Topic 1

Per Unit System

and
Single Line Diagram

EE 605 Power Network Analysis

Dr. Muhyaddin Jamal Rawa
Contents
1. Per Unit System.
2. The Single-Line or One-Line Diagram.
3. Impedance and Reactance Diagrams.

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1. Per-Unit System
1.1 Single phase system
• The per-unit (pu) system is used extensively in
power system calculations.
• The definition of the per-unit value of any
quantity is given as:

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• If any two of these quantities are chosen
arbitrarily, the other two become fixed.
• For example, selecting base values for voltage
and power fixes the base values for current
and impedance.
• Therefore, on a per phase basis the following
relationships hold:

base power = base VA

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 Example
• Calculate the base impedance and base
current for a single-phase system if the base
voltage is 7.2 kV and the base apparent power
is 10 MVA.

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Per unit impedances in single phase
transformers
• The ohmic values of resistance and leakage
reactance of a transformer depend on
whether they are measured on the high or low
tension side of the transformer.
• If they are expressed in per unit, the base volt-
amperes is understood to be the rating of the
transformer.

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• The base voltage is understood to be the
voltage rating of the low tension winding if
the ohmic values of resistance and leakage
reactance are referred to the low tension side
of the transformer.
• However, the base voltage is understood to be
the voltage rating of the high tension winding
if the ohmic values of resistance and leakage
reactance are referred to the high tension side
of the transformer.

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 Example
• A single phase transformer is rated 110/440 V,
2.5 kVA. Leakage reactance measured from
the low tension side is 0.06 ohms. Determine
leakage reactance in per unit.

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 Solution
• Base voltage for the Low Tension Side (LTS)=110 V
• Base VA = 2500 VA
• Low tension base impedance = 1102/2500 = 4.84
ohms
• Xpu = 0.06/4.84 = 0.0124 pu

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If leakage reactance had been measured on the high
tension side, the value would be
• X = 0.06*(440/110 )2 = 0.96 ohms.
• Base voltage for the High Voltage Side (HTS)=440V
• High tension base impedance = 4402/2500
= 77.5 ohms
• Xpu = 0.96/77.5 = 0.0124 pu

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1.2 Three phase system

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 Example
• A three-phase system delivers 18,000 kW to a
pure resistive wye-connected load. The line-
to-line voltage at the load terminals is 108 kV.
Assuming the three-phase power base is
30,000 kVA and the voltage base is 120 kV,
find the following per unit quantities for the
load:
a) the per unit voltage,
b) the per unit power,
c) the per unit current, and
d) the per unit impedance.
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 Example
• A three phase transformer is rated 220Y/22Δ
kV, 400 MVA. Leakage reactance measured
from the low voltage side is 0.121 ohms.
Determine leakage reactance in per unit.

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 solution
• Base voltage at the LVS = 22kV
• Base MVA = 400 MVA
• Base impedance at the LVS =
(22000)2/400,000,000 = 1.21 ohms
• Leakage reactance = 0.121/1.21 = 0.1 pu

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 Example
• Three single phase transformers are rated
38.1Y/3.81Δ kV, 25 MVA each and connected
to a 0.6 Y resistor at the LTS.
a. Calculate the per unit resistance load.
b. Choose a base of 75 MVA, 66 kV for the
high tension side of the transformer. Calculate
the per unit resistance load.

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 solution
• The rating of the transformer as a three phase
transformer:
25*3 = 75 MVA & 38.1*sqrt(3)Y/ Δ 3.81 kV
=> 75 MVA & 66 /3.81 kV
The base quantities for the LTS are
75 MVA
3.81 kV
Base impedance for the LTS=(3.81)2/75=0.1935ohms
RL = 0.6/0.1935 = 3.1 pu
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• Alternatively
Base impedance for the HTS = (66)2/75 = 58.1 ohms
RL referred to the HTS = 0.6*(66/3.81)2 = 180 ohms
RL = 180/58.1 = 3.1 pu

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Changing the Base of Per-Unit
Quantities
• Often the per-unit impedance of a component
of a system is expressed on a base other than
the one selected as base for the part of the
system in which the component is located.
• It is necessary to have a means of converting
per-unit impedances from one base to
another.

