Geotechnical Engineering

I. Introduction

Geotechnical engineering is a specialization within civil engineering that concerned with

the analysis, design and construction of foundations, slopes, retaining structures, embankments,
tunnels, levees, wharves, landfills and other systems that are made of or are supported by soil or
rock. From a scientific perspective, geotechnical engineering largely involves defining the soil’s
strength and deformation properties. It is the study of the behavior of soils under the influence of
loading forces and soil-water interactions. This knowledge is applied to the design of
foundations, retaining walls, earth dams, clay liners, and geosynthetics for waste containment.
This branch of engineering plays a key role in all civil engineering projects built on or in the
ground for the assessment of natural hazards.

Geotechnical engineering or also known as Geotechnics is applied in mostly when

planning an infrastructure such as roads and tunnels as well as bridges and buildings. This
discipline involves numerical data analysis, evaluating the stability of cliffs and slopes,and
assessing load bearing capacity.

Geotechnical engineering includes specialist fields such as:

1. Soil and Rock Mechanics

2. Geophysics
3. Hydrogeology
4. Geology

The specialism involves using scientific methods and principles of engineering to collect
and interpret the physical properties of the ground for use in building and construction. Its
practical application, e.g. foundation engineering, has come to require a scientific approach.

“Geotechnics” – is a term currently used to describe both the theoretical and practical
application of the discipline.

Recent computational and computer advances are extending our ability to predict the
behaviour of soil and soil-water systems under a wide variety of conditions. In recent years, the
activities of geotechnical engineers have also involved geoenvironmental engineering.
Geoenvironmental Engineers – design strategies for the clean-up of contaminated soils
and groundwater and develop management systems for contaminated sites.

History of Geotechnical Engineering

The history of geotechnical engineering is quite

long but
at the same time it is interesting. Ancestors in the olden
days use
soil for an extensive variety of activities from building
creation
to irrigation and flood control. But during these times the
practice of geotechnical engineering was applied by trial
and
error observational experience in empirical
experimentation,
basically, it was more of an art than a science.

By the 18th century as civilization advanced further,

numerous engineering problems related to building foundations
began to emerge.

The Leaning Tower of Pisa which is a tourist attraction today for example presented a very
unique challenge at that time. The tower leaned because it is constructed on a soft ground
composed mostly of clay, fine sand, and shells without using enough stones to make a strong
foundation. This tower plays an important role in history of geotechnical engineering as it serves
as an eye-opener for civil engineers to take more specific approach to set up better foundations of
buildings with respect to soil design and structure.

. The said incident was so significant that it lead the engineers for more careful process of
construction of the Colosseum on 73 A.D at Rome, Italy. It was built over a dried lake, and the
Romans had to make sure it was completely drained before laying foundation over the remaining
clay bed so it will not bend over like the prior case of building a foundation. Since then, the
Romans had the idea of how the state of soil should be observe and analyze before making any
step of construction.

In the late ‘80s, the workforce was challenge by the size of a copper statue with a total height of
305’6”. The Statue of Liberty cannot stand by itself so a big iron framework was put
inside to support the structure and was decided to be placed in a small island where it can stand
alone without anyone who will be at risk—at the Liberty Island, Upper New York Bay, in New
York City.

Other difficulties related to geotechnical engineering arise continuously, however civil

engineers always came up with better solution and help the development of the field to further
progress.

As time pass by, geotechnical engineering also developed. Builders began taking a more
scientifically based approach, including detailed examination of subsurface materials.

From early 1700s to the early 1900s scientists such as Coulomb, Darcy, Rankine, Boussinesq,
Mohr and Atterberg published fundamental theories on soil
mechanics and water flow through soil. Several prominent
organizations and societies
were formed in the early 1900s to advance this field of
engineering. Particular recognition is given to Karl von
Terzaghi who is considered as the "father of soil mechanics and
geotechnical engineering" because of his classic book
Erdbaumechanik (Soil Mechanics) published in 1925. His book
literally revolutionized the field of geotechnical engineering.

He developed the principle of effective stress in soils,

the framework for the bearing capacity of foundations theory,
and the theory for predicting the rate of settlement due to
 consolidation of clayey soils.

