies and
Emissivity Coefficients. For the gray body the incident radiation (also called
irradiation) is partly reflected, absorbed or transmitted. The emissivity coefficient is
in the range 0 < ε < 1, depending on the type of material and the temperature of the
surface.

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