8

Laplace Transforms

8.1 Laplace Transforms

Introd uction
The theory of Laplace transform is an essential part ofthe mathematical background
required by engineers, physists and mathematicians. It gives an easy and effective
means for solving certain types of differential and integral equations. It is the foundation
of the modern form of operational calculus, which was originated in an attempt to
justify certain operational methods used by an electrical engineer Oliver Heavinide, in
the latter part of the 19th century for solving equations in electromagnetic theory.
The Laplace transform reduces the problem of solving a differential equation to
an algebraic problem. It is particularly useful for solving problems where the mechanical
or electrical driving force has discontinuties, acts for a short time only or is periodic
but not merely a sine or cosine function.

8.1.1 A class of linear transformations of particular importance is that of the integral

transforms. The Laplace transformation (L.T) is a special case of an integral
transformation and is defined h~'
cO

F(s) = L [f{t)1 = Je-stf(t) dt

o
624 Engineering Mathematics - I

Def. Piecewise continuity ofa function:

A function off(t) is sectionally continuous (Piecewise continuous) in an interval
o~ t ~ b iff(t) is continuous over every finite interval 0 ~ t ~ b except possibly at a
finite number of points, where there are jump discontinuties and at which the
function approaches different limits from left and right.

f(t)

Sectionally continuous function

Def. Functions of exponential Order:-

A function f(t) is said to be of exponential order cr, as t ~ 00 if 3 M > 0

3/f(t)/ < Meat, \;f t~0 .... (1)
or equivalently, le--crtf(t)1 ~ M, \;f t ~ o.
t2
Remark: eat and sinbt are of exponential order, while e is not of exponential order since

which can be made larger than any given constant by increasing 't' indefinitely.
8.1.2 Conditions for L. T to exist
By using above remarks we can prove the conditions that are sufficient for the
existence of Laplace transforms.
Theorem: Iff(t) is piecewise continuous in every finite integral [0, N] for N > 0,
and of exponential order cr,that is If(t)1 ~ Meat, \;f t ~ 0 and M> o. (from I)
then the Laplace transform ofF(t) exists for all s> 0'

00 00 00

Proof: LetI = /F(s)1 = Je-stf(t)dt ~ ~ f(t)/ e-stdt ~ JM eate-stdt

o 0 0
=-=-s
M
cr
Here, s > 0' since I is non-negative everywhere. This shows that above conditions
are sufficient for the existence of L [f(t)].
Laplace Transforms 625

Properties of Laplace Transforms

8.1.3 Linearity property: Let f,(t) and fit) be two functions on [0, co] such that the
Laplace transforms L[f,(t)] and Lltit)] exist. If k, and k2 are two constants,
then
L[k/,(t) + klit)] = k,L[f,(t)J + k2 L[fit)J ..... (i)
This property is valid since

00 00 00

=
f[ktf; (t) + k 2 f2(t)]e-'1 dt fk\.!; (t)e-'I elt + fk2.f; (t)e -,I lit = k\L[j; (I)] + k 2 L[f2(t)]
0 0 0 ~

This result can be extended to the linear combinations of more than two functions.
8.1.4 Iff(t) is piecewise continuous on [0, N] for each N > 0, and ttt) is of exponential
order 0", that is by 8.10.1 (1), If(t)1 ::s Meat, V t ~ 0 and M > 0 and ifL [f(t)] = F(s)
then we have
(1) L [eatf(t)] = F(s-a) V s > 0" + a va> 0 ..... (i)

,
(2) L[f (tn. = e-aSF(s)

f(t -a) t > a}

where f,(t) = { 0 t < a (a>O)

and (3) L (ttat» = ±F(~) (for any a> 0)

Proof(l)
_a_
--~------~----~~s

From definition, we have

00

L[f(t)] = fe-Mf(t) dt = F(s)

o
00 00

so that L[eatf(t)] = fe-ot[eal f(t)dt = fe-(s-a)1 f(t)dt = F(s - a)

o 0
626 Engineering Mathematics - I

Th is property shows sh ifting on the s-axis and is called the first shifting property.
This means that replacing s by s - a in the Laplace transform corresponds to
multiplying the original function by eat
00 a 00

(2) L(fl(t) = fe-Ilf; (t)dt = fe-'If; (t)dt + fe-sl.t;(t)dt

o 0 a
a 00

= fe-.II.Odt+ fe-lIf(/-a) dt from definition offl(t)

o a
00 00

= fe-·llf(t-a)dt== fe-I(p+a)f(p)dp (where t = p+a)

o 0
00

= e -a.1 fe -P' f(p )dp == e -a.1 F(s)

o
This property indicates shifting on the t-axis and is called the second shifting property
00 d 00

(3) L[f(at)] = fe-'I f(at)dt == fe-·I(p/a) f(p)-'£ [taking t = pia]

o o a

= ~ }e-IP/af(p)dP==~F(~)
a0 a a
This property is known as change of scale property.

8.1.5 Laplace Transforms of standard functions

I
(a) L (e-at ) = -- (s> a) ...... ( I)
s+a

Pro()f: we have L(e-at ) =

rJe -.1/
.e -aidt-
_ rJe -(Ha)1 d _ - 1 [ -(Ha)I]OO
t--- e 0
_
---
1
o 0 s+a s+a
. 1
Ifa=OtheL(I)= - (s> 0) ..... (2)
s
Also changing the sign of , a' we get
I
L(eat ) = -- ..... (3)
s-a
a s
(b) L(sinat) = 2 2 and L(cosat) = J 2 (s> 0)
S +a s- +a
1 s+ia
Pro()f: L(cosat+isinat) = L(e lat ) = --.- ==-)-- from (a)
S -lU s- + a 2
Laplace Transforms 627

Equating real and imaginary parts we get

a s
L(sinat) = 2 2 ,L(cosat) = 2 2 ..... (4)
S +a s +a
a s
(c) L(sinhat) =
S
2
-a
2 and L(coshat) =
S
2
-(I
2 (s> laD

Proof:
.
L(smhat)=L
(e _e-
OI
1
ol
01 11 -01
=-L(e )--L(e )
222

- - 1[1
2 s-a
-----
s+a
I] from (a)

a
Thus (sinhat) = 2 2
S -a
s
similarly we can show that L(coshat) = 2 2 •••. (5)
s -(I

I(n + 1)
(d) L(tn) = ----;+] [(n + I) > 0 and s> 0]
s

Proof:

