4.

4 Concavity and Curve Sketching 243

75. Locate and identify the absolute extreme values of 79. Find the absolute maximum value of ƒsxd = x 2 ln s1>xd and say
a. ln (cos x) on [ -p>4, p>3], where it is assumed.
b. cos (ln x) on [1>2, 2]. 80. a. Prove that e x Ú 1 + x if x Ú 0.
76. a. Prove that ƒ(x) = x - ln x is increasing for x 7 1. b. Use the result in part (a) to show that
b. Using part (a), show that ln x 6 x if x 7 1. ex Ú 1 + x +
1 2
x .
2
77. Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of ƒsxd =
e x - 2x on [0, 1]. 81. Show that increasing functions and decreasing functions are one-
78. Where does the periodic function ƒsxd = 2e sin sx>2d take on its ex- to-one. That is, show that for any x1 and x2 in I, x2 Z x1 implies
treme values and what are these values? ƒsx2 d Z ƒsx1 d.
Use the results of Exercise 81 to show that the functions in Exercises
y 82–86 have inverses over their domains. Find a formula for dƒ -1>dx
using Theorem 3, Section 3.8.
y ⫽ 2e sin (x/2)
82. ƒsxd = s1>3dx + s5>6d 83. ƒsxd = 27x 3
84. ƒsxd = 1 - 8x 3 85. ƒsxd = s1 - xd3
x
0 86. ƒsxd = x 5>3

Concavity and Curve Sketching

4.4
We have seen how the first derivative tells us where a function is increasing, where it is de-
y creasing, and whether a local maximum or local minimum occurs at a critical point. In this
section we see that the second derivative gives us information about how the graph of a
y ⫽ x3 differentiable function bends or turns. With this knowledge about the first and second de-
rivatives, coupled with our previous understanding of asymptotic behavior and symmetry
UP
VE

studied in Sections 2.6 and 1.1, we can now draw an accurate graph of a function. By or-
CA

N f ' increases
CO ganizing all of these ideas into a coherent procedure, we give a method for sketching
x graphs and revealing visually the key features of functions. Identifying and knowing the
f ' decreases N
0
W locations of these features is of major importance in mathematics and its applications to
DO
E

science and engineering, especially in the graphical analysis and interpretation of data.
AV
NC
CO

Concavity
FIGURE 4.24 The graph of ƒsxd = x is 3
As you can see in Figure 4.24, the curve y = x 3 rises as x increases, but the portions de-
concave down on s - q , 0d and concave up fined on the intervals s - q , 0d and s0, q d turn in different ways. As we approach the ori-
on s0, q d (Example 1a). gin from the left along the curve, the curve turns to our right and falls below its tangents.
The slopes of the tangents are decreasing on the interval s - q , 0d. As we move away from
the origin along the curve to the right, the curve turns to our left and rises above its tan-
gents. The slopes of the tangents are increasing on the interval s0, q d. This turning or
bending behavior defines the concavity of the curve.

DEFINITION The graph of a differentiable function y = ƒsxd is

(a) concave up on an open interval I if ƒ¿ is increasing on I;

(b) concave down on an open interval I if ƒ¿ is decreasing on I.

If y = ƒsxd has a second derivative, we can apply Corollary 3 of the Mean Value Theorem
to the first derivative function. We conclude that ƒ¿ increases if ƒ– 7 0 on I, and decreases
if ƒ– 6 0.
244 Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives

The Second Derivative Test for Concavity

y Let y = ƒsxd be twice-differentiable on an interval I.

4 1. If ƒ– 7 0 on I, the graph of ƒ over I is concave up.

y ⫽ x2
2. If ƒ– 6 0 on I, the graph of ƒ over I is concave down.
3
CON

P
EU

2 If y = ƒsxd is twice-differentiable, we will use the notations ƒ– and y– interchangeably

CAV

AV
NC

when denoting the second derivative.

EU

CO
P

1
y'' ⬎ 0 y'' ⬎ 0

x EXAMPLE 1
–2 –1 0 1 2
(a) The curve y = x 3 (Figure 4.24) is concave down on s - q , 0d where y– = 6x 6 0
and concave up on s0, q d where y– = 6x 7 0.
FIGURE 4.25 The graph of ƒsxd = x 2
(b) The curve y = x 2 (Figure 4.25) is concave up on s - q , q d because its second deriv-
is concave up on every interval
ative y– = 2 is always positive.
(Example 1b).

