Electric Power Components and Systems

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Reactive Capability Limitations of Doubly-fed

Induction Generators

Bharat Singh & S. N. Singh

To cite this article: Bharat Singh & S. N. Singh (2009) Reactive Capability Limitations of Doubly-
fed Induction Generators, Electric Power Components and Systems, 37:4, 427-440, DOI:
10.1080/15325000802548905

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Electric Power Components and Systems, 37:427–440, 2009
Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
ISSN: 1532-5008 print/1532-5016 online
DOI: 10.1080/15325000802548905

Reactive Capability Limitations of Doubly-fed

Induction Generators
BHARAT SINGH1 and S. N. SINGH1
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology,
Kanpur, U.P., India

Abstract In the new electricity grid code, reactive power generation by wind farms,
which must operate similarly to other conventional power plants, is a major concern
during both steady-state and fault conditions. This article presents the reactive power
capability of a doubly-fed induction generator through the use of performance capa-
bility curves. First, three steady-state models of doubly-fed induction generators are
derived in terms of (i) stator and rotor voltage (V S and V R ), (ii) stator voltage and
rotor current (V S and I R ), and (iii) stator voltage and stator current (V S and I S ),
to derive the limitations in the reactive power production caused by the rotor voltage,
rotor current, and stator current limits, respectively. Second, the reactive power
capability of the grid-side converter is included. Finally, a complete capability curve
of doubly-fed induction generators for stator voltages is developed by optimization of
rotor speed employing the maximum power point tracking algorithm. It is established
that the total reactive power production is limited by the rotor voltage limit for large
slips and then by rotor current limit, and the total reactive power consumption is
limited by the stator current limit for the entire operating region of the optimized slip.
The capability curve of the unified doubly-fed induction generator scheme is also
presented in this article.

Keywords capability curve, doubly-fed induction generator, optimized slip, wind

power generation

1. Introduction
Wind power, which has been proved to be a potential source for generation of electricity
with minimal environmental impact, is the fastest-growing source for electric power
generation, and it is expected to remain so in the future. At the end of 2007, the wind-
installed capacity stands at over 94,112 MW worldwide, which is more than 20 GW from
the capacity in 2006 [1]. With the advancement of aerodynamic designs, wind turbines
can capture several megawatts of power, and this substantial amount of wind power can
supplement the base power demand when such wind energy conversion systems (WECSs)
are integrated into the grid.
Due to large penetration and mature technology, wind farms must fulfill almost
the same requirements as conventional power plants. According to new grid codes, wind
farms have to supply not only active power, but also to supply/consume the reactive power
to/from the grid. The requirements are defined with respect to the power factor as a func-
tion of the voltage at the point of common coupling (PCC) with the main grid. Thus, the
reactive power management becomes an integral issue in the grid-connected wind farms.
Received 23 April 2008; accepted 15 September 2008.
Address correspondence to Bharat Singh, Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian
Institute of Technology, Kanpur, U.P., 208 016, India. E-mail: [email protected]

427
428 B. Singh and S. N. Singh

Nomenclature
CPOPT power coefficient at optimal tip-speed ratio (TSR)
K! wind-turbine-dependent coefficient
LM magnetizing inductance
LS , LR stator and rotor inductance, respectively
LS , LR stator and rotor leakage inductance, respectively
PE , QE total active and reactive power supplied to grid, respectively
PMOPT power at optimal TSR
PR , QR rotor active and reactive power, respectively
PS , QS stator active and reactive power, respectively
QGSC grid-side converter reactive power
R rotor radius
s slip
V S, IS, S
stator voltage, current, and flux linkage phasors, respectively
V R, I R, R
rotor voltage, current, and flux linkage phasors, respectively
ı phase angle between stator and rotor voltage
 phase angle between stator voltage and rotor current
MOPT optimal TSR
AIR air density
 phase angle between stator voltage and current
!M rotational speed
!S , !R stator and rotor angular frequency, respectively

The doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) is commonly used in variable-speed

large wind turbines. The DFIG has the ability to provide precise speed control and good
power factor with a converter that is rated as low as 25% of the machine power rating.
Due to its many advantages, such as improved power quality, high energy efficiency
and controllability, reduced power converter rating, etc., the variable-speed wind turbine
using a DFIG is becoming popular for large power generation from wind.
In order to determine the technical viability of the DFIG for a wind generator
application, the capabilities of the DFIG need to be determined. Recently, some research
has given attention to the steady-state P-Q curve of a DFIG [2–4]. Tapia et al. [2]
derived P-Q curves by imposing only rotor current limitation for different operating
temperatures. Similarly, [3] presents P-Q curves of a DFIG for different terminal voltages
by considering only rotor current limits. Lund et al. [4] derived P-Q curves of a DFIG by
imposing rotor current, stator current, and rotor voltage limits. But none of these authors
considered the reactive power capability of a grid-side converter (GSC). Considering the
GSC reactive power capability will substantially change the operating range and operation
of a DFIG. Peterson [5] proposed a new unified architecture (UA) of a DFIG using three
converters; using a third converter drastically changed the reactive capability.
In this article, the reactive power capability of a conventional DFIG and a unified
DFIG has been obtained by extending the analysis of steady-state model of operation of
a DFIG with a power grid through the use of performance capability curves. First, three
steady-state models of DFIGs are derived in terms of (i) stator and rotor voltage (V S and
V R ), (ii) stator voltage and rotor current (V S and I R ), and (iii) stator voltage and stator
current (V S and I S ) to derive the limitations in reactive power production, caused by
the rotor voltage, the rotor current, and the stator current, respectively. Second, reactive
 Reactive Capability of Induction Generators 429

power capability from the GSC is derived and included. Finally, a complete P-Q diagram
of a DFIG is developed by optimization of rotor speed employing the maximum power
point tracking (MPPT) algorithm. The effect of stator voltage variation on capability
curves is also demonstrated.

2. Mathematical Model of DFIG

The DFIG is a wound rotor induction generator having three-phase windings on the
rotor and stator. The stator is directly connected to the grid, and the rotor power is fed
by variable frequency power electronic converters, as shown in Figure 1. The power
electronic converter system consists of two back-to-back pulse width modulation (PWM)
voltage-fed current-regulated converters, namely, the rotor or machine-side converter
(MSC) and GSC, which are controlled independently. The MSC is used to convert the
rotor frequency power to DC power and then feed back to the AC system using the GSC,
which converts DC power to AC power at the system frequency. The rotor voltage V R
induced by the MSC in the rotor circuit is a complex quantity that represents two control
variables. Usually, the field-oriented approach is employed for controlling the MSC,
which allows the control of active and reactive powers, independently, of the stator side.
The fundamental steady-state equations for the DFIG are given by Eqs. (1)–(4) [6]
at the fundamental frequency. Higher harmonics, losses in core and windings, and losses
in the converter are neglected for simplification.

Voltage equations:
V s D j!S S
; (1)

V r D RR I R C j.!S !R / R
: (2)

Flux equations:
S
D LS I S C LM I R ; (3)

R
D LR I R C LM I S ; (4)

where LS D LS C LM and LR D LR C LM .

Figure 1. DFIG with back-to-back PWM voltage source converters.

430 B. Singh and S. N. Singh

Figure 2. Steady-state per phase equivalent circuit of DFIG.

Eliminating flux linkages using Eqs. (3) and (4), we have

V S D j!S .LS I S C LM I R /; (5)

V R D RR I R C js!S .LR I R C LM I S /: (6)

The equivalent circuit corresponding to Eqs. (5) and (6) is illustrated in Figure 2.

3. Reactive Power Capability Limits

The operation of a DFIG can be characterized by three variables: active power supplied
to the grid, total reactive power produced/absorbed to/from grid, and stator voltage. In
this section, the DFIG operating limits will be characterized through the P-Q relationship
under constant stator voltage. The stator voltage of a DFIG is determined by the grid, and
it is assumed to be constant at 1 p.u. Hence, the reactive power capabilities of the DFIG
and power converters are limited in terms of following rated parameters: rotor voltage,
rotor current, and stator current. The derivation of the reactive power capability limits is
performed as follows.