OOfe-P.pnd =T(n+l)
n+1 'P 11+1
o S S

00

Since T(n+I)= fe-xxndx and T(n+ I) = n! ifn is a +ve integer

o
n!
:. L(tn) = ----;;-+J ..... (6)
s
From (6) we have
1 1
L(I)= -, L(t) = -2 ,
s s
Solved Examples

8.1.6 Find the Laplace transform of

1. 2t3 + cos4t + e-2t 4. 3t2 + e- t + sin 32t
2. e2t + 4t3 - sin2tcos3t 5. cos32t
3. cos(wt + ~)
628 Engineering Mathematics - I

6 s 1 12 s 1
Sol: I. L(2t3 + cos4t + e-2t ) = 2x-+ + - - =-+ +--
S4 S2 + 16 S + 2 S4 S2 + 16 S + 2
2. L(e2t ) + 4L(t3 ) - L(sin2tcos3t)

I 6 (5
S - 2 + 4x7 - S2 + 25 - n 2 + 1
1)
1
[.: sin2tcos3t = "2 (sin5t - sint)]
3. L cos(wt + 13) = L[coswt.cosj3 - sinwtsinj3]

=cosfJL(coswt)-sinfJL(sinwt)= cos fJ 2
S
2
.
-sm
fJ 2
w
2
+w S S +w
4. L[3t2+e-t+sin 32t] = 3L(t2 ) + L(e-t ) + L (sin 32t)
2 1 3 3
=3.-+--+ - -?--
S3 s+1 2(S2+4) 2s-+36
2 1 3 1 3 1
=-+--+--------
S3 S + 1 2 S2 + 4 2 S2 + 36
1
(.: L(sin32t) = 4" L[3sin2t - sin6t]

3 [cos6t + 3cos2t]
5. L(cos 2t) = L 4

=
1
4"
(s 3S)
S2 + 36 + S2 + 4

Exercise 8(A)
Find the Laplace transform of
8 3 1
1. 4t2 + sin3t + e-2t Ans. - + - - + - -
S3 S2 +9 s+2
1 4
2. (sin2t - cos2tf Ans. -
S S2 + 16

3. Ans. !(!+_S_)
2 S S2 -64

4.

5.
Laplace Transforms 629

6. cos 2 (2bt) 1(1

Ans. - - + ? ?
2 s s- + 16b-
s)
162
7. Ans. -----::,---------:---
(S2 -81)(.~·2 -9)

a b
8. sinhat- sinbt An s. -?::-------::-)
s- -(r

S(S2 - 28)
9. Ans. -----:----::---
2
(S2 - 36)(5 - 4)

s s
10. coshat - cosbt Ans. 2 2
S -(I

8.1.7 Examples on properties 8.1.4

Find the Laplace transform of
1. e-btcosat 2. t 3 e-4t
4. e-3t sin3t 5. e-2t[2cos3t-3sin3t]
Sol.
S
1. L( cosat) =) 2
s- +0

(from 8.1.4( I) first shifting theorem)

6
2. L(t3 ) = 4
s
By shifting theorem 8.1.4(1)
6
L(e-4t. t 3) = - - -
(s + 4)4

. 3
3. L(sm3t) = -2--
S +9

by 8.1.4(1),
3
2t
L( e sin3t) = (5 _ 2)2 + 9.
630 Engil~eering Mathematics - I

4. e-3t .sin3t

L(sin3t) =- L [~(3Sin
4
1 - Sin3/)] = ~ L(sin I) - ~ L(sin 3/)
4 4
3 1 1 3

By 8.1.4(1)

-3t . - ~ I
L(e sm3t) - 4· 3)2
(s+ +I
5. e-2 t(2cos3t - 3sin3t)
s
L(2cos3t) = 2.-2-
s +9
9
L(3sin3t) = ~9
8 +
By shifting theorem 8.1.4( I)
2L(e-2tcos3t) - 3L(e-2t sin3t)
2(s + 2) 9
= (s + 2)2 + 9 - (8 + 2)2 + 9
3s
8.1.8 If L[f(t)] = ~9 . find L[f(3t)]
8 +
38
SoL 'L[f(t)] = S2 +9

s
I 3") 38
By 8.1.4 (3), L[f(3t)] = 3(8)2 8
2
+27
- +9
3

Exercise 8(8)
Find the Laplace Transform of
2 8-3
1. Ans. 4cosa +sin-----,:-----
(s - 3)2 + 16 (8 - 3)2 + 16

2.

3. cosh2t.cos2t Ans ~[ 8-2 + __8_+_2_]

. 2 (8 - 2)2 + 4 (8 + 2)2 + 4
Laplace Transforms 631

a(s2 + 2( 2)
4. coshat sinat Ans.
S4 + 2a 4
S(S2 - 7)
5. cos3t.cosh4t Ans.
S4 + 625 -14s 2
2s-5
6. e- 21(2cos3t-3sin3t) Ans.
S2 +4s+ 13
S3
7. coshat cosat Ans.
S4 + 4a 4
3
8. elsin4t.cos2t Ans.
(s _1)2 +36

5s 2 -3s+2
Ans.
S3

n+ 1 6
Ans.
(8 + a)"+1 + (.\'2 + 1)(s2 + a)

8.1.9 Property (4) : Effect of multiplication by t

If L[f(t)l = F(s) then L[tf(t)] = -FI(s)
00

Proof: We know that F(s) = Je-"f(t)dt.

o
differentiating with respect to s
00 a 00

F(s)= J-[e-"f(t)]dt= Je-"'f(t)dt

o as 0

00

:. -FI(s) = Je-" [if(t)]dl = L[if(t)]

o
8.1.10 Examples

I. - -3- L(Ie -2')_

L( e-2')_ d 1 _
--------_o_ 1
s+2' ds s + 2 (s + 2)2

2,
d d ( 2
L(lcosat)=(-I)-[L(cosal)]=-- 2 = 2
2S2
2 2
s)
ds ds s + a (s + a )

3. L(t sin I) = __d

d..
(_I_) =
S2 +1
---,-2_s---,-
(S2 + 1)2
 632 Engineering Mathematics - I

a
4. L(atsinat-cosat)=aL(tsinat)-L(COsat)=a[-dd ( 2-
S S +a
2)]- s 2+a 2
S

2
2as] s 2a s s
= a [ (S2 +a2f~ - (S2 +a 2) = (S2 +a 2 )2 - (S2 +l?)
5. L(1+tet)3 = L[I+3et+3t2e2t+t3e3t]
= L(I) + 3L(tet)+ 3L(t2e 2t) + L(t3e3t)
2 3
1 d 1 d 1 d ( 1 ) '1 3 6 6
=~-3 ds (s-I) +3 ds 2 (s-2)ds 3 s-2 =2+ (s-1)2 + (S-2)3 + (s-3)4

6.

d
L(te4t sin2t) = -L[e sm 2/1 = - -
41' d [ 2 ] by shifting property
7. 2
ds ds (s-4) +4

d [ 2 J 45 -16
=- ds S2 -85+20 = (S2 -8s+20)2
2 2
d d [ s -1 ]
L(t2etcos4t) = ds2 L(e cos4/) = d~2 (s _1)2 + 16 by shifting theorem
l
8.

