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Validation - Verification

The document discusses validation and verification of microbial enumeration testing methods. It describes the key standards and guidelines used, including USP chapters and ICH guidelines. It defines primary validation as establishing performance of new or modified methods, while secondary validation/verification confirms suitability of standard methods under actual use conditions. Common techniques for secondary validation include evaluating microbial recovery in the presence of products using dilution, neutralization agents, or filtration to overcome antimicrobial effects. Criteria for neutralization include reducing antimicrobial agent concentrations or removing agents using physical separation.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
234 views51 pages

Validation - Verification

The document discusses validation and verification of microbial enumeration testing methods. It describes the key standards and guidelines used, including USP chapters and ICH guidelines. It defines primary validation as establishing performance of new or modified methods, while secondary validation/verification confirms suitability of standard methods under actual use conditions. Common techniques for secondary validation include evaluating microbial recovery in the presence of products using dilution, neutralization agents, or filtration to overcome antimicrobial effects. Criteria for neutralization include reducing antimicrobial agent concentrations or removing agents using physical separation.

Uploaded by

Aldafa Febbyant
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Microbial Enumeration Testing

Verification / Validation
USP 38 <61> Microbial Enumeration Tests
USP 38 <1227> Validation of Microbial Recovery from Pharmacopeia Articles
USP 38 <1225> Validation of Compendial Procedure
USP <1226> Verification of Compendial Procedure

“Your Complete Solutions to Quality Control”


Participant understand how to perform Validation and 1
or Verification of Microbial Enumeration Testing

Participant understand the analytical characteristics


2
required when performing Validation

Participant understand how to perform Validation of


Microbial Recovery for product with antimicrobial 3
activity

GOAL OF THIS PRESENTATION


AGENDA

1. Source of Reference Used

2. What is Validation?

3. Secondary Validation / Verification

4. Primary Validation

5. Validation Table

6. Summary

7. How Microbiologics can help you

“A Safer, healthier world”


Source of Reference Used

USP 38 <51> Microbial Enumeration Testing


USP 38 <1225> Validation of Compendial Procedure
USP 38 <1226> Verification of Compendial Procedure
USP 38 <1227> Validation of Microbial Recovery from Pharmaceutical Articles

International Conference on Harmonization


ICH Harmonized Tripartite Guideline
VALIDATION OF ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES: TEXT AND METHODOLOGY
Q2(R1) 1996

Approaching Microbiological Method Validation. Sandle, Tim. 2015

Validasi Prosedur / Metode Analisis ALT pada Obat. Rusmadi Eko Priyono &
Eni Cahyaningsih. 2016

Others include: FARMAKOPE INDONESIA V; Validasi Metode Analisis Mikrobiologi, Marliah Singgih Wibowo, 2016.
What is Validation?

1“Process by which it is established by


laboratory studies, that the
performance characteristic of method
meet the requirement for the intended
analytical application“
2Proses pembuktian atau konfirmasi
pengujian yang obyektif di Laboratorium,
dan bahwa metode itu memenuhi
persyaratan yang telah ditentukan, yang
sesuai dengan tujuan penggunaannya
1ICH Harmonized Tripartite Guideline: VALIDATION OF ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES: TEXT AND METHODOLOGY Q2(R1) 1996
US Pharmacopeia 38 <1225> Validation of Compendial Procedure
2Validasi Metode Analisis Mikrobiologi. Marliah Singgih Wibowo
What is Validation?

1 To evaluate the performance of the methods

2 To test factors that could impact the performance


of the methods

3 To verify the Suitability of the method under


actual conditions

2Validasi Metode Analisis Mikrobiologi. Marliah Singgih Wibowo


What is Validation?

“Primary Validation is performed when


laboratory is using new and proposed
methods, or modified methods from
standards”

“Secondary Validation is performed to verify the suitability of


the chosen standard methods available under actual
conditions”

2Validasi Metode Analisis Mikrobiologi. Marliah Singgih Wibowo


Secondary Validation / Verification

“The Current Good Manufacturing Practice regulations [21 CFR 211.194(a)]


require that test methods, which are used for assessing compliance of
pharmaceutical articles with established specifications, must meet proper
standards of accuracy and reliability”
US Pharmacopeia <1225>
“[21 CFR 211.194(a)(2)], users of analytical methods described in USP–
NF are not required to validate the accuracy and reliability of these
methods, but merely verify their suitability under actual conditions of use”
Secondary Validation / Verification

Suitability of Counting Method in the presence of product

1: 10 Dilution

Inoculum
Water-soluble < 100 CFU
product Phosphate Buffer Sample + Control Inoculate & Incubate
Solutions pH 7.2

Results & Interpretation: A mean count of any of the test organisms not differing by a
factor greater than 2 from the value of the control
USP <51> Microbial Enumeration Testing
Secondary Validation / Verification