3.1. Rotor Voltage Limitation

The rotor voltage limit is determined by the voltage rating of the rotor circuit of the DFIG
as well as the power converters. The rotor voltage limitation is essential for the rotor
speed range, because the required rotor voltage to provide a certain field is directly
proportional to the slip [4]. Thus, the possible rotor speed is limited by the possible rotor
voltage.
The rotor voltage limit is calculated by deriving the active and reactive power in
terms of stator and rotor voltages only, as

PS C jQS D 3V S I S : (7)
 Reactive Capability of Induction Generators 431

By eliminating the stator currents in Eq. (7) and using Eq. (5), we obtain
 
LM Vs
PS C jQS D 3V S j I R : (8)
LS LM !S
Let ı be the power angle taken between V S and V R . On solving for IR using Eqs. (5)
and (6), we get
LM
0 1
B VR .cos ı C j sin ı/ s LS Vs C
IR D B C .RR js!S LSC /; (9)
@ RR2 C .s!S LSC /2 A

L2
where LSC D .LR LMS /.
On eliminating I R from Eq. (8) using Eq. (9) and separating out the real and
imaginary parts, the expressions of the stator side active and reactive powers in terms of
stator and rotor voltages only, are obtained as
0 1
 2  
LM sRR LM B sin.ı C ıK /
PS D 3VS2 3VS VR A (10)
C
LS 2 2 LS
@q
RR C .s!S LSC / RR2 C .s!S LSC /2

and
!
3VS2 .s!S LM /2 LSC
 
LM cos.ı C ıK /
QS D 1C 2 3VS Vr p I (11)
!S LS RR C .s!S LSC /2 LS Rr2 C .swLSC /2
i.e.,
PS D asynchronous active power C synchronous active power, and
QS D absorbed reactive power with short-circuited rotor C synchronous reactive power,

where ıK D tan 1 . s!SRLr S C /.

Similarly, rotor-side active power can be obtained by eliminating I R using Eq. (9) as
PR D Re.3V R I R /; (12)
0 1
 
LM sin.ı ıK /
PR D 3sVS VR A: (13)
B C
@q
LS 2
RR C .s!S LSC /2

The total active power (PE ) supplied from the DFIG to the grid is the sum of power
supplied from the stator to the grid (i.e., PS ) and the power exchanged with the converter
at the rotor slip rings (i.e., PR ). The total reactive power (QE ) exchanged between the
DFIG and the grid is equal to the reactive power in the stator, i.e., QS . Here, it is assumed
that the GSC exchanges active power only with the grid and usually operates at a power
factor equal to one, i.e., QGSC D 0. Later, in section 6, the reactive power capability of
the GSC will also be considered. Now, PE and QE can be given as
PE D PS C PR ; (14)
QE D QS : (15)
432 B. Singh and S. N. Singh

3.2. Rotor Current Limitation

The rotor current limit is determined by the current rating of the rotor circuit of the DFIG
as well as power converters. Because of the rotor current copper power loss, the rotor
current imposes a thermal limit on the operation of the DFIG and power converters.
The rotor current limit is calculated by deriving the active and reactive power in
terms of stator voltage and rotor current only. By eliminating I S from Eq. (7) by using
Eq. (5) and on separating real and imaginary parts, we have
LM
PS D 3 VS IR cos ; (16)
LS
VS2 LM
QS D 3 C3 VS IR sin ; (17)
LM !S LS
where  is the angle between V S and I R .
Similarly, for the rotor side, the active power can be obtained by eliminating V R
from Eq. (12) using Eqs. (5) and (6) as
LM
PR D 3s VS IR cos : (18)
LS
Now, PE and QE can be given as
LM
PE D PS C PR D 3.1 s/ VS Ir cos ; (19)
LS
VS2 LM
QE D QS D 3 C3 VS IR sin : (20)
LM !S LS

3.3. Stator Current Limitation

The stator current results in a copper power loss, and the energy associated with this
loss must be removed to limit the increase in temperature of the stator conductor and its
immediate environment. Therefore, a third limitation is the maximum stator current that
can be carried by the stator conductor without exceeding the thermal limitation.
The stator current limit is calculated by deriving the active and reactive power in
terms of stator voltage and stator current only. On separating the real and imaginary part
of Eq. (7), we get

PS D 3VS IS cos ; (21)

QS D 3VS IS sin ; (22)

where  is the angle between V S and I S .