In 1925, he established the country’s first academic

program in Soil Mechanics at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (MIT);

In 1930, his work had led to the appointment of a Special

Committee on Earthworks and Foundations by the American
Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE).

International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering

International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering ( ISSMGE ) is a
society representing Engineers Academics and Contractors all over the world that actively
participate in geotechnical engineering. The International Society had its origins in the First
International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering held in Harvard in
1936. A total of 206 delegates attended from 20 countries. In order to ensure continuation of this
very successful initiative, an Executive Committee was set up with Karl Terzaghi as President
and Arthur Casagrande as Secretary. In 1997, Council approved a change in name to the
International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering to reflect more
accurately the activities of the Society. Then it passed its great time expanding itself round the
globe. The aim of society is the promotion of international co-operation amongst engineers and
scientists for the advancement and expansion of knowledge in the field of geotechnics.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

Advantages of Geotechnical engineering

1. Geo engineering could be very potent.

By adding higher levels of sulfur dioxide directly into the atmosphere, it might be entirely
possible to offset all of the warming effects that happen because of carbon dioxide. The efforts
would create aerosols that would reflect sunlight straight back into space instead of concentrating
the sun’s rays onto the planet below.

2. It could be extremely affordable.

 Under some theories, geo engineering could be accomplished through the use of a simple
2 inch hose that was stretched into the atmosphere. By pumping the sulfur dioxide into the air, it
would then become very feasible to stop the effects of global warming before they can continue
to create chaos within a regional climate.

3. We have proof that geo engineering works.

The reason why this type of plan to stop global warming is so exciting is because we have
documented evidence that it will work. There is historical evidence that shows large volcanic
eruptions have been able to stop global warming cycles in the past. The distribution of sulfur
dioxide into the atmosphere simply replicates the effects that a volcano would create naturally.

Disadvantages of Geotechnical engineering

1. Geoengineering could change weather patterns dramatically.

Any time a scientific proposal to limit the amount of sunshine is brought up, the natural
consequence of taking such an action would be to reduce the amount of rainfall that occurs. We
need rain because it is nature’s natural water filter. If we don’t receive it, then it would be difficult
to raise crops and food resources could become scarce.

2. It won’t solve all our problems.

One of the biggest issues that we have today is ocean acidification. Geoengineering does
not solve this problem whatsoever. We would still be needing to deal with droughts and famines
as they occur, and because there would be weather changes associated with the inclusion of extra
sulfur dioxide, we might actually be dealing with more disastrous effects from the shift climates
then from the immediate issues of global warming.

3. It only cools the equatorial regions effectively.

In order to stop the melting of the ice at the North Pole and South Pole, the planet would
have to be cooled down enough that it would meet pre-industrial levels of warmth to stop the ice
sheets at the Polar Regions from melting. Because extra levels of sulfur dioxide would be
required to accomplish this, it would also create a sky that looked whiter than it did blue.

If we are in desperate shape, then geo engineering could provide us with the options we need to
save our civilization. By weighing the pros and cons of this alternative, we can decide together if
it really is the right course of action to take.

II. Education

WHAT ARE THE QUALIFICATIONS NEEDED TO BECOME A GEOTECHNICAL

ENGINEER?
The qualifications needed to become a geotechnical engineer include at least a bachelor’s
degree in civil engineering or geotechnical engineering. A program accredited by ABET is
needed in order to gain licensure, which is required to work as a professional engineer (PE). A
few universities offer graduate degrees in geotechnical engineering.

Wih this profession, relevant subjects may include:

1. Engineering Geology
2. Geology
3. Geophysics
4. Geotechnology
5. Mineral/Mining Engineering
RECOMMENDED COURSES
In order to achieve a specialization in the area of Geotechnical Engineering at
the undergraduate level, the following courses are:

Strongly recommended: Recommended:

CIVE 416 Geotechnical CIVE 446 Construction

Engineering (3 Credits) Engineering (3 Credits)

CIVE 451 Geoenvironmental CIVE 520 Groundwater Hydrology

Engineering (3 Credits) (3 Credits)

CIVE 584 Mechanics of Groundwater

Flow (3 Credits)
 MIME 322 Rock Fragmentation
(3 Credits)

MIME 520 Stability of Rock

Slopes (3 Credits)

Licensing And Training (In The Philippines):

To become a Licensed Civil Engineer in the Philippines, a graduate of Civil Engineering

needs to pass the Civil Engineering Licensure Examination. The examination is conducted by
the Board of Civil Engineering under the supervision of the Professional Regulations
Commission (PRC).