Suitability of Counting Method in the presence of product

If growth is inhibited (reduction by a factor greater than 2, then modify the


procedure for the particular enumeration test to ensure the validity of the
results. Modification of the procedure may include, for example,
.
1.An increase in the volume of the diluent or culture medium;
2.Incorporation of a specific or general neutralizing agents into the diluent;
3.Membrane filtration; or
4.A combination of the above measures

Validation of Microbial Recovery from Pharmaceutical Article


1ICH Harmonized Tripartite Guideline: VALIDATION OF ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES: TEXT AND METHODOLOGY Q2(R1) 1996
US Pharmacopeia 38 <1225> Validation of Compendial Procedure
Secondary Validation / Verification

Validation of Microbial Recovery from Pharmaceutical Article

Three common methods are used:


Chemical Inhibition (1)
Neutralizers Biocide Class
Bisulfate Glutaraldehyde, Mercurials
Dilution Phenolics, Alcohol, Aldehydes
Glycine Aldehydes
Lecithin Quaternary Ammonium
Compounds (QACs), Parabens
Mg+2 or Ca+2 ions EDTA
Polysorbate QACs, Iodine, Parabens
Thioglycollate Mercurials
Thiosulfate Mercurials, Halogens, Aldehydes
Secondary Validation / Verification

Validation of Microbial Recovery from Pharmaceutical Article

Three common methods are used:


Dilution (2)
The concentration of a chemical bactericide exerts a large effect on its potency

Cᶯt = k
C: Concentration
T: time required to kill a standard inoculum
K: constant
ᶯ : slope plot of log t versus log C

Antimicrobial agents with high ᶯ values are rapidly neutralized by dilution, and
likewise
Secondary Validation / Verification

Validation of Microbial Recovery from Pharmaceutical Article

Three common methods are used:


Dilution (2)
Compound ᶯ Value 1/2 1/3
Alcohol 10 210 310
Phenolic 6 26 36
Parabens 2.5 22.5 32.5
Chlorhexidine 2 22 32
QACs 1 2 3
Formaldehyde 1 2 3
Increased time factor when the
concentration is reduced
Secondary Validation / Verification

Validation of Microbial Recovery from Pharmaceutical Article

Three common methods are used:


Filtration & Washing (3)
relies on the physical retention of the microorganism on the membrane filter, with the
antimicrobial agent passing through the filter into the filtrate
Secondary Validation / Verification

Validation of Microbial Recovery from Pharmaceutical Article

2 Criteria of Neutralization Methods

1. Neutralizer efficacy
Neutralization method employed is effective in inhibiting the
antimicrobial properties of the product

2. Neutralizer toxicity
Without impairing the recovery of viable microorganisms

TREATMENT GROUPS
Secondary Validation / Verification

Validation of Microbial Recovery from Pharmaceutical Article

Treatment Groups – THREE TEST

Peptone
• Microorganism Group • Microorganism
(<100 CFU) • Microorganism (<100 CFU)
• Diluent (<100 CFU) • Samples
• Neutralization • Neutralization M.
Method
Viability
Test Group
Group

Usp 38 <1227> Validation of Microbial Recovery from Pharmacopeial Articles


Secondary Validation / Verification

Validation of Microbial Recovery from Pharmaceutical Article

Neutralizer Toxicity

Peptone
• Microorganism Group Recovery Peptone
(<100 CFU) • Microorganism
• Diluent
Group > 70%
(<100 CFU)
• Neutralization
Recovery Viability
Viability Method Group
Group

Usp 38 <1227> Validation of Microbial Recovery from Pharmacopeial Articles


Secondary Validation / Verification

Validation of Microbial Recovery from Pharmaceutical Article

Neutralizer Efficacy

Test Group
• Microorganism Recovery Test Group >
(<100 CFU) • Microorganism 70% Recovery
• Neutralization (<100 CFU)
Method Peptone Group
• Samples
• Neutralization M.
Peptone
Group

Usp 38 <1227> Validation of Microbial Recovery from Pharmacopeial Articles


Secondary Validation / Verification

1 mL Sample 1 mL Peptone 1 mL Phosphate Buffer Saline

9 mL neutralizing/diluting fluid 9 mL Phosphate Buffer Saline

POUR PLATE
Inoculate 10 mL aliquot with 100-1000 CFU

Plate 1 mL of inoculated solution in recovery agar

Test Group Peptone Group Viability Group

(Source: Handbook of Disinfectants and Aseptics by Ascenzi)


Secondary Validation / Verification

Validation of Microbial Recovery from Pharmaceutical Article

VIABILITY PEPTONE (+ E. coli) TEST (+ E. coli)


Replicate Data Log x Replicate Data Log x
Replicate Theoretical Results
1 54 1.732 1 44 1.643
1 75 72
2 73 1.863 2 69 1.839
2 75 69 3 57 1.756 3 42 1.623

3 75 65 4 65 1.813 4 58 1.763
5 67 1.826 5 62 1.792
4 75 70
6 38 1.580 6 50 1.699
5 75 80 7 75 1.875
7 65 1.813
10 75 71 8 52 1.716 8 84 1.924