Similarly, for the rotor-side active power, Eq. (12) can be written as [7]

PR D Re.3VR I R /  sPS : (23)

Now, PE and QE can be written as

PE D PS C PR D 3.1 s/VS Ir cos ; (24)

QE D QS D 3VS IR sin : (25)

 Reactive Capability of Induction Generators 433

4. Optimization by Rotor Speed

Most of the generators (including the DFIG) for wind power generation operate at a
variable speed because of several advantages over fixed-speed generators. The power
produced by the variable-speed generators are dependent on the speed (or slip) of the
turbine. Therefore, the capability curve will be specified for the given speeds (or slips)
for entire operating range.
The MPPT algorithm is employed to capture the maximum power from the wind
turbine by tracking the optimal rotor speed. Variable-speed operation of the DFIG at
the optimum TSR would produce more energy. It is possible to increase annual power
production by approximately 5% [7]. In [8], a 62.7% increase was claimed in annual
power production with respect to a conventional fixed-speed system depending on site.
In order to achieve maximum power, the TSR should be kept at the optimal operating
point for all wind speeds.
Hence, in this article, the capability curve for the DFIG is developed by optimizing
the rotor speed using the MPPT algorithm. Figure 3 shows the optimized rotational speed
of a DFIG as a function of power that is calculated from the expression [7] given as

CPOPT 3
PMOPT D 0:5AIR R5 … 3
!M D K! !M ; (26)
M
OPT

where

AIR is the air density,

R is the rotor radius,
CPOPT is the power coefficient at the optimal TSR,
M
OPT is the optimal TSR,
!M is the rotational speed, and
Kw is the wind turbine dependent coefficient.

The DFIG parameters are given in Appendix A.

Figure 3. Optimized rotational speed as a function of power for given DFIG.

434 B. Singh and S. N. Singh

Figure 4. P-Q curves for constant rotor voltage magnitude for different values of slip (VS D 1 p.u.,
VR D 0:3 p.u.).

5. Capability Curve of DFIG

The capability curve of a DFIG is a graphical representation of the machine operating
limits in a P-Q plane. The locus of the capability curve is obtained by the minimum
absolute value of three limiting curves governed by the stator current, rotor current, and
rotor voltage during the entire operation of the optimized slip.
P-Q curves for constant rotor voltage limitation during the optimized slip are
calculated by using Eqs. (14) and (15) for variation in angle ı, as shown in Figure 4. It
can be observed from Figure 4 that reactive power generation at zero PE is the same for

Figure 5. P-Q curves for constant rotor current magnitude for different values of slip (VS D 1 p.u.,
IR D 1 p.u.).
 Reactive Capability of Induction Generators 435

Figure 6. P-Q curves for constant stator current voltage magnitude for different values of slip
(VS D 1 p.u., IS D 1 p.u.).

the equal values of positive and negative slips. Nose points depict the maximum values
of the total power output of the DFIG for a given slip. Moreover, the real power output
is more for the negative slip compared to the same value of the positive slip.
P-Q curves for rotor current limitation during the optimized slip are calculated using
Eqs. (19) and (20) for variation in angle , as shown in Figure 5. It can be seen from
Figure 5 that total real power output of the DFIG decreases with a decrease in the slip.
P-Q curves for constant stator current limitation during the optimized slip are
calculated using Eqs. (24) and (25) for variation in angle ˆ, as shown in Figure 6.
The capability curve for the DFIG is obtained by calculating the minimum absolute
value of the limiting curves of three variables—i.e., rotor voltage, rotor current, and
stator current—for the entire operating region of the optimized slip, as shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7 shows the capability curve of a DFIG whose parameters are given in Appendix A.
It can be seen that the DFIG absorbs reactive power at low power generation. The
reactive power generation at a lower slip is limited by rotor current, whereas absorption
of reactive power is limited by stator current. Maximum reactive power generation is
always less than the maximum reactive power absorption at any power output of a DFIG.
The maximum real power output is limited by mechanical power limit constraints.

