Internal Combustion Engines

Topic : Fuel and Ignition System

&
Lubricating system
Dr. Vikas Kumar
School of Automobile and Manufacturing Engineering
Symbiosis University of Applied Science, Indore
Carburettor
• The process of mixture preparation in a SI engine is called carburetion. This
air – fuel mixture is prepared outside the cylinder in a device called
carburettor.
• The carburettor atomizes the fuel and mixes with air in different proportion
of load conditions.
Functions:
1. It must atomize, vaporize and mix the fuel
homogeneously with air.
2. It must supply correct amount of air – fuel mixture in
correct proportion under all load conditions and speed of
the engine.
3. It must run the engine smoothly by supplying a correct
mixture strength.
 A Simple or Elementary Carburettor
Components:
 A float chamber with float to store fuel and to
adjust its level.
 a round cylinder with a venturi for
atomization of fuel.
 a fuel nozzle to atomize and produce a spray
of fuel.
 a throttle valve to supply varying quantity of
the mixture at different load conditions.
 a choke valve to control the air supply in
order to provide a rich or a lean mixture.
Operation
• The fuel supply to the float chamber is controlled by the action of the
float and the attached fuel supply valve. During the intake or the
suction stroke of the engine, the piston moves from TDC to BDC, and
creates a vacuum in the space above it and in the suction manifold.
Due to this fall in pressure, the atmospheric air rushes in to the
carburettor. Near the venturi, velocity increases, pressure decreases
and the fuel comes out in the form of a jet. The fuel gets mixed with
air and goes in to the cylinder.
Multi - Point Fuel Injection (MPFI) System
Multiport fuel injection injects fuel into the intake ports just upstream of each cylinder's
intake valve, rather than at a central point within an intake manifold.
 Multi point fuel injection systems are of three types, first is Batched in which fuel is
injected to the cylinders in groups, without precisely bringing together to any particular
cylinder’s intake stroke, the second one is Simultaneous in which fuel is injected at the
same time to all the cylinders and the third one is Sequential in which injection is timed to
coincide with each cylinder’s intake stroke.
In this system each cylinder has number of injectors to supply or spray fuel in the
cylinders as compared to one injector located centrally to supply or spray fuel in case of
single point injection system.
 MPFI system injects fuel into individual cylinders, based on commands from the ‘on
board engine management system computer’ – popularly known as the Engine Control
Unit/ECU.
These techniques result not only in better ‘power balance’ amongst the cylinders but also
in higher output from each one of them, along with faster throttle response.
The electronic fuel injection system supplies the combustion chambers with air/fuel
mixture of optimized ratio under widely varying driving conditions.
WORKING OF MPFI
 Fuel Nozzles
Nozzle is the part of an injector Various types of Nozzles:
through which the fuel is injected
I. The pintle nozzle
into the combustion chamber.
II. The single hole nozzle
Design of nozzle should be such that
the liquid fuel leaving the nozzle is III. The multi-hole nozzle
atomized which helps in proper IV. The pintaux nozzle
mixing of fuel & air.
Type of nozzle used in an injector
depends on the type of combustion
chamber used in an engine
Pintle Nozzle
Specifications:
• Have thin ends in the form of pin.
• Shape of the pin can be varied.
• Hollow cylindrical jet or a wide angle
spray can be obtained.
Advantages:
• It avoids dribbling of fuel in the
combustion chamber.
Single hole nozzle
Specifications
• A single hole is bored at bottom tip of
nozzle.
• Hole diameter is of 0.2 mm.
• Spray cone angle obtained ranges
from 5-20 degrees.
Advantages
• Suitable for open combustion chamber
Disadvantages
• Gives small spray cone angle.
• Have a tendency to dribble.
 Multiple hole Nozzle
Specifications
I. Have multiple holes bored at the tip
of the nozzle.
II. Number of holes vary from 4 to 8.
III. Diameter vary from 0.2 mm to 0.35
mm.
Advantages
I. It ensures proper mixing of fuel in
the chamber.
Disadvantages
I. It requires high injection pressures in
the range of 180 to 200 bar.
 Pintaux Nozzle
Specifications
• Pintle type of nozzle with an
auxiliary hole drilled in it.
• Auxiliary hole injects fuel in a
direction upstream the direction of
air before the main injection starts.
Advantages
I. It reduces the delay period due to
better heat transfer between fuel
& air.
II. It results into better cold starting
performance
What is Ignition System?
Ignition System
• The system in an internal-combustion engine that produces the spark to ignite the
mixture of fuel and air: includes the battery, ignition coil, distributor, spark plugs, and
associated switches and wiring.
IGNITION FUNCTION
 Produces 30,000 volt spark across spark plug.
 Distributes high voltage spark to each spark plug in correct sequence.
 Times the spark so it occurs as piston is nearing top dead centre.
 Varies spark timing with load, speed, and other conditions.
BASIC IGNITION SYSTEM COMPONENTS