Aside to the education, a geotechnical engineer must also have a strong understanding to
the other related fields, including construction, math, and several natural sciences, especially
geology. In addition from the varied knowledge base, you must be organized, have excellent
communication skills, and be able to self-manage to fulfill your responsibilities.

WHAT IS A GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEER?

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERS – are specialists that use engineering principles and

applications to research, investigate, assess construction sites, conduct lab tests,
create design for structures, supervise construction and present reports. Their
ultimate goal is to ensure the project safe and sustainable to the structure's
stability against earthquakes, mud slides and other natural events.

– there skills are used for drilling wells, constructing

production and storage facilities, transporting petroleum products and examining
ground water flow.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF A GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEER

• Build and maintain relationships with clients and other professionals involved in the
site, throughout each project
• Maintain safety standards on site
 • Be mindful of cost implications when you make recommendations

ROLES OF GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEER

• research and study soil to evaluate its suitability for foundations

• investigate and assess construction sites, conduct lab tests, create designs for structures,
supervise construction, and write and present reports
• work on such projects as designing tunnels, roadways, retaining walls, and earth dams, as
well as helping to create strategies for the clean-up and management of contaminated sites •
they are assigned in the collection of soil samples from the project's intended site, using
bores and test pits.
• determine whether issues like erosion, settlement and slope will pose a safety risk to the
proposed project
• required to analyse the results of subsurface investigations and field tests with dedicated
software
• required to spend most of their time in the field - and in analysis laboratories. The job
involves lots of travel and plenty of strict deadlines - and work in most weather
conditions

SOME SEMINARS ABOUT GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

• Geotechnical Engineering Seminar 2019 – September 23, 2019 at Hotel Cititel, Penang,
Malaysia
• International Conferences (numerical methods, computational mechanics, artificial
ground freezing, wave equation analysis, pressure grouting & etc.)

SOME COMPANIES THAT HIRE GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERS

• Brown and Greenfield Inc.

• JJ3 Trading group
• Advanced Geotechnical Engineering Services
• AMH Philippines
 III. Job Demands and Environment of Geotechnical Engineering

IMPORTANCE OF GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

Geotechnical engineers are responsible for evaluating subsurface and soil conditions and
materials, using the principles of soil and rock mechanics. They are commonly appointed as
consultants on construction projects. Engineers also examine environmental issues such as flood
plains and water tables.

The studies of the geological material properties on a construction site are important to
allow design and construction of stable structures that:

• do not settle,
• deform or crack and
• do not fall down due to foundation failure.
Is it in-demand in the country or internationally?

Geotechnical engineers are in demand. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, civil
engineer employment is projected to grow 11% over the next decade or so, which is higher than
the average job growth rate. All structures require strong foundations, from bridges to buildings
to dams. Therefore, geotechnical engineers are always in demand as long as new construction
projects are being built.

Jobs open for the course

A geo-technical engineer has an important job role in analyzing soil, rock, groundwater,
and other earth materials prior to major construction projects. This analysis can help determine
what materials must be used in the structure’s foundation or overall design, or whether the project
needs additional measures to ensure it is safe.

Thus, there are several job opportunities that a Geotechnical Engineer can get locally, and
even internationally given the fact that there are countless projects requiring the aid of a
Geotechnical Engineer in order to ensure the safety of different infrastructure in different type of
environment.

Geotechnical engineers perform the following functions within the framework of the
following jobs:

Geotechnical or Geological Engineers (General)

- provide analysis and mapping of technical results obtained from seismic surveys, and
investigate subsurface conditions and materials to determine their properties and risks

Geotechnical or Geological Engineer (Oil Sands Projects)

- design open pit walls, mine waste dumps and dam structures used in oil sands mining, and
analyze slope stability, seepage and hydraulic separation on dam structures.