6. Reactive Power Capability of GSC

Depending upon the requirement, the GSC can provide the reactive power to the grid.
During the voltage fluctuations or in the case of weak grid, the stator and GSC can
produce/absorb reactive power to/from the grid. Reactive power from the GSC can be
computed by following expression:
q
QGSC D ˙ .VGSC IGSC /2 PR2 ; (27)

where VGSC and IGSC are AC side voltage and current of the GSC.
436 B. Singh and S. N. Singh

Figure 7. Capability curve of DFIG for entire operating region of optimized slip.

The rating of the converter is limited due to speed range and, hence, to the slip power.
In this work, ˙30% speed range is assumed as the converter rating is approximately 30%
of the DFIG stator rating. At VGSC D VS D 1 p.u., the reactive power capability supplied
by the GSC will be limited by the current rating of the converter, i.e., IGSC .
Depending on the operating conditions, the reactive power capability of the GSC may
vary from the maximum positive slip to the maximum negative slip values. At s D sMAX ,
QGSC will be equal to 0 p.u., and at s D 0, QGSC will be maximum in magnitude
(˙sMAX p.u.). From Eq. (27), it can be seen that QGSC is dependent on the rotor power
(PR ). If the rotor power is large (for large absolute values of slips), the capability of the
GSC to supply reactive power is less and vice versa. Hence, significant reactive power
support to the grid can be provided by the GSC during the low absolute values of the slip.

7. Complete P-Q Curve

The complete capability curve is obtained by adding the reactive power from the GSC
and the reactive power from the stator of the DFIG for the complete operating region of
an optimized slip, as shown in Figure 8, using Eqs. (29) and (30) as

PE D PS C PR ; (28)

QE D QS C QGSC : (29)

From Figures 7 and 8, the following inferences can be made.

 Total reactive power production is limited by rotor voltage limit for a large positive
slip (up to s D 0:24) and then by rotor current limit. The total reactive power
consumption is limited by stator current limit for the complete operating region
of the optimized slip.
 There is a very steep change in capability curve during the slip values from 0.3
to 0.24; hence, it is advisable to avoid operation near rotor voltage limit during
high positive values.
 Reactive Capability of Induction Generators 437

Figure 8. Complete capability curve of DFIG considering reactive power capability of GSC.

 Considering GSC reactive power, the limit for total reactive power production
always remains positive (Figure 8 only) for the complete operating region of the
optimized slip.
 Without GSC reactive power support, the DFIG cannot produce reactive power at
high slip.
 During the complete operating region of the optimized slip, rotor power (PR )
remains considerably small, and hence, the reactive power capability of the GSC
can be utilized.

8. Effect of Grid Voltage Variation

The terminal voltage of the DFIG may change due to operating conditions, and thus, the
capability to generate reactive power will also be changed. Capability curves for three
different stator voltages (VS D 0:95, 1.0, and 1.05 p.u.) are shown in Figure 9. With the
increase in stator voltage, rotor and stator current limits increase and vice versa. But,
conversely, rotor voltage limits decrease with an increase in stator voltage and vice versa.
The lower stator voltage will lead to higher rotor voltage limitations (or reactive power
capability), because it lowers the magnetizing level of the machine, thereby reducing the
magnetizing losses.

9. New Series GSC DFIG Architecture

The conventional DFIG (having two converters) architecture in which the GSC is con-
nected in parallel with the grid performs very well at power processing but is incapable
of riding through a PCC voltage sag [5, 9]. Utilizing a series grid-side converter (SGSC)
in addition to the GSC, which shares the same DC bus as the MSC and is connected
in series with the stator winding of the DFIG, it is possible to inject series voltage and
phase angle into the grid, similar to the unified power flow controller (UPFC), which has
several benefits and provides necessary compensation during abnormal conditions. This
configuration is termed UA and is shown in Figure 10.
438 B. Singh and S. N. Singh

Figure 9. Capability curve of DFIG for different stator voltages.