EXAMPLE 2 Determine the concavity of y = 3 + sin x on [0, 2p].

Solution The first derivative of y = 3 + sin x is y¿ = cos x, and the second derivative is
y– = - sin x. The graph of y = 3 + sin x is concave down on s0, pd, where y– = - sin x
is negative. It is concave up on sp, 2pd , where y– = - sin x is positive (Figure 4.26).

Points of Inflection
y The curve y = 3 + sin x in Example 2 changes concavity at the point sp, 3d. Since the
y 5 3 1 sin x first derivative y¿ = cos x exists for all x, we see that the curve has a tangent line of slope
4
(p, 3) -1 at the point sp, 3d. This point is called a point of inflection of the curve. Notice from
3
Figure 4.26 that the graph crosses its tangent line at this point and that the second derivative
2
y– = - sin x has value 0 when x = p. In general, we have the following definition.
1
x
0 p 2p
–1
y'' 5 – sin x DEFINITION A point where the graph of a function has a tangent line and
where the concavity changes is a point of inflection.
FIGURE 4.26 Using the sign of y– to
determine the concavity of y (Example 2).
We observed that the second derivative of ƒ(x) = 3 + sin x is equal to zero at the
inflection point sp, 3d. Generally, if the second derivative exists at a point of inflection
(c, ƒ(c)), then ƒ–(c) = 0. This follows immediately from the Intermediate Value Theorem
whenever ƒ– is continuous over an interval containing x = c because the second derivative
changes sign moving across this interval. Even if the continuity assumption is dropped, it
is still true that ƒ–(c) = 0, provided the second derivative exists (although a more ad-
vanced agrument is required in this noncontinuous case). Since a tangent line must exist at
the point of inflection, either the first derivative ƒ¿(c) exists (is finite) or a vertical tangent
exists at the point. At a vertical tangent neither the first nor second derivative exists. In
summary, we conclude the following result.

At a point of inflection (c, ƒ(c)), either ƒ–(c) = 0 or ƒ–(c) fails to exist.

The next example illustrates a function having a point of inflection where the first
derivative exists, but the second derivative fails to exist.
 4.4 Concavity and Curve Sketching 245

y EXAMPLE 3 The graph of ƒ(x) = x 5>3 has a horizontal tangent at the origin because
y 5 x5/3 ƒ¿(x) = (5>3)x = 0 when x = 0. However, the second derivative
2>3
2
d 5 2>3 10 -1>3
1 ƒ–(x) = a x b = x
dx 3 9
x
–2 –1 0 1 2
Point of fails to exist at x = 0. Nevertheless, ƒ–(x) 6 0 for x 6 0 and ƒ–(x) 7 0 for x 7 0, so the
–1 inflection second derivative changes sign at x = 0 and there is a point of inflection at the origin. The
–2 graph is shown in Figure 4.27.
Here is an example showing that an inflection point need not occur even though both
FIGURE 4.27 The graph of ƒ(x) = x 5>3 derivatives exist and ƒ– = 0.
has a horizontal tangent at the origin where
the concavity changes, although ƒ– does EXAMPLE 4 The curve y = x 4 has no inflection point at x = 0 (Figure 4.28). Even
not exist at x = 0 (Example 3). though the second derivative y– = 12x 2 is zero there, it does not change sign.

As our final illustration, we show a situation in which a point of inflection occurs at a

y vertical tangent to the curve where neither the first nor the second derivative exists.
y ⫽ x4
2
EXAMPLE 5 The graph of y = x 1>3 has a point of inflection at the origin because the
second derivative is positive for x 6 0 and negative for x 7 0:
1
y'' ⫽ 0
d2 d 1 -2>3 2
x y– = ax 1>3 b = a x b = - x -5>3 .
–1 0 1 dx 2 dx 3 9