Hydrogeological Engineer

- provide design and analysis of ponds containing discarded oil sands materials, water
extraction from soil and sand, and steam injection into wells; and evaluate underground
water layers trapped in rocks (aquifers). They also provide advice on environmental
restoration.

Reservoir Geomechanics Engineer (Oil & Gas Operations)

- analyze the strength of soils, drill hole stability, stress constraint, permeability of rock
formations and the degree of trapped hydrocarbons in underground reservoirs

Geomechanics Engineers (Marine Operations)

- analyze the relationship between physical structures and marine geology, anchoring
systems, sediment erosion, slope stability, and foundations for offshore and coastal
structures

Information about International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical

Engineering FOUNDED: 1936 Cambridge MA USA

 The International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE) is
an international professional association, presently based in London, representing engineers,
academics and contractors involved in geotechnical engineering. It is a federation of 89 member
societies representing 90 countries around the world, which together give it a total of some
19,000 individual members. There are also 38 corporate associates from industry. The current
ISSMGE President is Professor Charles W.W. Ng of The Hong Kong University of Science and
Technology.

ACTIVITIES:

The ISSMGE organizes conferences on subjects including deep foundations, earthquake

engineering and underground construction. Its main events continue to be the quadrennial
International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ICSMGE), plus five
quadrennial regional conferences, Young Geotechnical Engineers' Conferences, and specialist
international conferences, symposia and workshops.

In addition to a bimonthly bulletin and various technical committee reports, the society
publishes an official scientific journal in collaboration with Geoengineer.org, the International
Journal of Geo-engineering Case Histories. This is a peer-reviewed online journal that presents
reports of observations and data collected in the practice of geotechnical engineering, earthquake
engineering, environmental geotechnics, and engineering geology.

AIMS:

The aim of the International Society is the promotion of international co-operation

amongst engineers and scientists for the advancement and dissemination of knowledge in the
field of geotechnics, and its engineering and environmental applications. Benefits of membership
include:

• possibility to submit papers to many conferences and symposia

• lower conference registration fees
• possibility of membership of one the many technical committees working on specific topics
• access to work of ISSMGE in various fields of activity, including Education,
Communications, Technology Transfer
• opportunities to demonstrate leadership in Technical Committee, conference and other
activities
• opportunities to build lasting world-wide relationships
• a clear demonstration of interest and professionalism in the field of Geotechnics

• Most of the Geotechnical Engineer are from the companies Terracon Consultants, Inc.,
Terracon and Aecom Corporation. Reported salaries are highest at Haley & Aldrich, Inc.
where the average pay is $87,500. Other companies that offer high salaries for this role
include WSP Global Inc. and Froehling and Robertson Inc., earning around $86,000 and
$77,870, respectively. Terracon Consultants, Inc. pays the lowest at around $63,378.
Stantec Consulting Ltd. and Terracon also pay on the lower end of the scale, paying
$63,875 and $64,547.
 •
• Skills in Engineering Design and Project Management are correlated to pay that is above
average. Skills that pay less than market rate include Microsoft Excel, Autodesk
AutoCAD and Construction Site Inspection.
• An entry-level Geotechnical Engineer with less than 1 year experience can expect to earn
an average total compensation (includes tips, bonus, and overtime pay) of $59,545 based
on 153 salaries. An early career Geotechnical Engineer with 1-4 years of experience earns
an average total compensation of $64,100 based on 584 salaries. A mid-career
Geotechnical Engineer with 5-9 years of experience earns an average total compensation
of $73,967 based on 273 salaries. An experienced Geotechnical Engineer with 10-19
years of experience earns an average total compensation of $90,254 based on 117
salaries. In their late career (20 years and higher), employees earn an average total
 compensation of $98,760.
• Additional Data:

IV. Projects Involving Geotechnical Engineering

Some projects that involve geotechnical engineering are the following:
Four Seasons Hotel & Legg Mason, Baltimore