During normal and abnormal conditions, the GSC (termed a parallel GSC [PGSC])
facilitates the normal power processing capabilities for both sub-synchronous and super-
synchronous modes of operation of the DFIG. During normal operating conditions,
the SGSC facilitates only reactive power capability, and during abnormal conditions, the
SGSC injects series voltage and phase angle for necessary compensation required for
secure and stable operation. The SGSC is sized to meet the desired reactive power

Figure 10. UA.

 Reactive Capability of Induction Generators 439

Figure 11. Complete capability curve of UA.

capability, enabling it to ride through the worst conditions. In both normal and extreme
conditions, the SGSC provides reactive power injection to the grid [10].
Utilization of an extra converter with associated controls and transformer will in-
crease the cost of whole system, but at the same time, it will facilitate the low voltage
ride-through (LVRT) capability and additional reactive power support. The cost of the
converter depends on the rating; hence, the rating of the SGSC must be chosen wisely
for economical operation. In this article, the rating of the SGSC is taken as 15% of the
DFIG stator rating.
In this section, only static performance, such as injection/absorption of reactive power
to/from grid during abnormal/normal conditions, is discussed. The dynamic performance
achieved with the series injection scheme is not explored. For reactive power support,
the injection of series voltage must be in phase quadrant with the stator (or line)
current. Hence, the injection of series voltage will not change the stator terminal voltage
substantially. Stator terminal voltage will always be the addition of grid voltage and series
injected voltage. The capability curve for UA, as shown in Figure 11, can be obtained by
adding the reactive power from the SGSC. It is assumed that stator voltage (VS ) remains
constant and equal to 1 p.u.

10. Conclusions
With the increased installation of large DFIG wind turbines, in the system having a new
electricity grid code where a wind power generator must fulfill the same requirements
as conventional power plants, it is necessary to develop a reactive power capability limit
constrained by machine operating limits. The main operating limits of a DFIG are the
rotor voltage, rotor current, and stator current.
It is observed that total reactive power production is limited by the rotor voltage limit
for large slips and then by rotor current limit. The total reactive power consumption is lim-
ited by the stator current limit for the entire operating region of the optimized slip. Also,
during the operating region of the optimized slip, the rotor power (PR ) remains consider-
ably small, and hence, the reactive power capability of the GSC can be utilized. The reac-
440 B. Singh and S. N. Singh

tive power capability of a unified DFIG having three converters is investigated. It is found
that during steady state, the converter can be utilized to provide the required capability.

Acknowledgment
The financial support obtained from the CPRI (Project No. CPRI/EE/20070101), Banga-
lore, India, is greatly acknowledged.

References
1. Global Wind Energy Council, available at: http://www.gwec.net.
2. Tapia, A., Tapia, G., Ostolaza, J. X., and Saenz, J. R., “Modeling and control of a wind
urbine driven doubly fed induction generator,” IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, Vol. 18, No. 2,
pp. 194–204, June 2003.
3. Mustafa, K., and Milanovic, J. V., “Reactive power control strategies for DFIG-based plants,”
IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 389–396, June 2007.
4. Lund, T., Sørensen, P., and Eek, J., “Reactive power capability of a wind turbine with doubly
fed induction generator,” Wind Energy, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 379–394, July/August 2007.
5. Peterson, A., Analysis Modeling and Control of Doubly-Fed Induction Generators for Wind
Turbines, Ph.D. Thesis, Chalmers University of Technology, Goteborg, Sweden, 2005.
6. Boldea, I., Variable Speed Generators, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2006.
7. Akhmatov, V., “Variable-speed wind turbines with doubly-fed induction generators Part 1:
Modelling in Dynamic Simulation Tools,” Wind Eng., Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 85–108, March 2002.
8. Datta, R., and Ranganathan, V. T., “Variable-speed wind power generation using doubly fed
wound rotor induction machine—a comparison with alternative schemes,” IEEE Trans. Energy
Conversion, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 414–421, September 2002.
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Appendix A
Parameters of simulated DFIG

Rated power 1.5 MW

Stator voltage 575 V
Rs 0.0071 p.u.
Rr 0.005 p.u. (referred to stator)
Ls 0.171 p.u.
Lr 0.156 p.u. (referred to stator)
Lm 2.9 p.u.
Number of pole pairs 3
Inertia constant 5.04