=_~[ S2-2S-15]=
3 2
(2s -6s -90s+94)
ds (S2 - 2s + 17)2 (S2 - 2s + 17)3

Exercise 8(C)

Find the Laplace transform of the following:

1. Ie-"'sjn2. Ans. H~ (s 3)' - (X~~::15;),]

6s-18
3t
I 2. te- sin3t Ans. (S2 _ 6s + 18)2

2s+4
3. Ans, (S2 + 4s + 5)2
Laplace Transforms 633

9+ 12s -3s 2
4. 2tsin3t-3tcos3t Ans. 2 2
(s +9)

35-3
5. tetsin2tcost Ans. 2 ?
(s - 2s + 10)-

8.1.11 Property (5) If L[f(t)] = f(s), then L U.f(t)] = J/(5) ds

,
00

Proof: f(s)= fe-'I/(t)dt

Integrating bothsides w.r.t 's' between the limits s, 00 and changing the order of
integration on right hand side (R.H.S),

'1Je-.\II(t)dS]dt = J-[e~\1 l(t)]

J/(S)ds = 00 dt = Je-\I I~t) dr
"tL 0 0 0

8.1.12 Examples
Find the Laplace Transforms of the following

1. ~(1-cosal) 2. ~(e-I sinal)

I I

1 s
Sol.1. L(I-cosat) = L(l) - L(cosat) = - - 2 2
S S +a

(l I s
)K
L -(I-cosat) = - - 2 ] [
1 2
2 ds= logs--log(s2+a) ]00
1
=-Iog(2? 1
s + a-
2
t , s s +a 2 0 2 s

a
2. L(e-tsinat) = 2 2
(s+l) +a

I ISlOat)
L -(e-
[t
. ]
= oof a2 [-1
(S+I)]OO
2ds= tan - 1t
- =--tan s+1
--=cot _I(S+I)
-- -1
s (s + 1) + a a ,2 a a
634 Engineering Mathematics - I

1 1
3. L(1-e2 t) = L(I) - L(e2t) = ---
s s-2

I
L[-(1-e
t
21]
) = ----
s s-2
X
I I)ds= [logs-log(s-2)Js100 =Iog--
(s - 2)
s
s

2
4. L(e-3tsin2t) = ---::---
(S+3)2 +4

L(!e-
t
3/
Sin2t)= }
s
22
(s + 3) + 4
ds=tan- I (S+3)00
2 s

1t
=-=tan _1(S+3)
- - =cot _1(S+3)
--
2 2 2
1 I
5. L(eal ) = --, L(e ht )= - -
s-a s-b
1 al -e bl]
L [ -(e
t
) = XI - - - -1)
s-a s-b
- ds= [log(s-a)-Iog(s-bh,.
100
s

s-a s-a s-b )

= log( - )] 00
=-IOg(-)=IOg-
(
[
s-b s
s-b s-a

Exercise 8(0)

Find the Laplace transfonn ofthe following:

1.
1
-(1-cost)
t
1 (hI]
Ans. 2"log - s -

I _I •
2. -e SlOt Ans. coc 1 (s+l)
t
1
3. - (-at
e - e-hI) Ans.log C+b)
--
t s+a

4. ! (e-3tsin2t) S-3)
Ans. coC I ( -2-
t

5. !
t
(sin2t) Ans.
1 (.'+4]
"4 log ~
Laplace Transforms 635

6.
I
- (coat - cosbt) I
Ans. -log (S2+b 2)
2 2
t 2 S +(1

7.
I
- (I - cos3t) I
Ans. -log (S2 +9)
--2-
t 2 S

8. ! (sin3t) Ans. 4"I [3cot

_)
S- cot
_)
"3s]
t
8.2.1 Theorem: Iff(t) is continous ¥ t ~ 0 and of exponential order, say 0" and has a
derivative ~(t) which is piecewise continuous on every finite interval [0, N] for
each N > 0, then the Lapalce transform of the derivative ~(t) exists for s > 0" and
L{~(t)} = sLf(t) - f(O)
00

Proof: L(f(t)] = je-'I f(t)dt

o
00

L(~(t)] = je-'I fl(t)dt

o
Integration by parts gives
00

L(~(t)] = [e-.'I f(1)1 + s je-'I f(t)dt

o
Since f(t) is of an exponential order, the integrand in first integral on the R.H.S. is
zero at the upper limit when s> 0' and iff(O) at the lower limit. Thus, we have
00

L( ~(t)] = 0 - f(O) + S je -;t f(t)dt =' sLf(t) - f(O)

o
If Lt f(t) = f(O+) exists, but is not equal to f(O), which mayor may not exist then
1-)0

L(~(t)] = sLf(t) - f(O+).

Note: Iff(t) and its derivatives ~(t), ~I(t) .............. fI- 1 (t) are continous ¥ t ~ 0 and are
functions of exponential order for some M > 0 and 0', and the derivative fI(t) is
Piecewise continous on every finite interval in the range t ~ 0, then the Laplace
transform offl(t) exists when s> 0' and is given by
L[fI(t)] = s"[Lf(t) - s" - If(O) - s" - 2 ~(O) ............... _tn - 1(0)]
If n = 2, L [~I(t)] = s2[L(f(t»] - sf(O) -~(O) and so on.
636 Engineering Mathematics - I

8.2.2 Example

Prove that L(cosat) = S2 + a2

Sol. We can show this with the help of above theorem

Let f(t) = cosat => f(O) = 1
then [I(t) = -asint => fl(O) = 0
[l1(t) = -a2cosat
Hence, we have
L[fll(t)] = s2Lf(t) - sf(O) - fl(O)
:. L[-a 2cosat]= s2L(cosat) - s - 0 = s2L(cosat) - s
2
s2L(cosat) + a L(cosat) = s

s
:. L( cosat) = 2 2
+a S
8.2.3 Theorem: Iff is Piecewise continous on [0, N] for each N > 0 and is of exponential
I I
order cr, then L ff(u)du = -L[/(/)] v s > CT,
o s
I

Proof. Let «p(t) = ff(u)du. Then we have «p1(t) = f(t) and f(O) = 0;
o

L[~(t)l =s.L[~(t)l-~(O) =s[L(~(t»l =SL[!f(U)du1

:. L Iff(u)du
[
o
III
= -L[¢I(/)] = -[L(f(/»]
s s
8.2.4 Examples
Find the Laplace transforms of
I

I. fsin 2pdp
o
I

2. fp cosh p dp
o
3. r
I

o p
•
mp
dp
I
rp .
sm P
4. je . - - d'P
o P
2
Sol. 1. L(sin2t) = Z--4 = f(s) , say
s +
112
fsin 2pdp =- f(s) = --=-2--
o S s(s +4)
Laplace Transforms 637

2.