MD Geo- Technology Associates, INC.(GTA) consist a group of geotechnical and

environmental consultants which provided geotechnical, environmental assessments and
permitting, geohydrological, and construction phase testing and consultation services for the $580
million, Four Seasons Hotel and Legg Mason Office complex in Baltimore’s Inner Harbor. The
foundation, slurry wall, under-drain system, and mat foundations are constructed for this
high-rise hotel/condominium and office building complex with a 22-story hotel and
condominium tower encompassing 455,000 SF (with capacity of construction to 45 stories), and a
26-story, 600,000-SF office tower located directly adjacent to the harbor waterfront. Explorations
included borings, monitoring wells, seismic Cone Penetrating Soundings, and packer in-situ
permeability tests. GTA performed geotechnical evaluations and analysis and developed
recommendations for the design and construction of mat foundations. They also assisted the
design team in selecting a design that relieves the hydrostatic pressure under the mat that
eliminated the need for costly tie-downs. GTA also prepared a geohydrologic model for the site
and performed analysis using “ModFlow” to assess the seepage into the excavations and under
the foundations after construction. GTA designed and prepared plans and specifications for an
underdrain system to control and collect groundwater below the mat foundation set about 50 feet
below the groundwater levels. GTA prepared specifications for construction dewatering. GTA
monitoring displacements of adjacent high-rise buildings during deep excavation and
construction of the underground parking garage. GTA monitored settlement and inclination of
the buildings using instrumented survey techniques. Also monitored inclination of the parking
structures slurry walls using inclinometers. GTA performed Phase I and II Environmental Site
Assessments during the design phase of the project. An environmental management plan was
prepared to provide guidance and requirements for monitoring and disposal of contaminated
materials. GTA provided construction phase testing and observation for structural slurry wall,
tie-backs, mat foundations, and underdrain system.
During the construction of slurry wall, chromium-contaminated groundwater was
encountered. GTA provided coordination with regulatory agencies and oversight for permitting,
collection, treatment, and disposal of about 1.5 million gallons of contaminated water and
sediments. GTA provided design, specification, and installation details for an instrumentation
program to assess movement of the slurry wall and surrounding structures and pore pressures
changes outside the slurry wall.
The monitoring also included sampling of groundwater and sediments to assess
contamination. GTA’s services allowed the client to identify and implement cost-effective
solutions for geotechnical, environmental, and groundwater control issues. GTA’s prompt
response/recommendations to troubleshoot and resolve issues during construction allowed the
project to proceed without delays.

Retaining Wall at Box Hill, Harford County

MD GTA designed a modular block retaining wall to support the proposed 140,000 +/-
square foot Wegmans grocery store at the Boulevard at Box Hill as well as its associated
pavement areas and subsurface utilities. In conjunction with our design, GTA performed a
geotechnical exploration within the area of the retaining wall to determine the subsurface
conditions within the zone of influence beneath the wall. The design included both internal and
global stability analyses to assess the long-term stability of the fill and underlying Potomac Clay
deposit.
GTA also provided construction observation and testing services during construction of
the wall which required over 40,300 square feet of Keystone Standard 21.5-inch block to achieve
its final dimensions of over 1,340 feet long with a maximum exposed height of over 40 feet. The
drainage pipes at the base of the wall and behind the reinforced fill are interconnected and drain
beneath the wall directly into the public storm drain system. The wall backfill consisted of native
sand and gravel and was reinforced with Mirafi geogrid. The structural components of the wall
took less than two months to construct.
Wilmington Country Club Water Impoundment Structure, Wilmington
 DE GTA provided geotechnical engineering for the 21-million-gallon water impoundment
structure at Wilmington Country Club. Services included subsurface exploration and well
installation, groundwater monitoring, slope stability and seepage analysis, and earthwork
recommendations during design and review of the earthwork and engineering consultation during
construction.

