Chapter 7- Classes and Objects

Chapter-7

CLASSES AND OBJECTS

 Classes:
 A class is a collection of objects that have identical properties, common behavior and shared
relationship.
 A class binds the data and its related functions together.

 Definition and Declaration of Classes:

 A class definition is a process of naming a class and data variables, and interface operation of the
class.
 The variables declared inside a class are known as data members.
 The functions declared inside a class are known as member functions.
 A class declaration specifies the representation of objects of the class and set of operations that
can be applied to such objects.
 The general syntax of the class declaration is:
class User_Defined_Name Important
{ 5 Marks
private :
Data Member;
Member functions;
public :
Data Member;
Member functions;
protected :
Data Member ;
Member functions;
};

 Key word class is used to declare a class. User_Defined_Name is the name of the class.
 Class body is enclosed in a pair of flower brackets. Class body contains the declaration of its
members (data and functions).
 There are generally three types of members namely private, public and protected.
 Example: Let us declare a class for representation of bank account.
class account
{
private:

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int accno;
char name[20];
char acctype[4];
int bal_amt;
public:
void get_data( );
void display_data( );
};

 Access Specifiers:
 Every data member of a class is specified by three levels of access protection for hiding data and
function members internal to the class.
 They help in controlling the access of the data members.
 Different access specifiers such as private, public, and protected.

 private:
 private access means a member data can only be accessed by the class member function or friend
function.
 The data members or member functions declared private cannot be accessed from outside the
class.
 The objects of the class can access the private members only through the public member functions
of the class. This property is also called information hiding.
 By default data members in a class are private.
 Example:
private:
int x;
float y;

 protected:
 The members which are declared using protected can be accessed only by the member functions,
friend of the class and also the member functions derived from this class.
 The members cannot be accessed from outside the class.
 The protected access specifier is similar to private access specifiers.

 public:
 public access means that member can be accessed any function inside or outside the class.
 Some of the public functions of a class provide interface for accessing the private and protected
members of the class.

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 Member Function:
 Member functions are functions that are included within a class (Member functions are also called
Methods).
 Member functions can be defined in two places.
o Inside class definition
Important
o Outside class definition 5 Marks

 Inside class definition:

 To define member function inside a class the function declaration within the class is replaced by
actual function definition inside the class.
 A function defined in a class is treated as inline function.
 Only small functions are defined inside class definition.
 Example:
class rectangle
{
int length, breadth, area;
public:
void get_data( )
{
cout<< ” Enter the values for Length and Breadth”;
cin>>length>>breadth;
}
void compute( )
{
area = length * breadth;
}
void display( )
{
cout<<” The area of rectangle is”<<area;
}
};
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 Outside class definition:

 To define member function outside the class declaration, you must link the class name of the class
with the name of member function.
 We can do this by preceding the function name with the class name followed by two colons (::).
 The two colons (::) are called scope resolution operator.
 Scope resolution operator (::) is used to define the member function outside the class.
 The general form of a member function defined outside the class is:
return_type class_name : : member_function_name( arg1, arg2, ….argN)
{
function body;
}
 Example:
class operation
{
private:
int a, b;
public:
int sum( );
int product( );
};
int operation : : sum( )
{
return (a+b);
}
int operation : : product( )
{
return (a * b);
}
 Program: To use classes using member functions inside and outside class definition.
#include<iostream.h>
class item
{
private:
int numbers;
float cost;
public:
void getdata(int a, float b);
void putdata( )
{
cout<<”Number: “<<number<<endl;
cout<<”Cost:”<<cost<<endl;
}
};

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void item : : getdata(int a, float b)

{
number = a;
cost = b;
}
int main( )
{ OUTPUT:
item x;
Number: 250
x. getdata( 250, 10.5);
x.putdata( ); Cost: 10.5
return 0;
}

 Defining object of a class:

 An object is a real world element which is identifiable entity with some characteristics (attributes)
and behavior (functions).
 An object is an instance of a class. Objects are sometimes called as instance variables.
 An object is normally defined in the main ( ) function.
 The syntax for defining objects of a class as follows:
class Class_Name
{
private : //Members
public : //Members
};
class Class_Name Object_name1, Object_name2,……;
where class keyword is optional.
 Example 1: The following program segment shows how to declare and create objects.
class Student
{
private:
int rollno;
char name[20];
char gender;
int age;
public:
void get_data( );
void display( );
};
Student S1, S2, S3; //creation of objects
 Here, creates object S1, S2, and S3 for the class Student.
 When an object is created space is set aside for it in memory.

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 Example 2:
class num
{
private :
int x, y;
public :
int sum(int p, int q)
int diff(int p, int q)
};
void main( )
{
num s1, s2;
s1.sum ( 200,300);
s2.diff (600, 500);
}

 Accessing member of the class:

 The member of the class can be data or functions.
 Private and protected members of the class can be accessed only through the member functions of
the class.
 No functions outside a class can include statements to access data directly.
 The public data members of objects of a class can be accessed using direct member access
operator (.).
 The syntax of accessing member (data and functions) of a class is:
a) Syntax for accessing a data member of the class:
Object_Name . data_member;
b) Syntax for accessing a member function of the class:
Object_Name . member_function(arguments)

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 Example:
class rectangle
{
int length, breadth, area;
public:
void get_data( )
{
cout<<”Enter the length and breadth”<<end;
cin>>length>>breadth;
}
void compute( )
{
area = length * breadth;
}
void display( )
{
cout<<”The area of rectangle is “<<area;
}
};
void main( )
{
rectangle r1;
OUTPUT:
clrscr( );
r1.get_data( ); Enter the length and breadth
r1.compute( ); 30 10
r1.display( );
The area of rectangle is 300
getch( );
}

 Array as member of classes:

 Array can be used as a data member of classes.
 An array can be used as private or public member of a class.
 This is illustrated in the following program.
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class array
{
private:
int a[100], m;
public:
void setnoofelements( int n);
{
m = n;
}
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void readarray( );
void displayarray( );
};
void array : : readarray( )
{
cout<<”Enter “<<m<<”Array elements”<<endl;
for(int i=0; i<m; i++)
cin>> a[i];
}
void array : : displayarray( )
{
cout<<”Array elements are:”<<endl;
for(int i=0; i<m i++)
cout<< a[i]<<”\t”;
}
void main( )
{
int n;
array a;
clrscr( ); OUTPUT:
cout<<”Input number of elements:”<<endl; Input number of elements: 5
cin>>n;
Enter 5 Array elements
a.setnoofelements(n);
a.readarray( ); 10 20 30 40 50
a.dispalyarray( ); Array elements are:
getch( );
10 20 30 40 50
}

 Classes, Objects and Memory:

 The class declaration does not allocate memory to the class data member.
 When a object is declared, memory is reserved for only data members and not for member
functions.
 The following program illustrates as follows:
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class student
{
private:
long regno; // 4 bytes of memory
char name[20]; // 20 bytes of memory
char comb[4]; // 4 bytes of memory
int marks; // 2 bytes of memory

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char address[30]; // 30 bytes of memory

public:
void readdata( );
void display( );
};
void main( )
{
OUTPUT:
student s1, s2;
cout<<”Size of the object s1 is = “<<sizeof(s1)<<endl; Size of the object s1 is = 60
cout<<”Size of the object s2 is = “<<sizeof(s2)<<endl; Size of the object s2 is = 60
cout<<”Size of the class is = “<<sizeof(student)<<endl; Size of the class is = 60
}
 Array of Objects:
 An array having class type elements is known as array of objects.
 An array of objects is declared after definition and is defined in the same way as any other array.
 Example:
class employee
{
private: Important
char name[10]; 5 Marks
int age;
public:
void readdata( );
void displaydata( );
};
employee supervisor[3];
employee sales_executive[5];
employee team_leader[10];
 In the above example, the array supervisor contains 3 objects namely supervisor[0], supervisor[1],
supervisor[2].
 The storage of data items in an object array is:
Name Age
supervisor[0]
supervisor[1]
supervisor[2]