I 2 )
I (s + (1-)
o J
then L pcosh pdp = - I(s) =- )
8
)
(8- -a-)s

3.
.
L(smt)= ~I
I
s +
; L
(I .
-SlOt
t
)
= J-2-
00

s +1
0\
I ds

L 'JSin
-- p dOp=-Ijo() I
s =-cot -I
s
o P s s

I I
4. L(sint)= -2-1 ... L( etsint) = --.,,----
s + (s _1)2 + I

I
L [ -ee' sint) ] = ooJ ds2
t , (s -I) +1

'f sin p 1 1 1
:. L e P --dp = - I(s) = -cot- (s -1)
o P s s

Exercise 8(E)

Find the Laplace Transform of

I I
I
I. Jcos2pdp
0
3
2. Jpe- sin 4 pdp
0
3. Jp sin 3pdp
I

s 8(s + 3) I _I
Ans. I. 2. 3. -cot s
S(S2 + 4) S(S2 + 6s + 25)2 s
638 Engineering Mathematics - I

Laplace Transforms of Periodic Functions

8.2.5 A function f(t) in said to be periodic with period p>O iff(t+p) = f(t) for all t>O
Since periodic appear in many practical problems and in most cases are more
complicated than single sine or cosine functions, we find it useful to establish the
following result:

I I'
L([f(t)] = I-e- Ps fe-Slf(t)dt
o
Proof: Let f(t) be a periodic function of period 'p' so that f(t) = f(t+p) = f(t+2p) = ...... .
00 I' 21'
L[f(t)] = fe -si f(t)dt = fe -s/ f(t)dt + fe -si f(t)dt + ............... .
o o I'

writing t = u+p
21' I'
now fe-ollf(t)dt= fe-o,(u+p)f(u+ p)du
I' 0

I'
= e- Ps fe-OVlf(t + p)dt (change u to t)
o

I'
f -vlfCt )dt
= e -1" Je 0 [.: f(t+p)=f(t)]
o

31' I'
similarly, fe-oIl f(t)dt = e- 21'S fe-ollf(t)dt and so on
21' 0

I'
L[f(t)] = (1+e-ps+e-2ps + .................... 00) fe-ollf(t)
o
The expression within parantheses is a G.P. with c.r. = e-PS

:. L[f(t)] = 1_:-1'$ Je-Slf(t)dt

o
Laplace Transforms 639

Solved Problems

8.2.6 Find the Laplace Transform of

t
l. f(t) =k- for 0 < t < P and f(t) = f(t+p)
P
2. f(t) = 1 for 0 < t < a and f(t) = -1, a < t < 2a and f(t) is periodic with period 2a
Sol. Since f(t) is periodic with period p.
P P k
L[f(l)] = 1. Je-s1f(l)dt= 1 Je-"I.~dt
l-e- sp l-e-"P p
o 0

2. f(t) is peirodic with peirod 2a

L[f(t)] =
1 2a si
Je- f(t)dt =
1 [a
1 _ e- 2as
2a.
Je-sl.l.dt + Je-·'I (-I)dt
1
1- e-2as 0 0 0

SI
_ 1 [{_e-SI}a {_e- }2aj_l 1 (l -a,)2
-1_e-2a, - s - 0 - - s - 0 - s l_e-2as ' -e

- 1s [11+- ee -2as
--.
-2as
]_ 1[/f - e-'T --tanh
--.
S ~
1 [-as ]
s-~ 2
1-
e 2 +e 2

8.2.7 Find the Laplace transform of the rectangular wave shown in the figure:

f(t)

1s
o b 2b 3b

Rectangular wave
640 Engineering Mathematics - I

Sol: The period of the given function is '2b'.

Hence L[f(t)]=
I 2h.
-2h, Je-Mj(/)dt=
I [ h .S1 2b
-2h.\ J1.e- j(t)dt+ J(-I)e-S1dt
1
l-e 0 l-e 0 b

hs -bs
- -
e 2 -e 2

I bs
=-tanh-
s 2
8.2.8 What is the Laplace transform of the staircase function (fig(a)) given by
f( t) = n+ I, np < t « n+ 1)p for n = 0, 1, 2 ............ .
Sol. The easient way of getting the Laplace transform of the staircase function is to
consider it as the difference between the two functions shown in Fig(b) the

transform ofthe linear function (t + p) can easily be found by using first shifting,
P
second shifting and change of scale properties.
Thus, we have

f(t) f(t)

o P 2p 3p

(a) Staircse function (b) solution of the stair case function (c) Saw-tooth function.
Laplace Transforms 641

t
The function fl(t) = - is called a saw-tooth function (fig(c» and its transform is
p
obtained as shown below.

1 P 1 1 [ -,I ]P
L[ft(t)] = _, fe-'I~d'= _.- _e_(_st_1)
1- e Ip p 1- e "P p S2
o 0

1- (1 + ps)e - P'
ps2(1-e-"P)

This can be simplified to

L[ I' (I)] -
JI -
~[1
P S2
+ ps - p 1
s(1-e- PS ) ..... (2)

Thus from (1) and (2), we get

L[f(t)]=~(~+P)_~(I+PS_ p- 1
p s- s P S2 s(1-e P")
1

Exercise 8(F)

1. If Lf(t) = <I>(s), Prove that

L[~II(t)] = s3<1>(s) - s2 <I>(s) - s<l>l(s) - <l>1I(s)

2. If L[~I(t)] = Tan-I (+), f(O) =,2 and ~(O) = -1 find L[f(t)]

3. A periodic function f(t) of period 2a is defind by

f(t) = t, for 0 .'S t .'S a,
= 2a - t, for a < t < 2a

show that L[f(t)] = 1 tanh 7 (as)

2
642 Engineering Mathematics - I

4. Iff(t) = t2, ° < t < 2 and f(t+2) = f(t)

find L[f(t)].