FIGURE 4.28 The graph of y = x 4 has However, both y¿ = x -2>3>3 and y– fail to exist at x = 0, and there is a vertical tangent
no inflection point at the origin, even there. See Figure 4.29.
though y– = 0 there (Example 4).
To study the motion of an object moving along a line as a function of time, we often
are interested in knowing when the object’s acceleration, given by the second derivative, is
y positive or negative. The points of inflection on the graph of the object’s position function
reveal where the acceleration changes sign.
Point of y 5 x1/3
inflection
x EXAMPLE 6 A particle is moving along a horizontal coordinate line (positive to the
0 right) with position function
sstd = 2t 3 - 14t 2 + 22t - 5, t Ú 0.
Find the velocity and acceleration, and describe the motion of the particle.
FIGURE 4.29 A point of
inflection where y¿ and y– fail Solution The velocity is
to exist (Example 5).
ystd = s¿std = 6t 2 - 28t + 22 = 2st - 1ds3t - 11d ,
and the acceleration is
astd = y¿std = s–std = 12t - 28 = 4s3t - 7d.
When the function s(t) is increasing, the particle is moving to the right; when s(t) is de-
creasing, the particle is moving to the left.
Notice that the first derivative sy = s¿d is zero at the critical points t = 1 and t = 11>3.

Interval 0 6 t 6 1 1 6 t 6 11>3 11>3 6 t

Sign of Y ⴝ s œ + - +
Behavior of s increasing decreasing increasing
Particle motion right left right
246 Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives

The particle is moving to the right in the time intervals [0, 1) and s11>3, q d, and moving
to the left in (1, 11>3). It is momentarily stationary (at rest) at t = 1 and t = 11>3.
The acceleration astd = s–std = 4s3t - 7d is zero when t = 7>3.

Interval 0 6 t 6 7>3 7>3 6 t

Sign of a ⴝ s fl - +
Graph of s concave down concave up

The particle starts out moving to the right while slowing down, and then reverses and
begins moving to the left at t = 1 under the influence of the leftward acceleration over
the time interval [0, 7>3). The acceleration then changes direction at t = 7>3 but the
particle continues moving leftward, while slowing down under the rightward accelera-
tion. At t = 11>3 the particle reverses direction again: moving to the right in the same
direction as the acceleration.

Second Derivative Test for Local Extrema

Instead of looking for sign changes in ƒ¿ at critical points, we can sometimes use the fol-
lowing test to determine the presence and nature of local extrema.

THEOREM 5—Second Derivative Test for Local Extrema Suppose ƒ– is continuous

on an open interval that contains x = c.

1. If ƒ¿scd = 0 and ƒ–scd 6 0, then ƒ has a local maximum at x = c.

2. If ƒ¿scd = 0 and ƒ–scd 7 0, then ƒ has a local minimum at x = c.
3. If ƒ¿scd = 0 and ƒ–scd = 0, then the test fails. The function ƒ may have a
local maximum, a local minimum, or neither.

Proof Part (1). If ƒ–scd 6 0, then ƒ–sxd 6 0 on some open interval I containing the
point c, since ƒ– is continuous. Therefore, ƒ¿ is decreasing on I. Since ƒ¿scd = 0, the sign
of ƒ¿ changes from positive to negative at c so ƒ has a local maximum at c by the First
Derivative Test.
The proof of Part (2) is similar.
f ' 5 0, f '' , 0 f ' 5 0, f '' . 0 For Part (3), consider the three functions y = x 4, y = - x 4 , and y = x 3 . For each
⇒ local max ⇒ local min function, the first and second derivatives are zero at x = 0. Yet the function y = x 4 has a
local minimum there, y = - x 4 has a local maximum, and y = x 3 is increasing in any
open interval containing x = 0 (having neither a maximum nor a minimum there). Thus
the test fails.
This test requires us to know ƒ– only at c itself and not in an interval about c. This
makes the test easy to apply. That’s the good news. The bad news is that the test is incon-
clusive if ƒ– = 0 or if ƒ– does not exist at x = c. When this happens, use the First Deriva-
tive Test for local extreme values.
Together ƒ¿ and ƒ– tell us the shape of the function’s graph—that is, where the critical
points are located and what happens at a critical point, where the function is increasing and
where it is decreasing, and how the curve is turning or bending as defined by its concavity.
We use this information to sketch a graph of the function that captures its key features.

EXAMPLE 7 Sketch a graph of the function

ƒsxd = x 4 - 4x 3 + 10
using the following steps.
(a) Identify where the extrema of ƒ occur.
(b) Find the intervals on which ƒ is increasing and the intervals on which ƒ is decreasing.
 4.4 Concavity and Curve Sketching 247

(c) Find where the graph of ƒ is concave up and where it is concave down.
(d) Sketch the general shape of the graph for ƒ.
(e) Plot some specific points, such as local maximum and minimum points, points of in-
flection, and intercepts. Then sketch the curve.

