Lecturing section Extending our understanding ①

t-mintures-thatex-hit.it

So far , we have
ethnical
-
=
reaction dq= Udp
- Sdtt Eteidni
.
A And
studied system what if
A:B
A and B react with
where B
are not reacting p each other
"""

chemical Potential
( fi )
Fugacity *.
"""
" ""
ironed""

activity coefficient
of ( ri )
Fugacity Minturn
Ideal
in ( Non
*. a component Excess Gibb
's

( %) ( GE )
mixture energy
 Chemical
-
Reaction
Equilibrium ②
( At given
Pressure
AtT
Lemp.J
a
Reaction :
Enample and

1-
CHG
+ H2O
CO t 3112
G
where
Handle mixtures Gibbs
in chemical . . .

energy
species are

with each
equilibrium
other Coordinate
Reaction
.

Eui dni Extent of reaction (d)

Vdp SAT 1-
dG
-

=
-

and Tent dG_ O

given pressure equilibrium

'

: =
at
At equilib .
a
At
da
da
dG = Eui Ui
E villi = 0
dG
For chemical eg
.
=
°

Id
 Representation in terms of extent of Reaction ③
= CHG 1- Hz 0
+ " 2°
CO + 3
Hz
""
? Hz ← ↳ "
co t initial nz 4
n n
z
0 t=0 ,
3112
=

CH ↳ 1- H2O -
CO -

this reaction
Generalized way
represent to after
0 Reaction
nz -3£ nztt nqtt
t 03^-3+04^-4 I
= n - ,

+ UzAz
-

,
U A , , t= to

coefficient ( after eq
.

'

stoichiometric is achieved)
vi. :

-
a
- a
0 32
Eui Ai =

Changes ✗

chemical Final Initial

Represents a -

reaction in equilibrium .

dn , =
-
✗ = V14

=-3 ✗ = V24
Criterion of chemical Equilibrium : dnz

dG 0 dm } =
✗ = V34
=

-d, L =
V42
Ing =
 Can we find a value to
④
Chemical Potential 0
d Eui Mi =

Tri = Tilt) + Rtlnfi - 1)

-

Mi =

= Cte +1^20
Co + 3h2 ↳
?
-

en f -
2
,
Tilt) + RT
? Gi T= 500k
=

U =

in ±
n?
=
RT
th -
^
state
af ? standard
G ? + 12Th fi
lnfyfio
=
y
µ?
RT
Ii
+ , = so ,
µ; =

Pressure 1 atm
Tilt)
-

eliminate
=
conv
p
.

way to
=
one
state
Visualize a standard

st¥eure
-

that is at system temperature ,

Euilnfi
?
.

and at a RT
Evi G
-

lnf÷, ] Fi
=

[ G ? + RT = ☐

Eui Mi =o
 Equilibrium

?_??M
Gi RT Euilnfi the subtle
( note
=
Eui Please
-

P )
°
T

......;.-
fil
,

between
-

difference
tie
.

,
and f?
Ooi =
- RT it
ln
P° )
-
f ? ( T,

coz 1- 3112 cH¢t H2O

standard Gibb 's Energy

0 Go =

of a
Reaction
change
lectures su_mmaryo_f Last ①
" re

sect.com# 2 Co + 3h2
CH
↳ 1- " 20 ✓

O
1000th
3. Hz
=
CHL, 1- Hzo co
10 atm
-
-

SAT t Eteidni -
p=
da = Vdp -

I
#
Equilibrium
1-ve for Product
Representation go ; Ai = o o ,
=

this equation
to
for chemical for Reactants
applied
a ve
we vi.
-
=

Chemical Reaction Equilibrium

>
dni = Vida
Tcmdp :
At a
given

y÷
E
mi vida = 0

0
Eui Ui
=

← Equilibrium
"int "
d%=° a

lnfi
.