5. Iff(s) = L(f(t»), Prove that

L[Sdl SJ'(U)duj == F~) and hence generalise the result.

o 0 s
8.2.9 Laplace transform of the unit step function
The unit step function orthe Heaviside function is defined as
H(t-a) = ° ift<a,
H(t-a) = lift < a
where a is a non-negative constant. In particular, when a = 0, we have
O,i/ 1 <
H(t)= [l,ifl>O
°
The unit step function is the basic building block of certain functions whose
knowledge greately increases the usefulness of the Laplace transformation.
It is easy to show that the Laplace transform of H(t-a) is given by
e- U \
L(H(t-a»==-
s
00 a 00

L[H(t - a) == fe-vI H(t - a)dt = fe-VI O.dl + fe-·\/l.d'

o 0 a
00

-e -sl e-as
s o s

. 1
In Particular, when a=O, we get L(H(t» = -
s
8.2.10 Heaviside shift theorem: If Lf(t) = f(s), then L[f(t-a)H(t-a) = e-as f(s).
Proof: By defnition, we have
00 a 00

L[f(t - a)H(t - a») == fe- si f(t - a)H(t - a)dt == fe- si f(t - a)O.dt + fe- si f(t - a)l.dt
o 0 0
00 00

== fe -s(p+a) f(p )dp == e -sa fe -sp (p )dp

(consider p = t-a)
o 0
Laplace Transforms 643

8.2.1 Examples
Find the L.T. of the function

f(t) =1 } if 0 < t < 1t

1. =0 if1t<t<21t
=sint ift>21t

SoL Let us represent f(t) interms of unit step functions as flt)=H(t)-H(t-1t)+H(t-21t)

sint

1 -It' -2 It'
L[f(t)] = L[H(t)] - L[H(t-1t)] + L[H(t-21t)sint] = __ _e _ + _e_
s s s
2. Find L.T. oft2H(t-3)
Let us express <I>(t) = t 2 as a function of(t-3) by using Talor's series, which states
that

_ fI (x-a)2 II
f(x) - f(a) + (x-a) (a) + 2! f (a) + ................. + ............. .

(t 3)2
¢(t)=94-(t - 3).6+ .2
2!
Now, by the above result
L[f(t).H(t-a)] = L[9+6(t-3) + (t-3fH(t-3)]
= L[f(t-3).H(t-3)] = e-3S Lf(t) where f(t) = 9+6t+t2

L[t2H(t-a)] = e-3s [ -9 + -6? + 32 + ......... .]

s s- s

3. Express F(t) = (t-2)2 when t>2 and f(t) = 0 when 0<t<2 in terms of Heavis ide unit
step function and find its Laplace transform
Sol. It is easy to see that
F(t) = (t-2)2 = (t-2f.H(t-2) (since for t<2, H(t-2)=0 and for ~2, H(t-2)=1)
L[f(t).H(t-2)] = L[(t-2)2H(t-2)] = e-2s .Lf(t) where f(t) = t2

-2,\ 2!
=e .3
s
644 Engineering Mathematics - I

Exercise 8(G)

I. Find the Laplace tranform off(t) using the unit step function, where

I ifO<t<1
2 ifl<I<3
f(t) =
4 if3<t<4
-2 if 4 <I

I e-I 2e-31 6e-~1

Ans. - + - + - - - - -
J
[s s s s

2. Determine the Laplace transform of the following function:

6-2e-7t'i -4e-2""
(i) f(t) = 6-2H(t-1t) - 4H(t-21t) Ans.------
s

5 2-,
(ii) f(t) = e2I H(t-log5) Ans. - -
5-s
-(1\'
e
(iii) f(t) = (t-a)H(t-a) Ans. -2
s

e-2"(2 4s 4s 2 ) + +
(iv) f(t) = t2 H(t-2) Ans. --'-----.:3--...:...
S

1
(v) f(t) = H(t-e t ) Ans. -
s

(vi) f(t) = tH(t-2)

25 38 42 24]
(vii) f(t) = (l +2t-3t2 +4t3)H(t-2) Ans. e-2s - + - + - + -
[ s S2 S3 S4

1
(viii) f(t) = sint.H(t-1t) Ans. e-ltS --
S2 +1
Laplace Transforms 645

8.3.1 Inverse Laplace Transforms

If L[f(t)] = F(s) then f(t) is called the inverse Laplace transform of F(s) and is
denoted by L-I[F(s)] = f(t)
if fl and f2 are continuous functios on [0, 00] such that
L[fl(t)] L[f2(t)] or FI(s) = F2(s) (v- s>O) then fl(t) = fit) (v- t::::O)
=

Some of the important properties of the inverse laplace transforms are analogous to
the corresponding properties of Laplace transforms.
1. Linearity Property: If kl' k2 are any constants and F I(s) and Fis) are the Laplace
transforms of fl(t) and fit) respectives, then
L-I[kIFI(s) + k2Fis)] = klfl(t) + k/i t).
2. First shifiing property: If L- I [F(s)] = f(t), then

jor t > a
for t < a

3. Change of scale property: if L-' [F(s)] = f(t), then

4. Inverse Laplace transforms of derivatives: If L-'[F(s)] = f(t) then

5. Inverse Laplace transfonn of integrals: If L-'[F(s)] = f(t) then

6. Multiplication by's': If L-'[F(s)] = f(t) and f(O) = 0, then

L-[sF(s)] = fI(t)
7. Division by's': If L-I [F(s)] = f(t) then
646 Engineering Mathematics - I

. result can be extended to L- I ( - -

This F(S»)
s"
I I I

= ff..·················ff(u)du".
00 0

(the proof is left to the student)

8.3.2 Table of inverse transforms

L[f(t)] L- I [F(s)]

L(1) = -
I
s
L- I (~) = 1

L(e-at) = --
s+a
1
L- I (_I
s+a
) = e-at

L(tn ) = -
S"+I
n!
1-1 ( I) + I)!
S'1+1
-
- (n
t"

if 'a' is a positive integer

L(sinat) =
S2
a
+a 2
rl ( 2
s +a
I 2) = ~a sinat
s
L(cosat) = L-I ( 2 S 2) = cosat
S2 +a 2 s +a

2)=~sinhat
a
L(sinhat) = L_ I ( 21
S2 _a 2 s -a a

s
L(coshat) = L- I ( s 2 ) coshat
S2 _a 2 S2 _a

8.3.3 Using the above results inverse Laplace transforms of some simple functions can b~
obtained as below.
Find the inverse Laplace transform of:
2s+3 3s+5 4._1_
I. 2 -- 3. 2
• S2 +9 9s -25 4s+5
I 3 2s+ I s+3
5. 4s-5 6.- 7. (s + 1) 8·~4
s+ 4 s +
Laplace Transforms 647

Sol. From the above table, we get

I.