Solution The function ƒ is continuous since ƒ¿sxd = 4x 3 - 12x 2 exists. The domain of
ƒ is s - q , q d, and the domain of ƒ¿ is also s - q , q d. Thus, the critical points of ƒ occur
only at the zeros of ƒ¿ . Since
ƒ¿sxd = 4x 3 - 12x 2 = 4x 2sx - 3d,
the first derivative is zero at x = 0 and x = 3. We use these critical points to define inter-
vals where ƒ is increasing or decreasing.

Interval x 6 0 0 6 x 6 3 3 6 x
Sign of ƒ œ - - +
Behavior of ƒ decreasing decreasing increasing

(a) Using the First Derivative Test for local extrema and the table above, we see that there
is no extremum at x = 0 and a local minimum at x = 3.
(b) Using the table above, we see that ƒ is decreasing on s - q , 0] and [0, 3], and increas-
ing on [3, q d .
(c) ƒ–sxd = 12x 2 - 24x = 12xsx - 2d is zero at x = 0 and x = 2. We use these points
to define intervals where ƒ is concave up or concave down.

Interval x 6 0 0 6 x 6 2 2 6 x
Sign of ƒ fl + - +
Behavior of ƒ concave up concave down concave up

We see that ƒ is concave up on the intervals s - q , 0d and s2, q d , and concave down on
(0, 2).
(d) Summarizing the information in the last two tables, we obtain the following.

x<0 0<x<2 2<x<3 3<x

y decreasing decreasing decreasing increasing
y
x4  4x 3  10 concave up concave down concave up concave up
20

15 The general shape of the curve is shown in the accompanying figure.

(0, 10)
Inflection 10
point decr decr decr incr General shape
5
x conc conc conc conc
–1 0 1 2 3 4
up down up up
–5 Inflection (2, – 6)
–10 point 0 2 3

–15
infl infl local
(3, –17) point point min
–20
Local
minimum
(e) Plot the curve’s intercepts (if possible) and the points where y¿ and y– are zero. Indicate
FIGURE 4.30 The graph of ƒsxd = any local extreme values and inflection points. Use the general shape as a guide to sketch
x 4 - 4x 3 + 10 (Example 7). the curve. (Plot additional points as needed.) Figure 4.30 shows the graph of ƒ.
248 Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives

The steps in Example 7 give a procedure for graphing the key features of a function.

Procedure for Graphing y ⴝ ƒ(x)

1. Identify the domain of ƒ and any symmetries the curve may have.
2. Find the derivatives y¿ and y– .
3. Find the critical points of ƒ, if any, and identify the function’s behavior at each
one.
4. Find where the curve is increasing and where it is decreasing.
5. Find the points of inflection, if any occur, and determine the concavity of the
curve.
6. Identify any asymptotes that may exist (see Section 2.6).
7. Plot key points, such as the intercepts and the points found in Steps 3–5, and
sketch the curve together with any asymptotes that exist.

sx + 1d2
EXAMPLE 8 Sketch the graph of ƒsxd = .
1 + x2

Solution
1. The domain of ƒ is s - q , q d and there are no symmetries about either axis or the
origin (Section 1.1).
2. Find ƒ¿ and ƒ– .

sx + 1d2 x-intercept at x = - 1,
ƒsxd = y-intercept sy = 1d at
1 + x2 x = 0

s1 + x 2 d # 2sx + 1d - sx + 1d2 # 2x
ƒ¿sxd =
s1 + x 2 d2

2s1 - x 2 d Critical points:

= x = - 1, x = 1
s1 + x 2 d2

s1 + x 2 d2 # 2s - 2xd - 2s1 - x 2 d[2s1 + x 2 d # 2x]