 Program to show the use of array of objects:

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class data
{
private:
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int regno, maths, computer;

public:
void readdata( );
void average( );
void display( );
};
void data : : readata( )
{
cout<<”Enter Register No:”;
cin>>regno;
cout<<”Enter Maths marks:”;
cin>>maths;
cout<<”Enter Computer marks:”;
cin>>computer;
dipalay( );
}
void data : : average( );
{ OUTPUT:
int avg;
avg = (maths+computer)/2; Enter Register No: 20
} Enter Maths marks: 56
void data : : display( ) Enter Computer marks: 78
{ Average = 67
cout<<”Average = “<<average( )<<endl;
Enter Register No: 22
}
void main( ) Enter Maths marks: 56
{ Enter Computer marks: 77
data stude[3]; Average = 66
clrscr( ); Enter Register No: 10
for(i=0; i<3; i++) Enter Maths marks: 44
stud[i]. readdata( ); Enter Computer marks: 89
getch( );
Average = 66
}

 Objects as function arguments:

 A function can receive an object as a function argument.
 This is similar to any other data being sent as function argument.
 An object can be passed to a function in two ways:
o Copy of entire object is passed to function ( Pass by value)
o Only address of the object is transferred to the function (Pass by reference)
 In pass by value, copy of object is passed to the function.
 The function creates its own copy of the object and uses it.
 Therefore changes made to the object inside the function do not affect the original object.
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class exam
{
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private:
float phy, che, mat ;
public:
void readdata( )
{
cout<<”Input Physics, Chemistry, Maths marks : ” ;
cin>>phy>>che>>mat;
}
void total(exam PU , exam CT)
{
phy = PU.phy + CT.phy;
che = PU.che + CT.che;
mat = PU.mat + CT.mat;
}
void display( )
{
cout<< “Physics :” <<phy<<endl;
cout<< “Chemistry :” <<che<<endl;
cout<< “Maths :” <<mat<<endl;
}
};
void main( ); OUTPUT:
{
Enter PUC Marks
Exam PUC, CET, Puc_plus_Cet;
Input Physics, Chemistry, Maths marks :
clrscr( );
67 89 80
cout<<”Enter PUC Marks”<<endl;
Enter CET Marks
PUC.readdata( );
Input Physics, Chemistry, Maths marks :
cout<<”Enter CET Marks”<<endl;
60 76 91
CET.readdata( );
Total marks of PUC and CET is:
Puc_plus_Cet.total(PUC, CET);
Physics: 127
cout<<”Total marks of PUC and CET is:” <<endl;
Chemistry: 165
Puc_plus_Cet.display( );
} Maths: 171
 In pass by reference, when an address of an object is passed to the function, the function directly
works on the original object used in function call.
 This means changes made to the object inside the function will reflect in the original object,
because the function is making changes in the original object itself.
 Pass by reference is more efficient, since it requires only passing the address of the object and not
the entire object.

 Difference between Structure and Classes:

Structure Classes
A structure is defined with the struct
A class is defined with the class keyword
keyword
All the member of a structure are public All the members of a class are private by
by default default

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Structure cannot be inherit Class can be inherit

A class contain both data member and
A structure contains only data member
member functions
Classes having data hiding features by
There is no data hiding features using access specifiers(public, private,
protected)

CHAPTER 7 – Classes and Objects BLUE PRINT

VSA (1 marks) SA (2 marks) LA (3 Marks) Essay (5 Marks) Total
01 Question - - 01 Question 06 Marks
Question No 04 - - Question No 31 -

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS:

1 Mark questions:
1. What is a Class, Objects, Data Member, Member Functions, Scope Resolution Operator, and
Array of objects?
2. Mention the access specifiers used with a class?