2.

= 2cos3t + sin3t

3. I
L- ( 3~+5 )=L-I( 3s )+L-I( 2 5 )=~COSh(~)+~sinh(~)
9s- - 25 9s 2 - 25 9s - 25 3 3 3 3

4.

5.

6. L- (_3_)
I

s+4
= 3rl_1_ = 3e-
s+4
41

7. L-I 2s+1
1
-2L-I(_s
- 1
) + L-I(_l
2 )_" .
- .... cost+smt
(s- + 1) s- + 1 s +1

8. L-I( S+3) -I(

-1--
s- + 4
=L s ) +L
-1--
s- + 4
-I( 3 ) =cos2t+-sm21
-1--'
s- + 4
3 .
2

Exercise 8(H)

Find the invere Laplace transform of:

2 1 1 4s+ 15
1. -+-+--
S S3 S +4 5. 16s 2 _ 25
648 Engineering Mathematics - I

[2
Ans. 1.2+ - + e-4t 2. 3cos4t + sin4t 3. 2cosh3t+sinh3t
2
,4
4.1 + t 2 + -
24

Examples 8.3.4
Find the inverse Laplace transform of:
6s-4 I s-2
1. --"-2- - -
2. (s _ 3)3 3. (s _ 2)4 4. + -=-2- - -
2
s -4s+ 20 (s-l) s -4s+5

Sol.

4 L- I 1 ) + L-I (s - 2) = L-I( I ) + L- I ( (s - 2) )
. ( (S-2)4 (s2-4s+5) (s-2i s2-4s+4+1

=L -I( 1 ') ) + L
(s-2t
-l( S-2)
(S-2)2 + 12
= ')
et.t + e~t.cost

Exercise 8(1)

Find the inverse Laplace transform of:

s+4 (ii) s +6 4s+ 12

(i)---- (iii) -=----
S2 -4s+ 13 S2 -Ss +25 S2 +Ss + 16
Laplace Transforms 649

B.3.5 Method of partial fractions:

Whenever possible we exress the given function F(s) into the sum of linear or
quadratic partial fractions as
A Bs+C
F(s) = r + ? 2 r and then use the standard results to find the inverse L.T.
(s + a) (s- + a )

Examples (I) Find 4] for all s>O,

r l [ S3 +
s +s

Sol. By partial fraction expansion, we have

s+ 1 A Bs+C
---=-+---
S(S2 + I) S S2 +1
s+1 = A(s2+1) + (Bs+c)s = As2 + A + Bs2 + cs
comparing coefficients of different powers of s from both sides
O=A+B
)= c
:. I = A, B =-1
s+1 1 -s+1
. =-+--
.. S(S2 + I) S S2 + 1
By the linearity property of L-I, we have

- - = L-l(I)
L-l(S+l) - - L-1(-s- ) + L-1(-I- ) =I -cost+smt
.
S3 + s ' S S2 + 1 S2 + I

2S2 -6s+5
2. If L[f(t)] = S3 + 6s2 + lIs -6 find [f(t)]

Sol. By partial fractions we have

J(s) = 2S2 -6s+5 =_A_+_B_+_C_

S3 -6s 2 +Ils-6 (s-l) (s-2) (s-3)

:. 2S2 -6s + 5 = A(s -2)(s -3)+ B(s -l)(s -3)+C(s -l)(s -2)
put s = I we get
I =2A A= 1/2
put s = 2
B=-1
650 Engineering Mathematics - I

Similarly s = 3 gives
C = 5/2

.
.. L-I[f'( S.)]_
--I L- I - -
I - L- I ( -I- ) +-
5 L- I ( -A- )_ 1 1 -e 21 +-e
--e 5 31
. 2 (s-I) 8-2 2 8-3 2 2

3s+ I
3. If Lf(t) = ( )( 2 I ' find f(t)
s-I s + )
Sol. By partial fractions we have

j(s)=~+ Bs+C
s -1 S2 + I

:. Solving for A, B C
we have A = 2, B = -2, C = -I

L- I [j(s)] = 2C l _1__ 2CI _s_ + L- I _)_1_

S -1 S2 + I s- + I

= 2e t - 2cost + sint
s+2
4. If L[f(t)] = (s + 3)(s + 1)3 find f(t)

Sol. j(s) = s+2 =~_I__ ~_I_+~ I +1 1

(s+3)(s+I)3 8s+3 8s+1 4(8+1)2 2(8+1)3
(after expressing the function in partial fractions)

:.rl[f(8)]=~rl-I--~rl-I-+ 1 ? + I 1
8 8+38 8+14(8+1)- 2(8+1)3

=~e-31 - ~e-I -t ~/e-I +t 2e-1 = ~[(2t2 + 21 -1)e-' + e-31 ]

8 8 4 8
(S2 + 2s - 42)
5. If L[f(t)] = (S2 + 28 + 5)(8 2 + 2s + 2) find f{t)

as+b c8+d
Sol: Let f(s) = 82 + 28 + 5 + S2 + 28 + 2

:.S2 + 28 -4 =(a8 +b)(8 2 + 28 + 2)+ (cs + d)(S2 + 2s + 5)

Equating the coefficients of like powers of s we get a = 0, b = 3, c = 0, d = -2.
Laplace Transforms 651

3 2 3 2
:·f(s)= s2+2s+5 s2+2s+2 (s+I)2+22 (s+I)2+12

:.L -I( f(s)]=3L -I( 12 ? ) -2L

(s+l) +2-
-I[ 12 ?
(s+l) +1-
1

2s
6. If L[f(t)] = 4s2 + 16 ' find f(t)

Sol. By change of scale property we have

L-I[ 2
2s ] =-cos
1 21 since L- I [ 2 S
s +16
] = cos4t
4s +16 2

e- 5•
7. If L[f(t)] = (s _ 2)4 find f(t)

Sol. We know rl[ 1

(s - 2)4
1 L-I[_I]
= e 21
S4
= e2/.~3! = ~t3e21
6

Thus by second shifting property

L- I
[
e -5s
(S-2)4
1={Ig -(I - 5)3e2(t - 5) ift>5
if 1 < 5

Exercise 8(J)

Determine the inverse Laplace transform of each of the following functions.