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 Example
• The per phase reactance of a three-phase, 220
kV, 6.25 MVA transmission line is 8.4 ohms.
a. Find the reactance value in per unit, based
on the rated values of the line.
b. Convert the per unit reactance value to a
230 kV, 7.5 MVA base.

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Advantages of Per Unit System for Analysis

• The per-unit system gives a clear idea of

relative magnitudes of various quantities such
as voltage, current, power and impedance.
• The per-unit impedance of equipment of the
same general type based on their own ratings
fall in a narrow range regardless of the rating
of the equipment. Whereas their impedance
in ohms vary greatly with the rating.

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Advantages of Per Unit System for Analysis

• The per-unit values of impedance, voltage and

current of a transformer are the same
regardless of whether they are referred to the
primary or the secondary side.
This is a great advantage since different
voltage levels disappear and the entire system
reduces to a system of simple impedance.

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Advantages of Per Unit System for Analysis

• The per-unit systems are ideal for the

computerized and simulation of complex
power system problems.
• The circuit laws are valid in per-unit systems.

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2. The Single-Line or One-Line Diagram
• A balanced three-phase system is always
solved as a single-phase or per-phase
equivalent circuit composed of one of the
three lines and a neutral return.
• It is seldom necessary to show more than one
phase and the neutral return when drawing a
diagram of the circuit.

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• A single-line or one-line diagram is a diagram
in which the transmission line is represented
by a single line between its two ends with its
component parts are indicated by standard
symbols rather than by their equivalent
circuits.
• The American National Standards Institute
(ANSI) and the Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers (IEEE) have published a
set of standard symbols for electrical diagrams
as shown in the following figure.
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• The standard symbol to designate a three-
phase Y with the neutral solidly grounded is
shown in the previous figure.
• If a resistor or reactor is inserted between the
neutral of the Y and ground to limit the flow
of current to ground during a fault, the
appropriate symbol for resistance or
inductance may be added to the standard
symbol for the grounded Y.
• Most transformer neutrals in transmission
systems are solidly grounded.
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• Figure 1.25 shows a single-line diagram of a
simple power system .

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• Two genetators, one grounded through a
reactor and one throught a resistor, are
connected to a bus and through a step-up
transformer to a transmission line.
• Another generator, grounded through a
reactor, is connected to a bus and through a
transformer to the opposite end of the
transmission line.

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• A load is connected to each bus.
• Usually on the single line diagram, there is
some information regarding the loads, ratings
of the generators and transformers, and
reactances of the different components of the
circuit.

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3. Impedance and Reactance Diagrams
• In order to calculate the performance of a
system under load conditions or upon the
occurrence of a fault, the one-line diagram is
used to draw the single-phase or per-phase
equivalent circuit of the system.
• Figure 1.26 combines the equivalent circuits
for the various components shown in figure
1.25 to form the per-phase impedance
diagram of the system.

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• If a load study is to be made, the lagging loads
A and B are represented by resistance and
inductive reactance in series.
• The impedance diagram does not include the
current limiting impedances shown in the
one-line diagram between the neutrals of the
generators and ground because no current
flows in the ground under balanced conditions
and the neutrals of the generators are at the
potential of the neutral of the system.

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• Since the shunt current of a transformer is
usually insignificant compared with the full-
load current, the shunt admittance is usually
omitted in the equivalent circuit of the
transformer.
• Resistance and inductive reactance do not add
directly, and impedance is not far different
from the inductive reactance if the resistance
is small.
• Therefore, Resistance is often omitted when
making fault calculations.
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• To simplify the calculation of fault current, all
static loads, resistances, the shunt admittance
of each transformer, and the capacitance of
the transmission line are omitted on the
reactance diagram.
• Then, the impedance diagram of figure 1.26
reduces to the per-phase reactance diagram
shown in figure 1.27.

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• These simplifications apply to fault
calculations only and not to power-flow
studies.
• The per-phase impedance and reactance
diagrams discussed here are sometimes called
the per-phase positive-sequence diagrams.
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 Example
• Consider the system below. Find the new per-
unit values for each element of the system
based on a 2.0 MVA system base. Draw the
reactance diagram of the system.