 BATTERY.
 IGNITION SWITCH.
 IGNITION COIL.
 SWITCHING DEVICE.
 SPARK PLUG.
 IGNITION SYSTEM WIRES.
BASIC IGNITION SYSTEM
• Battery supplies power to entire
system.
• Ignition Switch turns engine on or off
• Coil transforms volts
• Switching device triggers ignition coil
• Spark Plug and wires distribute spark
IGNITION SYSTEM TYPES
• Battery ignition system.
• Magneto ignition system.
• Electronic ignition system
 BATTERY IGNITION SYSTEM
• A battery ignition system has a 6- or 12-volt
battery charged by an engine-driven
generator to supply electricity, an ignition
coil to increase the voltage, a device to
interrupt current from the coil, a distributor
to direct current to the correct cylinder, and
a spark plug projecting into each cylinder.
• Current goes from the battery through the
primary winding of the coil, through the
interrupting device, and back to the battery.
The primary circuit consist of the battery, ammeter, ignition switch, primary coil winding,
capacitor, and breaker points. The function of these components are :
• Battery – Provides the power to run the system
• Ignition switch – allows the driver to turn the system on and off
• Primary coil – produces the magnetic field to create the high voltage in the secondary coil.
• Breaker points – a mechanical switch that acts as the triggering mechanism
• Capacitor – protects the points from burning out.
The Secondary circuit converts magnetic induction into high voltage electricity to jump
across the spark plug gap, firing the mixture at the right time. The function of the components
are –
• secondary coil – the part of the coil that creates the high voltage electricity.
• Rotor – spin around on the top of the distributor shaft, and distributes the spark to the right
spark plug.
• spark plug – Take the electricity from the wires and give it an air gap in the combustion
chamber to jump across to light the mixture
Advantages and Disadvantages:
Advantages:
1. At the time of starting or at low speed good spark is available.
2. The battery which is used to generate spark can be used to light other auxiliary like
headlight, tell light etc.
3. Initial expenditure is less and it has low maintenance cost.
4. Ignition system is not affected by adjusting spark timing in battery ignition system.

Disadvantages:
1. Time available of built up the current and stored energy is decrease as speed of
engine increases.
2. Contact breaker subjected to both electrical and mechanical wear which results
short maintenance interval.
3. The primary voltage decreases as the engine speed increase. So it is not fully
reliable of high speed engine.
Magneto Ignition System
• In this case magneto will
produce and supply the
required current to the
primary winding. In this
case as shown, we can have
rotating magneto with fixed
coil or rotating coil with
fixed magneto for producing
and supplying current to
primary, remaining
arrangement is same as that
of a battery ignition system.
COMPARISON BETWEEN BATTERY AND MAGNETO
IGNITION SYSTEM
Battery Ignition Magneto Ignition
Battery is a must. No battery needed.
Battery supplies current in primary circuit. Magneto produces the required current for primary circuit.
A good spark is available at low speed also. During starting the quality of spark is poor due to slow
speed.
Occupies more space. Very much compact.
Recharging is a must in case battery gets discharged. No such arrangement required.
Mostly employed in car and bus for which it is required to Used on motorcycles, scooters, etc.
crank the engine.
Battery maintenance is required. No battery maintenance problems.
KEY WORDS
• Battery Ignition System : It is commonly used because of its
combined cheapness, convenience of maintenance, attention and
general suitability.
• Magneto Ignition System : It is an efficient, reliable, self contained
unit, which is often preferred for air craft engines because storage
batteries are heavy and troublesome.
• Firing Order : It is the order in which various cylinders of a multi-
cylinder engine fire.
• Ignition Timing : It is the correct instant for the introduction of spark
near the end of compression stroke in the cycle.
LUBRICATION
LUBRICATION PRINCIPLES:
Consider a block resting on a flat surface covered with a layer of lubricating oil. If
the weight of the block is very high or the oil is thin, the oil will squeeze out. In
other words, a thick oil can support a higher load than that supported by a thin oil.
Hydrodynamic lubrication: When this block is moved over the surface, a
wedge-shaped oil film is built up between the moving block and the surface. This
wedge-shaped film is thicker at the leading edge than at the rear. This type of
lubrication where a wedge-shaped oil film is formed between two moving surfaces
is called hydrodynamic lubrication.
Elastohydrodynamic lubrication: When the load acting on the bearings is
very high, the material itself deforms elastically against the pressure built up of the
oil film. This type of lubrication, called elastohydrodynamic lubrication, occurs
between cams and followers, gear teeth, and rolling bearings where the contact
pressures are extremely high.
Boundary lubrication:
If the film thickness between the two surfaces in relative motion becomes so thin
that formation of hydrodynamic oil film is not possible and the surface high spots or
asperities penetrate called boundary lubrication. Such a situation may arise due to
too high a load, too thin an oil or insufficient supply of oil due to low speed of
movement. Most of the wear associated with friction occurs during boundary
lubrication due to metal-to-metal contact. A condition of boundary lubrication
always exists when the engine is first started. The shaft is in contact with the bottom
of the bearing with only a thin surface film of oil formed on them. The bearing
surfaces are not perfectly smooth-they have ‘hills’ and ‘valleys’ which tear this thin
film which is constantly formed while the crankshaft is turning slowly. As the speed
increases it switches on to hydrodynamic lubrication. Boundary lubrication may also
occur when the engine is under very high loads or when the oil supply to the bearing
is insufficient.
Lubrication Systems

• Mist lubrication system – 2 STROKE

• Wet sump lubrication system – 4 STROKE
SMALL ENGINES
• Dry sump lubrication system -4 STROKE
 MIST LUBRICATION/PETROL LUBRICATION
SYSTEM
• In two-stroke engines, the charge is compressed in the crankcase, and as such it is not
suitable to have the lubricating oil in the sump.
• Therefore, such engines are lubricated by adding 3 % to 6 % oil in the fuel tank itself.
The oil and fuel mixture is inducted through the carburetor.
• The fuel gets vaporized and the oil, in the form of mist, goes into the cylinder through
the crankcase.
• The oil that impinges the crankcase walls lubricates the main and connecting rod
bearings, and the rest of the oil lubricates the piston, piston rings and cylinder.
• The main advantage with this system lies in the simplicity and low cost as the system
does not require any oil pump, filter etc.
• The disadvantages of this system are that a large portion of oil is wasted, it causes
deposits on exhaust port and causes spark –plug fouling.
Thank you