10g(~)
3 s 2s+ 1
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
s+2 s2+2s+6 s(s + 1) s+2

s-5 e -2 .. S2
(v) (vi) (vii)
S2 +6s+ 13 s(s + 1) (S2 + 9)(S2 + 16)
652 Engineering Mathematics - I

2S2 + s -I 0
(viii) -(ix) log (I + Sl2 ) (x) 4
(s - 4)(S2 + 2s + 2) (8 + 64)

s
(xi) (xii)
s(s + I)(s + 2)(s + 3) (s4+s2+1)

2
8 + lOs + 13 s
(xiii) (xiv) 2
2 (8 + 1)(s2 +4)
8 -I 0(8 - 5s + 6)

8+29 5s+3
(xv) (xvi)
(S+4)(S2 +9) (s -1)(s2 + 2s + 5)

48+4 S2 + 1
(xvii) (xviii)
(8 _1)2(8 + 2) s3 +3s 2 +2s

Ans. . ) -1 (-2/
( IV e -e -3/)
t

(v) e-3tcos2t - 4e-3tsin2t (vi) 4(1 - e-2t)(t - 2) (vii) (~Sin4t -%Sin3t)

2 I
(viii) e4t - e-t(cos2t+2sint) (ix) -(I-cost)
t
(x) "8 sin2t sinh2t

. I
(XI)
6 2
I _/ 1 -2/ 1 -3/
-.l--e +-e --e
2 6
. J32(. TJ5 t.sln'ht]2"
(XII) Sin

(xiii) 12et - 37e2t + 25e3t (xiv) "3I (cost - cos2t) (xv) e--4t - cos3t + "35 sin3t

(xviii) .! - 2- et + ~ e-2l
2 2
Laplace Transforms 653

8.4 Convolution Theorem

If L[f(t)] = F(s) and L[g(t)] = G(s) the inverse transfonn of F(s). G(s) denoted by
H(t), is called the convolution of f and g is defind as given below.
I

H(t) = (f*g)(t) = f(t-u)g(u)dll,vtzO ..... ( I)

o
The convolution operation * has the following properties.
(f*g)(t) = (g*f)*t), v t ~ 0 (commutative)
[f*(g*h)](t) = [(f*g)*h](t) v- t ~ 0 (associative)
[1'*(g+h)](t) = (f*g)(t) + (f*h)(t) v- t ~ 0 (dstributive)
8.4.1 Theorem: Let f(t) and get) be the inverse transforms of F(s) and G(s) respectively,
and satify the hypothesis of the existence theorem (8.10.2) then the the inverse
transform h(t) of the product F(s) G(s) is the convolution of f(t) and get).
I

h(t) = (f*g)(t) = fl(t-u)g(ll)du

o
I

i.e. L-'[F(s)G(s)] = fl(t - u)g(u)du ..... (i)

o
Proof: It is sufficient if we show that

F(s) G(s) ~ L[ 1f (l- u)g(u)du 1

Now F(s)G(s) ~ [fe" f( v)dv] [V· g(u)du ]

=
00
rrllo
Ile-(U+V)S J(v)g(u)dvdu = le-S(V+U) J(V)dV]g(U)dU'
where the integration is extended over the first quadrant (u ~ 0, v .:=:: 0) in the
uv-plane. We now introduce a new variable 't' in the inner integral of the last expression
by taking v = t-u so that u + v = t and dv = dt (u being fixed during this integration).
Thus

F(s)G(s) = rrllule->t J(t - U)dt]g(U)dU = Ile->t J(t -u)g(u)dtdu

0 U
654 Engineering Mathematics - I

al a

F(s)G(s)= fTIe-SI!(t-u)g(u)du]dt= fe- jlr{t-u)g(u)du}tt

s, I
00 0 0

8.4.2 Examples

(I) Evaluate ~ r' [ s2(s1+ I )2l using the convolution theorem

Sol. we have L-'C, )~I and r'((S~I)' )~/e-'

By the convolution theorem

I 2
=L- [ 2( U
1 y]= J(ue- -{t-u}du= J(ut-u )e- )du
U

s s+1 0 0

= [(ut -u2)e-u - (t-2u)e-u + (-2)(-e-U) = t-e-t + 2e- 1 + t-2

(2) ~valuate L- I
[ 2 S 2 2] using the convolution theorem.
(s +2 )

s s
Sol. Let F(s) = ~4 ' G(s) = - 2 - and Let ~s) = F(s) G(s)
s + s +4

_I s
f(t) = L-I [F(s)] = L (-2-) = cos2t
s +4

1
g(t) = L-l[G(s)] = r-I (-2-_) = ! sin2t
s +4 2

f(u).;: cos2u CIld g(t-u) = 2"1 sin2(t -u)

Laplace Transforms 655

I I
C l [tp(S)] = JCOS 2u -sin 2(1 - u) du
o 2
I

= ~ JSin 2t + sin 2(t - 2u )dll

40

=~[sin2t.U+~COS2(t-2U]1 ~tsin2u
4 2 04

(3) Evaluate L-
I
[ ~ 1using convolution theorem.
s s+4

1
Sol. Let F(s) = ~ G(s) = - and choose
vs+4 s
¢i...s) = F(s).G(s)

.. f(t) = L- [F(s)] =
I
r
I
~
= e-4t CI_1_ =e-41
s~
t~ = r;;
r- 1
e-
41

(s + 4) 2 2 '\I1tl

1
g(t) = L-1[G(s)] = L- 1 (-) =1
s
e --4u
f(u) = rand g(t-u) = 1
'\I1tU

By convolution theorem
1
Je-
I -4u 2!i
x2
L-1[$(s)] = Jer- du = r dx
o '\I 1tU '\I 1t 0

where 4u = .xl 2du =xdx

(where erf(t) J
I

= 2r e- x
'\I1t 0
2
dx

(erft stands for error function)

656 Engineering Mathematics - I

Exercise 8(K)

Using the convolution theorem find the inverse Laplace transforms of

(v) log«s+2» (vi) 1 ?