Lancaster Newspaper Parking Structure, Lancaster

PA GTA provided geotechnical services for the construction of a six-level precast concrete
parking structure in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. The garage required excavations up to 17 feet in
depth within an urban environment with existing structures on two sides of the proposed garage.
Based on the original design, the proposed foundations could not be economically installed using
conventional shoring systems.
GTA designed a permanent shoring system that would also function as a permanent
pressure relief wall. This allowed the proposed footings to be redesigned and conventional
shoring systems to be economically installed. For the permanent pressure relief wall, GTA
designed a soldier pile wall with shotcrete lagging and a soil nail wall with shotcrete facing. GTA
provided observation and testing during construction, including test nail evaluation. GTA
designed the micropile system to support the proposed garage footings on the underlying
limestone bedrock.
Two types of micropiles, consisting of 7-inch and 9 5/8-inch diameter, were designed.
GTA provided observation and testing for the test pile. GTA also designed an underpinning
system to support an adjacent structure. The underpinning design used a pit system that extended
to depths of up to 7 feet.

I-495 Emergency Bridge Repairs, Wilmington

DE GTA provided emergency response and corrective action services including

subsurface exploration and geotechnical engineering services to repair BR1-183 on I-495 over
Christina River in June 2014 through its open-ended contract with Walton Corporation. GTA’s
engineers and scientists worked diligently 24/7 for 12 days in order to obtain the necessary
subsurface exploration for the design team.
Working conditions were tight as contractors worked to remove a soil stockpile thought to
cause the bridge’s foundation to tilt and rotate, subsequently closing the bridge for almost four
months. Given the limited access underneath the bridge, it was imperative that the subsurface
exploration and instrumentation be installed prior to the foundation contractor mobilizing to the
site. Staff engineers performed borehole logging for six Standard Penetration Test borings and
approximately 120 feet of rock coring performed by Walton Corporation.
The elevated pore pressures at the project site made for difficult drilling conditions. GTA
performed 12 Cone Penetrometer Test soundings along with pore pressure dissipation tests, and
GTA also monitored pore pressure through monitoring wells, pressure transducers and vibrating
wire piezometers installed during those days. GTA oversaw the installation of that
instrumentation, as well as two in-place inclinometers with automated readings.
The instrumentation was monitored remotely using a data acquisition system. The
instruments were monitored for approximately 12 months by GTA, who performed data reduction
and provided Delaware Department of Transportation (DelDOT) with a monthly summary. GTA
supplemented consolidation testing performed by DelDOT’s in-house laboratory by performing
unit weights and loss on ignition tests of undisturbed samples, 14 Unconsolidated Undrained
Tests and 14 compression tests on rock.

Zayed National Museum in Abu Dhabi, UAE

The Zayed National Museum will be the centrepiece of the Saadiyat Island Cultural
District and will showcase the history, culture and, more recently, the social and economic
transformation of the Emirates. Architecturally, the aim has been to combine a highly efficient,
contemporary form with elements of traditional Arabic design and hospitality to create a
museum that is
sustainable, welcoming and culturally of its place. Celebrating Sheikh Zayed’s legacy and love of
nature, the museum is set within a landscaped garden, based on a timeline of his life.
 The Tran Thi Ly bridge in Da Nang, Vietnam

The Nguyễn Văn Trỗi–Trần Thị Lý Bridge is a bridge spanning the Hàn River in the city
of Đà Nẵng, Vietnam. The new bridge replaces two older bridges named after Nguyễn Văn Trỗi
and Trần Thị Lý. Wikipedia Address: 02-09 Duy Tân, Hòa Thuận Đông, Hải Châu, Đà Nẵng
550000, Vietnam Width: 36 m Location: Da Nang Body of water: Hàn River

Manchester Metrolink, in Manchester, United Kingdom

Manchester Metrolink is England's first modern street-operating light rail system. It includes
seven lines that serve the towns of Bury, Altrincham, Eccles, Ashton-under-Lyne, East Didsbury,
Manchester Airport, and Rochdale, meeting at Manchester city centre. Metrolink incorporates
the features of heavy rail and trams.

First Street Tunnel, in Washington DC, United States

The First Street Tunnel is a two-track, soft-earth tunnel built between 1904 and 1906 by
the Washington Terminal Company to serve as the southern approach to Union Station in
Washington, D.C. Wikipedia Tunnel clearance: 17 ft (5.18 m) Owner: Amtrak Opened: 1906 No.
of tracks: 2 single-track tubes Track gauge: 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge Constructed:
1904-1906 Length: 4,033 ft (1,229 m).