ƒ–sxd =
s1 + x 2 d4

4xsx 2 - 3d
= After some algebra
s1 + x 2 d3

3. Behavior at critical points. The critical points occur only at x = ; 1 where ƒ¿sxd = 0
(Step 2) since ƒ¿ exists everywhere over the domain of ƒ. At x = - 1,
ƒ–(- 1) = 1 7 0 yielding a relative minimum by the Second Derivative Test.
At x = 1, f –(1) = - 1 6 0 yielding a relative maximum by the Second Derivative
test.
4. Increasing and decreasing. We see that on the interval s - q , - 1d the derivative
ƒ¿sxd 6 0, and the curve is decreasing. On the interval s -1, 1d, ƒ¿sxd 7 0 and the
curve is increasing; it is decreasing on s1, q d where ƒ¿sxd 6 0 again.
 4.4 Concavity and Curve Sketching 249

5. Inflection points. Notice that the denominator of the second derivative (Step 2) is
always positive. The second derivative ƒ– is zero when x = - 23, 0, and 23. The
second derivative changes sign at each of these points: negative on A - q , - 23 B ,
positive on A - 23, 0 B , negative on A 0, 23 B , and positive again on A 23, q B . Thus
each point is a point of inflection. The curve is concave down on the interval
A - q , - 23 B , concave up on A - 23, 0 B , concave down on A 0, 23 B , and concave
up again on A 23, q B .
6. Asymptotes. Expanding the numerator of ƒ(x) and then dividing both numerator and
denominator by x 2 gives

sx + 1d2 x 2 + 2x + 1
ƒsxd = = Expanding numerator
1 + x2 1 + x2
1 + s2>xd + s1>x 2 d
= . Dividing by x 2
s1>x 2 d + 1
y Point of inflection
where x
兹3 We see that ƒsxd : 1+ as x : q and that ƒsxd : 1- as x : - q . Thus, the line
(1, 2)
2 y = 1 is a horizontal asymptote.
Since ƒ decreases on s - q , -1d and then increases on s - 1, 1d, we know that
ƒs - 1d = 0 is a local minimum. Although ƒ decreases on s1, q d , it never crosses
1 y
1
the horizontal asymptote y = 1 on that interval (it approaches the asymptote
Horizontal
asymptote
from above). So the graph never becomes negative, and ƒs -1d = 0 is an absolute
minimum as well. Likewise, ƒs1d = 2 is an absolute maximum because the graph
–1 1
x never crosses the asymptote y = 1 on the interval s - q , - 1d, approaching it
Point of inflection from below. Therefore, there are no vertical asymptotes (the range of ƒ is
where x
兹3 0 … y … 2).
sx + 1d2 7. The graph of ƒ is sketched in Figure 4.31. Notice how the graph is concave down as it
FIGURE 4.31 The graph of y =
1 + x2 approaches the horizontal asymptote y = 1 as x : - q , and concave up in its ap-
(Example 8). proach to y = 1 as x : q .

x2 + 4
EXAMPLE 9 Sketch the graph of ƒ(x) = .
2x
Solution
1. The domain of ƒ is all nonzero real numbers. There are no intercepts because neither x
nor ƒ(x) can be zero. Since ƒ(- x) = - ƒ(x), we note that ƒ is an odd function, so the
graph of ƒ is symmetric about the origin.
2. We calculate the derivatives of the function, but first rewrite it in order to simplify our
computations:
x2 + 4 x 2
ƒ(x) = = + x Function simplified for differentiation
2x 2

1 2 x2 - 4
ƒ¿(x) = - 2 = Combine fractions to solve easily ƒ¿(x) = 0.
2 x 2x 2
4
ƒ–(x) = Exists throughout the entire domain of ƒ
x3

3. The critical points occur at x = ; 2 where ƒ¿(x) = 0. Since ƒ–(-2) 6 0 and

ƒ–(2) 7 0, we see from the Second Derivative Test that a relative maximum occurs
at x = - 2 with ƒ( -2) = - 2, and a relative minimum occurs at x = 2 with
ƒ(2) = 2.
250 Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives

4. On the interval ( - q , -2) the derivative ƒ¿ is positive because x 2 - 4 7 0 so the

graph is increasing; on the interval (- 2, 0) the derivative is negative and the graph is
decreasing. Similarly, the graph is decreasing on the interval (0, 2) and increasing on
(2, q ).
5. There are no points of inflection because ƒ–(x) 6 0 whenever x 6 0, ƒ–(x) 7 0
y 2 whenever x 7 0, and ƒ– exists everywhere and is never zero throughout the domain
y5 x 14 of ƒ. The graph is concave down on the interval ( - q , 0) and concave up on the inter-
2x
4
val (0, q ).
(2, 2)
2 6. From the rewritten formula for ƒ(x), we see that
y5 x
2
x
x 2 x 2
–4 –2 0 2 4 lim a + xb = +q and lim a + x b = - q,
–2 x:0 + 2 x:0 - 2
(–2, –2)
–4 so the y-axis is a vertical asymptote. Also, as x : q or as x : - q , the graph of
ƒ(x) approaches the line y = x>2. Thus y = x>2 is an oblique asymptote.
x2 + 4
FIGURE 4.32 The graph of y = 7. The graph of ƒ is sketched in Figure 4.32.
2x
(Example 9).