S +1 (s + 1)(s- + 1)

1 1
(ii) "3 (2sin2t-sint) (iii) "3 tsint
-/I -211
e -e du
(iv) I
o
u
2
I f4 -cost-smt
(vi) -Le . ]

8.4.3 Applications to differential equations

Suppose we wish to find the particular solution of the differential equation
lay" + /3y' + yy = J(t) ..... (1)
which satisfiestheinitial conditionsy(O) Yo and yeO) = Yo =
Taking the Lapa1ce transform on bothsides of (l) and using its linearity, it follows
that
aL(y") + /3L(y') + yL(y) = L[J(t)]
but L(y") = s2L(y) -sy(O) _yl(O)
L(y') = sL(y) - yeO)
a[s2L(y) - sy(O) - yl(O)] + /3[sL(y) - yeO)] + yL(y) = L[f(t)]
and hence
(as 2 + /3s + y)L(y) - L[f(t)] + (as + /3)Yn + ayJ
=> L(y) = L[/(t)] + (as + /3)yo + aYb
as 2 + /3s +y

The function L[f(t)] is a specific function of s since f(t) is known; and since a, /3, y.
}'0 and y J are constants, L(y) is completely known as a function of s. The inverse
Laplace transform of L(y) will be the solution of the given diff. eqn.
(Here it is assumed that the functions f( t), y, y' and y" must have Laplace transforms).
Laplace Transforms 657

Solved Examples

8.4.4
2
' d th
Fm e soiutlOn d2
' 0f - y + -dy - 2Y = smt
' w h'IC h satls e Imtla I cond'ItlOI1S
'files t h'" , y = 0,
dt dt
y' = 0 when t = 0
Sol. Applying the Laplace transforms to both sides of the given equation and by linearity,
we have
L(yW) + L(y') - 2L(y) = L(sin t)

1
As we know that L(sint) = -2-1 ;s > 0
s +
1
[s2L(y) -sy(O) - y' (0)] + [sL(y) - yeO)] -2 L(y) = -2-1
s +

Given conditions yeO) = 0, y' (0) = 0

1
=> s2L(y) + sL(y) -2 L(y) = -2-
s +1
1
L(y)= ? =-----:---
(s- + S - 2)(S2 + 1) (s -IXs + 2)(S2 + 1)

we have the partial fraction expansion

1 A B C . +D
- - - - - - - : - - = - - + - - + -":--
(s -1)(s + 2)(S2 + I) s -I s + 2 S2 + I

where A =.! B =-=! ,C =-=! and D = - 3

6' 15 10 10
Therefore we get
• 1 1
yet) = L- 1 - - - - - - 1
(s -1)(s + 2)(S2 + 1)

as the solution to the given initial value problem,

658 Engineering Mathematics - I

8.4.5 Example
Solve the initial value problem

y"-3y'+2y=e 31 .y=l,y'=0 wheret=O

Sol. Applying Laplace transform to both sides of the differential equation, we get
1
[s2Ly(t) - sy(O) - y' (0)] -3 [sLy(t) - yeO)] +2 L(t) = L(e3!) = -
s-3
Applying the given conditions, we get
1
(s2 - 3s + 2) Ly(t) = s-3 + -
s-3
s-J I
:. L[y(t)] = (S2 _ 3s + 2) + (s - 3)(S2 - 3s + 2)

1 s-3
:. L(y(t)] = (s _ 3)(S2 _. 3s + 2) + (8 2- 3s + 2)

1 8-3
--------+------ .... (1)
(8-1)(s-2)(s-3) (s-I)(8-2)

To find yet), we expand each term on the right hand side of (I) in partial functions,
Thus
ABC
------=----+---
(s-I)(s-2)(s-3) s-1 s-2 s-3

1 = A(s-2) (s-3) + B(s-l) (s-3) + C(s-I)(s-2)

I
substituting s = I gives A = 2" ;similarly substituting s = 2 gets B = -1 and substituting

I
s = 3 gives c ="2 hence

- - -1- - - = 1
--- +----
(s-I)(s-2)(s-3) 2(8-1) s-2 2(8-3)
Similarly we can also write
s-3 D E
----=-+--
(s-I)(s-2) s-1 s-2
Laplace Transforms 659

s-3 = D (s-2) R(s-I)

Taking s =: 2, we get E =:-1
similarly s = I we get D = 2

I I I I I
Hence L[f(t)] = --+ +---
2(s-l) s-2 2{s-3) s-I s-2

221
- - - - + -,-----
- 2( s - I ) s - 2 2{s - 3)

Example 8.4.6
Solve yll + 3yl + 2y = 2t3 + 2t + 2 with yeO) = 2, yl(O)

Sol. Applying Laplace transform to both sides of the given equation we get
L(yll) + 3L(yl) + 2L(y) = 2L(t2) + 2L(t) + 2

? I 4 2 2
[s-Ly(t) - sy(O) - yeO)] + 3 [sL[y(t)] - yeO)] + 2Ly(t) = 3 + -2 + - .... (1)
_ s s s

using the given conditions (1) gives

3
2 3 2 () 2(2+s+s2) 2 6 2(S4 +3s +S2 +s+2)
( s + s+ )Ly t = 3 + s+ = 3
S S

By partial fractions,

yet) = 3L-I(~) -2r L\ ) 2L-ILI

1
+ 3) - L-Ie ~ 2)
yet) =3 - 2t + t 2 - e-2t
660 Engineering Mathematics - I

Exercise 8(1)

Using Laplace transform method solve the following differential equations with
the given conditions.
I. yll + 2yl - 3y = 0 at, y = 0, yl = 4 when x = 0
2. yll + 4y = 4t at y = I, yl = 0 when t = 0
3. yll - 2yl + Y = et at y = 2, yl = -I when t = 0
I
4. yll + k2y = coskt at y = 0, yl = "2 when t = 0

5. yll- y = 1 at y = -I, yl = I when t = 0

6. yll + 2yl + 3y = 3e-t sint; yeO) = yl(O) = 0
7. xii + 4xl = -8t given x(O) = 0, xl(O) = 0
8. yll + 9y = 18t given yeO) = 0, yl(O) = 0

9. yll + Y = sint given yeO) = -I, yl(O) = "21

1 I I
Ans.l. y = eX - e-3x 2. y= - t- - sint + cost 3. y = 2et - tet + -2 t2et
4 8

1. k 1 .
4. Y = 2k Sill t + "2 tSll1t 5. y = -1 + et - cosht 6. y = 3e-tsint

-I 1 I 2
7. x = 8 +"2 t - t2 + "8 e-4t 8. y = 2t - "3 sin3t