5 Mark questions:
1. Explain class definitions and class declaration with syntax and example.
2. Explain Member function.
a. Inside class definition
b. Outside class definition
3. Explain the array of objects. Important
5 Marks
Exercise programs
1. Write a C++ program to find the simple interest using class and objects.
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class SI
{
private:
float p, t, r, si;
public:
void readdata( )
{
cout<<”Enter the Principal Amount, Time & Rate”<<endl;

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cin>>p>>t>>r;
}
void compute( )
{
si = (p * t * r)/100;
}
void display( )
{
cout<<”Simple Interest = “<<si;
}
};
void main( )
{
SI s;
clrscr( );
s.readdata( );
s.compute( );
s.display( );
getch( );
}
2. Let product list be a linear array of size N where each element of the array contains
following field Itemcode, Price and Quantity. Declare a class Product list with three data
members and member functions to perform the following
a. Add values to the product list
b. Printing that total stock values
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<iomainp.h>
class product
{
private:
char itemcode[6];
float price, quantity;
public:
void Addproduct( )
{
cout<<”Enter the Item Code”<<endl;
cin>>itemcode;
cout<<”Enter the Price”<<endl;
cin>>price;
cout<<”Enter the Quantity”<<endl;
cin>>quantity;
}

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void display( )
{
cout<<itemcode<<”\t”<<price<<”\t”<<quantity<<endl;
}
};
void main( )
{
int N=0;
char ans;
product list[100];
clrscr( );
while(1)
{
cout<<”Item Code, Price and Quantity”<<endl;
List[N].Addproduct( );
cout<<”Do you want to add next item (Y/N)?”<<endl;
cin>>ans;
if(toupper(ans) == ‘N’)
break;
N++;
}
cout<<”Item Code \t Price \t Quantity”<<endl;
for(i=0; i<N; i++)
List[i].display( );
getch( );
}
3. A class cock has following member hours and minutes. Create member function
a. To initialize the data members
b. Display the time
c. To convert hours and minutes to minutes.
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class clock
{
private:
int hh, mm;
public:
void initialize( int h, int m)
{
hh = h;
mm = m;
}
void display( )
{
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Chapter 7- Classes and Objects

cout<<”Hours = “<<hh;
cout<<”Minutes = “<<mm;
}
void convert( )
{
mm = hh * 60 + mm;
cout<<”Total Minutes = “<<mm;
}
};
void main( )
{
int h, m;
clock c;
clrscr( );
cout<<”Enter the Hour and Minutes”<<endl;
cin>>h>>m;
c.intialize( );
c.display( );
c.convert( )
getch( );
}
4. Write a C++ program that receives arrival time and departure time and speed of an
automobile in kilometers/hours as input to a class. Compute the distance travelled in
meters/second and display the result using member functions.
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class Distance
{
private:
int Ahh, Amm, Dhh, Dmm;
float speed;
public:
void inputtime( )
{
cout<<”Enter the Arrival Time:”<<endl;
cout<<”Enter the Hour and Minutes”<<endl;
cin>>Ahh>>Amm;
cout<<”Enter the Departure Time:”<<endl;
cout<<”Enter the Hour and Minutes”<<endl;
cin>>Dhh>>Dmm;
cout<”Enter the speed in Kmph”<<endl;
cin>>speed;
}
void computedistance( )
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{
float dist;
dist = ( (Ahh * 60 + Amm) – (Dhh * 60 + Dmm) ) * speed/60;
dist = (dist * 1000 / (60 * 60);
cout<<”Distance Travelled = “<<dist<<”Meter/Second”;
}
};
void main( )
{
Distance d;
clrscr( );
d.inputtime( ):
d.computedistance( );
getch( );
}

**************

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