EXAMPLE 10 Sketch the graph of ƒ(x) = e 2>x.

Solution The domain of ƒ is (- q , 0) h (0, q ) and there are no symmetries about

either axis or the origin. The derivatives of ƒ are

2 2e 2>x
ƒ¿(x) = e 2>x a- 2
b = - 2
x x
and

x 2(2e 2>x)( -2>x 2) - 2e 2>x(2x) 4e 2>x(1 + x)

ƒ–(x) = = .
x4 x4
y
y
e 2兾x
5 Both derivatives exist everywhere over the domain of ƒ. Moreover, since e 2>x and x 2
4 are both positive for all x Z 0, we see that ƒ¿ 6 0 everywhere over the domain and
3 the graph is everywhere decreasing. Examining the second derivative, we see that
Inflection 2 ƒ–(x) = 0 at x = - 1. Since e 2>x 7 0 and x 4 7 0, we have ƒ– 6 0 for x 6 - 1
point y
1 and ƒ– 7 0 for x 7 - 1, x Z 0. Therefore, the point (- 1, e -2) is a point of inflection.
1
The curve is concave down on the interval ( - q , -1) and concave up over
x
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 (-1, 0) h (0, q ).
From Example 7, Section 2.6, we see that limx:0- ƒ(x) = 0. As x : 0 +, we see that
FIGURE 4.33 The graph of y = e 2>x has 2>x : q , so limx:0+ ƒ(x) = q and the y-axis is a vertical asymptote. Also, as
a point of inflection at ( -1, e -2). The line x : - q , 2>x : 0 - and so limx:- q ƒ(x) = e 0 = 1. Therefore, y = 1 is a horizontal
y = 1 is a horizontal asymptote and x = 0 asymptote. There are no absolute extrema since ƒ never takes on the value 0. The graph of
is a vertical asymptote (Example 10). ƒ is sketched in Figure 4.33.

Graphical Behavior of Functions from Derivatives

As we saw in Examples 7–10, we can learn much about a twice-differentiable func-
tion y = ƒsxd by examining its first derivative. We can find where the function’s
graph rises and falls and where any local extrema are located. We can differentiate y¿
to learn how the graph bends as it passes over the intervals of rise and fall. We can
determine the shape of the function’s graph. Information we cannot get from the de-
rivative is how to place the graph in the xy-plane. But, as we discovered in Section 4.2,
the only additional information we need to position the graph is the value of ƒ at one
point. Information about the asymptotes is found using limits (Section 2.6). The following
 4.4 Concavity and Curve Sketching 251

figure summarizes how the derivative and second derivative affect the shape of a
graph.

y
f (x) y
f (x) y
f (x)

Differentiable ⇒ y'  0 ⇒ rises from y'  0 ⇒ falls from

smooth, connected; graph left to right; left to right;
may rise and fall may be wavy may be wavy

or or

y''  0 ⇒ concave up y''  0 ⇒ concave down y'' changes sign at an

throughout; no waves; graph throughout; no waves; inflection point
may rise or fall graph may rise or fall

or

y' changes sign ⇒ graph y'
0 and y''  0 y'
0 and y''  0
has local maximum or local at a point; graph has at a point; graph has
minimum local maximum local minimum

Exercises 4.4
Analyzing Functions from Graphs 5. 6. y
tan x  4x, – ␲  x  ␲
y
x  sin 2x, – 2␲
x
2␲
Identify the inflection points and local maxima and minima of the 3 3 2 2
y y
functions graphed in Exercises 1–8. Identify the intervals on which
the functions are concave up and concave down.
1. 3 2 2. 4
y
x  x  2x  1 y
x  2x2  4 x
0
x
3 2 3 4 – 2␲ 0 2␲
y y 3 3