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• The per-unit values for each element of the three-phase
system shown above are as follows:
• Machine 1 1.00 MVA, 11 kV, Z = j0.1 pu
• Machine 2 0.50 MVA, 11 kV, Z = j0.15 pu
• Machine 3 2.00 MVA, 12 kV, Z = j0.05 pu
• Transmission Line Z = 10 + j20 Ω
• Transformer 1 2.00 MVA, 11 / 33 kV, Z = j0.15 pu
• Transformer 2 3.00 MVA, 33 / 11 kV, Z = j0.10 pu

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• The power base for the entire system is 2.00
MVA. The base voltages are chosen for the
following areas as:

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 Base voltage

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• The per-unit values for each element of the
above system can be obtained as follow:

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 Reactance diagram

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• For the previous example: if one of the
transformers is replaced by three single phase
transformers. What will be the difference?

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• Example 3.7 (Saddat)
The one-line diagram of a three-phase power
system is shown in the figure.

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• The three-phase load at bus 4 absorbs 57
MVA, 0.6 power factor lagging at 10.45 kV.
Line 1 and line 2 have reactances of 48.4 Ω
and 65.43 Ω, respectively.
• Select a common base of 100 MVA and 22 kV
on the generator side. Draw an impedance
diagram with all impedances including the
load impedance marked in per-unit. The
manufacturer data for each device is given as
follows:

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 G: 90 MVA 22 kV X = 18 %
T1 50 MVA 22/220 kV X = 10 %
T2 40 MVA 220/11 kV X=6%
T3 40 MVA 22/110 kV X = 6.4 %
T4 40 MVA 110/11 kV X=8%
M 66.5 MVA 10.45 kV X = 18.5 %

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• The voltage bases for all sections of the
network must first be determined.
• The generator rated voltage is given as the
base voltage at bus 1.
• This fixes the voltage bases for the remaining
buses in accordance to the transformer turns
ratios.
• The base voltage VB1 on the LV side of T1 is
VB1  22 kV

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• Hence, the base voltage on T1 HV side is
220
VB 2  22( )  220 kV
22
• This fixes the base on the HV side of T2 at
VB3  220 kV
• On the LV side of T2, the base voltage is
11
VB 4  220( )  11 kV
220

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• Similarly, the base voltages at buses 5 and 6
are
110
VB 5  VB 6  22( )  110 kV
22
• Since generator and transformer voltage bases
are the same as their rated values, their per-
unit reactances on a 100 MVA base are
100
G: X  0.18( )  0.2 pu
90

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 100
T1 : X  0.10( )  0.2 pu
50

100
T2 : X  0.06( )  0.15 pu
40

100
T3 : X  0.064( )  0.16 pu
40
100
T4 : X  0.08( )  0.2 pu
40

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• The motor reactance is expressed on its
nameplate rating of 66.5 MVA and 10.45 kV.
However, the base voltage at bus 4 for the
motor is 11 kV.
• Hence, the motor reactance on a 100 MVA, 11
kV is
100 10.45 2
M: X  0.185( )( )  0.25 pu
66.5 11

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• Impedance bases for lines 1 and 2 are
2
(220)
Z B 23   484 
100
2
(110)
Z B 56   121 
100
• Line 1 and 2 reactances are
48.4
Line 1 : X   0.1 pu
484
65.43
Line 2 : X   0.54 pu
121
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• The load apparent power at 0.6 power factor
lagging is

S L (3 )  57(cos 1 0.6)  5753.13 MVA

• Therefore, the load impedance in ohms is

2 2
(VL  L ) (10.45)
ZL  *   1.1495  j1.53267 
S L (3 ) 57  53.13

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• The base impedance of the load is
2
(11)
Z B4   1.21 
100
• Therefore, the load impedance in per-unit is
1.1495  j1.53267
ZL   0.95  j1.2667 pu
1.21

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• Therefore, the per-unit impedance diagram is:

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Reference
• H. Saadat, Power System Analysis, 3rd ed., PSA
Publishing, 2010
• J. Grainger and W.D. Stevenson, Power System
Analysis, Mc Graw-Hill, 1994.

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