City Line in Stockholm, Sweden

The Stockholm City Line is a commuter railway tunnel beneath central Stockholm in
Sweden which is used by the Stockholm Commuter Rail. The line is 7.4 kilometres long, double
track and electrified. Wikipedia Location: Stockholm, Sweden Line length: 7.4 km (4.6 mi)
Stations: 3 Rolling stock: X60/X60B System: Stockholm commuter rail Operating speed: 90
km/h (56 mph) Owner: Swedish Transport Administration.

Gotthard Base Tunnel

At 57 kilometres, the Gotthard Base Tunnel (GBT) is the longest railway tunnel in the
world and represents the centrepiece of the New Rail Link through the Alps (NRLA). It embodies
Swiss values such as innovation, precision and reliability. The Gotthard Base Tunnel provides a
quicker, more reliable link between north and south for both people and goods. SBB is proud to
be operating the longest railway tunnel in the world.
Faster, more frequent and more convenient services as well as new and modernised rolling
stock will considerably increase the transport quality on the north-south axis. Customers will also
benefit from more seats. The improvements will take effect gradually from the end of 2016 and
provide their full benefit from the end of 2020. At the same time, SBB will actively market the
Gotthard region and the mountain route. In total, SBB expects demand for passenger services to
almost double by 2025, with passenger numbers increasing from the current figure of 9,000
people to approximately 15,000 people per day. More new trains will be provided in order to
meet this increase in passenger demand.

Águas Livres Aqueduct

 The Águas Livres Aqueduct, is a baroque architectural infrastructure commissioned by
King Dom João V, which was built between 1731 and 1799,. It is a hydraulic structure that
stretches over 36 miles, built of cut stone quarried in the Lisbon area, together with limestone
masonry.
It was the last great classical aqueduct to be built all over the world, constituting a system
for the capture and transport of water, which passes through five separate municipalities in
Portugal: Amadora, Lisboa, Odivelas, Oeiras and Sintra. It begins in a rural area, in the
municipality of Sintra, where it cohabits with cultivated fields and pine groves, and, throughout
its length, it crosses urban areas, surrounded by buildings and public roads. In the municipality of
Amadora, it runs parallel to the railway line from Sintra to Lisbon.
AGES is ably managed by the conjugal partnership of Richard C. Tan and Janet Y.
Veloso. The former is a first placer in the May 1980 Civil Engineering Board Examination and a
consistent University Scholar during his post-graduate studies at the University of the
Philippines. He has 30 solid years of experience as a practicing geotechnical and pile testing
engineer, and had likewise spent the last twenty-five years either as the company’s project
manager or geotechnical consultant for important geotechnical works, and in conducting pile
testing services. He has been likewise involved, directly or indirectly, with the Department of
Public Works and HIghways (DPWH) as a geotechnical consultant in its various projects. These
are some of their newly proposed projects.
 British Embassy-Manila located at Mckinley Hill Village, Taguig
Client: Mace Limited, LONDON
Scope of Work: Foundation investigation

Sakamoto Plant Expansion Project located at Bauan,

Batangas Client: BAUER FOUNDATION PHILIPPINES, INC.
Scope of Work: High Strain Dynamic Testing
 Iloilo Airport
Client: Trevi FOUNDATIONS PHILIPPINES INC.
Scope of Work: High Strain Dynamic Testing, Static Testing, Ultrasonic Cross-hole Logging

Test
Hanjin Philippines Subic Shop Facility located at Subic Bay Freeport Zone,
SBMA Client: LC BUILDERS & DEVELOPMENT, INC.
Scope of Work: High Strain Dynamic Testing, Static Load Testing

Panay Powerplant Project located at Brgy. Ingore, Lapaz, Iloilo City

Client: PANAY POWERPLANT CORPORATION
Scope of Work: High Strain Dynamic Testing

V. References

Geotechnical Engineering. Retrieved September 04, 2020 from

https://www.geobest.nl/en/geotechnical-engineering

International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. Retrieved September
04,2020 from https://10times.com/company/international-society-for-soil-mechanics-and
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