7. y
sin  x , – 2␲
x
2␲ 8. 3␲
x y
2 cos x  兹2 x, – ␲
x

0 y 2
y
x
0 x
x –␲ 0 3␲
0
2
3. 4.
y
3 (x 2  1)2/3 y
9 x1/3(x 2  7) NOT TO SCALE
4 14
y y

Graphing Equations
Use the steps of the graphing procedure on page 248 to graph the
x x equations in Exercises 9–58. Include the coordinates of any local and
0 0 absolute extreme points and inflection points.
9. y = x 2 - 4x + 3 10. y = 6 - 2x - x 2
11. y = x - 3x + 3
3
12. y = xs6 - 2xd2
252 Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives

13. y = - 2x 3 + 6x 2 - 3 14. y = 1 - 9x - 6x 2 - x 3 65. y¿ = s8x - 5x 2 d(4 - x) 2 66. y¿ = sx 2 - 2xdsx - 5d2

15. y = sx - 2d3 + 1 p p
67. y¿ = sec2 x, - 6 x 6
2 2
16. y = 1 - sx + 1d3 p p
68. y¿ = tan x, - 6 x 6
17. y = x 4 - 2x 2 = x 2sx 2 - 2d 2 2
18. y = - x 4 + 6x 2 - 4 = x 2s6 - x 2 d - 4 u u
69. y¿ = cot , 0 6 u 6 2p 70. y¿ = csc2 , 0 6 u 6 2p
2 2
19. y = 4x 3 - x 4 = x 3s4 - xd p p
71. y¿ = tan2 u - 1, - 6 u 6
20. y = x 4 + 2x 3 = x 3sx + 2d 2 2
21. y = x 5 - 5x 4 = x 4sx - 5d 72. y¿ = 1 - cot2 u, 0 6 u 6 p
4 73. y¿ = cos t, 0 … t … 2p
x
22. y = x a - 5b 74. y¿ = sin t, 0 … t … 2p
2
23. y = x + sin x, 0 … x … 2p 75. y¿ = sx + 1d-2>3 76. y¿ = sx - 2d-1>3
-2>3
24. y = x - sin x, 0 … x … 2p 77. y¿ = x sx - 1d 78. y¿ = x -4>5sx + 1d

25. y = 23x - 2 cos x, 0 … x … 2p -2x, x … 0

79. y¿ = 2 ƒ x ƒ = e
4 -p p 2x, x 7 0
26. y = x - tan x, 6 x 6
3 2 2 -x 2, x … 0
80. y¿ = e
27. y = sin x cos x, 0 … x … p x 2, x 7 0
28. y = cos x + 23 sin x, 0 … x … 2p
Sketching y from Graphs of y œ and y fl
29. y = x 1>5 30. y = x 2>5 Each of Exercises 81–84 shows the graphs of the first and second de-
x 21 - x 2 rivatives of a function y = ƒsxd . Copy the picture and add to it a
31. y = 32. y =
2x 2 + 1 2x + 1 sketch of the approximate graph of ƒ, given that the graph passes
33. y = 2x - 3x 2>3 34. y = 5x 2>5 - 2x through the point P.
81. y 82. y
5
35. y = x 2>3 a - xb 36. y = x 2>3(x - 5) y
f '(x)
2
P y
f'(x)
37. y = x 28 - x 2 38. y = (2 - x 2) 3>2
2
39. y = 216 - x 2 40. y = x 2 + x x x
x2 - 3
41. y = 42. y = 2x + 1
3 3
P
x - 2 y
f ''(x) y
f ''(x)
8x 5
43. y = 2 44. y = 4
x + 4 x + 5 83. y
45. y = ƒ x 2 - 1 ƒ 46. y = ƒ x 2 - 2 x ƒ P y
f '(x)
2 -x, x 6 0
47. y = 2 ƒ x ƒ = e
2x, x Ú 0
x
0
48. y = 2ƒ x - 4 ƒ
y
f ''(x)
ex
49. y = xe 1>x 50. y = x
51. y = ln (3 - x 2) 52. y = x (ln x) 2 84. y

53. y = e x - 2e -x - 3x 54. y = xe -x y
f '(x)

ln x
55. y = ln (cos x) 56. y = x
2x 0
1 ex y
f ''(x)
57. y = 58. y =
1 + e -x 1 + ex
P