RT
Tic-1 ) 1-

[
Mi =

Extent of Reaction
, , , + Relent ? -
standard
µ , g =
state

1
,

Pure substance at
we visualize a -1=1000 k

standard Pressure
P= / atm a
standard state
but at system
eliminate Tilt)
to

¥tre
-
 0

Rehn Iid Moving forward to define e ②

Gi
É
-

=
+ -
-

µ, constant
T.io Equilibrium
1q?gk_ui
-

: ÷ ÷÷÷±
,

p.L.to?aq:a-tatey.- . -=-=E
0
Evite ; =

- n
f

¥ )=0
,
lm ""
Evi ( G ? +
RT

,
n -
p= Press
0
E °
tnfi =
° - are

RT of
qq.cn , +
Fifi React

oa°
Eh( ¥;)
= - RT
-

oof
=
= - RT ln
ñ(¥÷ )°i .

Ptn
standard Gibb 's energy Po =/
atm
09° :
500k , ←

Reaction
r

of
Change
Gibb 's
Difference b/w
standard energy
atm
Po =/
of reaction weighted by 298k
change
,

stoichiometric coefficients
 constant ③
'

Equilibrium
-
p= loatn

i 1120-298.15
" Hzt 1-202
/ -1¥;)
Eln
690 =
-
RT
Ini -

state = eatin
Std .

7=298 . 15k

☐ Go M K"

÷
=
"
¥ 2°
1202
-

Mzt
0

oG° =
{ vi. Gi

=\ .
Go - 1 .

G°µz -

1-2%02
1120

?
09°F Hz -1-204%02
Omo M
-

= Evi

;µzo
pab
1-

Evite ?
OG
-

9-
=

" = >

be read from
= 09° ( This can

fitizo
.

ka= enpf¥¥w )
 How do we calculate 060 and
keq ④
chemical reaction at
a

15 k
298 .

Example : Find 09° for the

reaction
following
at 298 . 15 k

1- H2o (g)
co (g)
Hzcg )
G°hz
t °

Coz (g) ↳
Go
Ciao
-

06° + Coz
-

¥i )
H2O
,

ka = enfnf -

0
.

OG } D
Gftezo
☐
Gf
-

=
t 2
co
,

Goo Goo I

OG° .
= G°eo - -

Iz -
,

f, co
-

from table
G Read

oG°f#
=
= co

for five
By convention OG°f ,
zqg.is n

elements is 0 .
 How do we calculate keg ⑤
other than
at Temp .

298 . 15 k at
090 for reaction

(
Find
Steffi .

for the
Eq constant 298 15k .

Fmd
. -

reaction at ,, k
following zag
.

ka at
,

pin,
gyygz ,

(-9-2%298-15)
350 K .

Ka =
emf
0
CO 1- Hz
coz 1- Hz

want Hoff equation

(
Use
Stk :

find how ka varies

to

at 350k .

with Temp .
 in
How do we find change ⑥
ka with Temperature
Evite ?
d( § )
=
¥ ,
did -

¥-2
"

÷( Eoi Gig ) ,
=
-

RF
,
P

µ:!=-i
✓
ai

4¥ ) ]
-

IT '
,
we can write at
µ. every species , '

on

]
state

④
standard
a
(lnka ) =
RF

( ( ] ¥+2
Gi
)
-

/ Rt = P

TT const Press dataset

handling
.
.

"
when
the
For every species we multiply on
°

lnka
,

equation by Ui and sum all

¥,
FTL

÷÷=÷
resultant equations :
 It Hofftquation
"

÷
"

days
=

1¥ link
.
.
-
'

° almost constant
01>
den " - ←
=
a-
d÷-
with
change
]
Doesnt
ln =
-

-0¥ [¥ ÷ -

0,1¥ :

Temp .

Ka , T' of
-
constant for a wide range

[ Temp .

set of reactions
.

vomit Hoff
equation -
Valid for a
Lange
?⃝
 mat.IE#ation sltate
Assume reaction gaseous

)
"
't moderate Pressure
en low
enka
-

g
"
Kai 1T

,
)
n
Vi Vi

)
)
IT P
ka=
=
it ( Yi
.
vi.
i F.)
-

is not Ideal
49 kid Mintune
.

Assume Reaction when

Sol
"
Model "
Ideal
"i
ka= IT ( 8in ;)
n
e
ka=
IT @ c)
fi = Nifi -

t referred
1- = ) is also
?
To
f = f ( p=1 atm , This
"

of Mass Action .

as
Law