Sketching the General Shape, Knowing y œ

Graphing Rational Functions
Each of Exercises 59–80 gives the first derivative of a continuous
Graph the rational functions in Exercises 85–102.
function y = ƒsxd . Find y– and then use steps 2–4 of the graphing
procedure on page 248 to sketch the general shape of the graph of ƒ. 2x 2 + x - 1 x 2 - 49
85. y = 86. y =
x2 - 1 x + 5x - 14
2
59. y¿ = 2 + x - x 2 60. y¿ = x 2 - x - 6 x + 1
4
x2 - 4
87. y = 88. y =
61. y¿ = xsx - 3d2 62. y¿ = x 2s2 - xd x2 2x
1 x2
63. y¿ = xsx 2 - 12d 64. y¿ = sx - 1d2s2x + 3d 89. y = 2 90. y = 2
x - 1 x - 1
 4.4 Concavity and Curve Sketching 253

x2 - 2 x2 - 4 Motion Along a Line The graphs in Exercises 107 and 108 show
91. y = - 92. y = the position s = ƒstd of an object moving up and down on a coordi-
x2 - 1 x2 - 2
x2 x2 - 4 nate line. (a) When is the object moving away from the origin?
93. y = 94. y = -
x + 1 x + 1 toward the origin? At approximately what times is the (b) velocity
x2 - x + 1 x2 - x + 1 equal to zero? (c) acceleration equal to zero? (d) When is the accel-
95. y = 96. y = - eration positive? negative?
x - 1 x - 1
x - 3x + 3x - 1
3 2
x3 + x - 2 107. s
97. y = 98. y =
x2 + x - 2 x - x2
x - 1

Displacement
x
99. y = 100. y =
x2 - 1 x 2(x - 2)
8 s
f(t)
101. y = (Agnesi's witch)
x2 + 4
4x t
102. y = (Newton's serpentine) 0 5 10 15
x + 4
2
Time (sec)
Theory and Examples
103. The accompanying figure shows a portion of the graph of a twice- 108. s
differentiable function y = ƒsxd . At each of the five labeled

Displacement
points, classify y¿ and y– as positive, negative, or zero.

y s
f (t)

S
y
f (x) t
R T 0 5 10 15
P
Q Time (sec)

x 109. Marginal cost The accompanying graph shows the hypotheti-

0
cal cost c = ƒsxd of manufacturing x items. At approximately
what production level does the marginal cost change from de-
104. Sketch a smooth connected curve y = ƒsxd with
creasing to increasing?
ƒs - 2d = 8, ƒ¿s2d = ƒ¿s - 2d = 0,
c
ƒs0d = 4, ƒ¿sxd 6 0 for ƒ x ƒ 6 2,
ƒs2d = 0, ƒ–sxd 6 0 for x 6 0, c
f (x)
Cost

ƒ¿sxd 7 0 for ƒ x ƒ 7 2, ƒ–sxd 7 0 for x 7 0.

105. Sketch the graph of a twice-differentiable function y = ƒsxd with

the following properties. Label coordinates where possible. x
20 40 60 80 100 120
Thousands of units produced

110. The accompanying graph shows the monthly revenue of the Wid-
x y Derivatives
get Corporation for the last 12 years. During approximately what
x 6 2 y¿ 6 0, y– 7 0 time intervals was the marginal revenue increasing? Decreasing?
2 1 y¿ = 0, y– 7 0 y
2 6 x 6 4 y¿ 7 0, y– 7 0
4 4 y¿ 7 0, y– = 0 y
r(t)
4 6 x 6 6 y¿ 7 0, y– 6 0
6 7 y¿ = 0, y– 6 0
x 7 6 y¿ 6 0, y– 6 0

t
0 5 10
106. Sketch the graph of a twice-differentiable function y = ƒsxd that
passes through the points s - 2, 2d, s - 1, 1d, s0, 0d, s1, 1d, and (2, 2)
111. Suppose the derivative of the function y = ƒsxd is
and whose first two derivatives have the following sign patterns.
y¿ = sx - 1d2sx - 2d .
+ - + -
y¿:
-2 0 2 At what points, if any, does the graph of ƒ have a local mini-
mum, local maximum, or point of inflection? (Hint: Draw the
- + -
y–: sign pattern for y¿ .)
-1 1