Average 75 71 9 41 1.613 9 40 1.602


10 64 1.806 10 62 1.792
Recovery (%) 94.89
1.752 1.758
Average 58 Average 59
57 57
Secondary Validation / Verification

Validation of Microbial Recovery from Pharmaceutical Article

E. coli Viability Peptone Test


AVG (CFU) 71 58 59
80.94% n/a
Recovery (%)
n/a 101.72%
Acceptance Criteria Recovery > 70%

Neutralization Method is applicable for E. coli


Primary Validation

ANALYTICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Accuracy

Precision

Specificity

Detection Limit

Quantitation Limit

Linearity

Range

Robustness
USP 38 <1225> Validation of Compendial Procedures
Primary Validation

ACCURACY
“The accuracy of an analytical
procedure is the closeness of test results
obtained by that procedure to the true
value “
Tingkat kedekatan antara hasil pengujian
dengan prosedur yang sedang divalidasi
terhadap nilai benar
Melihat recovery dari mikroorganisme yang ditambahkan kedalam
sampel dan telah diketahui nilai benarnya
Primary Validation

Akurasi dihitung sbg persentase (%) perolehan kembali dari penetapan


sejumlah analit (mikroba) yang ditambahkan dan diketahui jumlahnya
kedalam sampel

Akurasi dinyatakan dengan :


% Recovery = %ase nilai terukur thd nilai sebenarnya
% RECOVERY ( R ) : (A/B) 100%
A :Hasil pengujian dengan metode yang di validasi
B :Hasil pengujian sebenarnya mikroba target
Primary Validation

A B AKURASI

75%
75 CFU 100 CFU
Akurasi dinyatakan dengan :
% Recovery = %ase nilai terukur thd nilai sebenarnya
% RECOVERY ( R ) : (A/B) 100%
A :Hasil pengujian dengan metode yang di validasi
B :Hasil pengujian sebenarnya mikroba target
Primary Validation

Dok ICH merekomendasikan, bahwa akurasi ditetapkan


dengan menggunakan sedikitnya 9 penetapan :
Tinggi
“3 konsentrasi berbeda
tiap konsentrasi 3 ulangan” Sedang
Kriteria penerimaan akurasi sangat
tergantung pada: Rendah
- Jenis pengujian
- Keragaman
- Sediaan yang diuji
Primary Validation

PRECISION
“ The degree of agreement among
individual test results when the
procedure is applied repeatedly to
multiple samplings of a homogeneous
sample”

Presisi dinyatakan dalam:


Standar Deviasi/ SD = √ { ∑ (Xi – X )2 } / N-1
simpangan baku

RSD = { SD / X } x 100% Relative SD / Simpangan


baku relatif
Primary Validation

Tingkat ukuran presisi :

Repeatabilitas Presisi Intermediet Reproducibilitas

Sampel Prosedur Sampel Prosedur Sampel Prosedur

Alat/reagen Teknisi Alat/reagen Teknisi beda Alat/reagen Teknisi beda


Dilakukan dalam interval beda
waktu yang singkat
Primary Validation

AKURASI

PRESISI
Primary Validation

SPECIFICITY
“Ability to assess unequivocally the analyte in the
presence of components that may be expected to be
present, such as impurities, degradation products, and
matrix components ”

Kemampuan menguji secara tepat suatu analit dengan


adanya komponen lain dan diduga ada sebagai cemaran, hasil
degradasi atau matriks sampel

Kemampuan membedakan antara mikroba


target dengan mikroba lain (nontarget).
Jangan sampai terjadi positif palsu, atau
true negative rate
Primary Validation

DETECTION LIMIT
“The lowest number of microorganism which can be detected”
Konsentrasi terendah analit (mikroba) dalam
sampel yang masih dapat dideteksi, tetapi
tidak perlu kuantitatif dalam kondisi
percobaan yang ditentukan. Hasilnya dapat
berupa presence/absense atau enumerasi.

Limit deteksi dalam mikrobiologi terkadang dibuat


berdasarkan nilai teoritis dibanding nilai praktikal
Itu mengapa pengujian dalam farmakope yang
menggunakan low level challange didefinisikan sebagai
<100 CFU
Primary Validation

QUANTITATION LIMIT
“It is the lowest amount of analyte in a sample that can be determined with
acceptable precision and accuracy under the stated experimental conditions.”

Konsentrasi
terendah dari analit
dalam sampel yang
ditetapkan dengan
akurasi dan presisi
yg dpt diterima
dalam kondisi
percobaan yg telah
ditetapkan.
Primary Validation

LINEARITY
“linearity of the relationship of concentration and assay measurement “
Kemampuannya untuk menunjukkan hasil uji secara langsung atau melalui
transformasi matematik (umumnya logaritmik) yang tepat thd konsentrasi analit
dalam sampel.

Linearitas mengacu pada hub linear antara konsentrasi dan hasil pengukuran
Primary Validation

RANGE
“interval between the upper and lower levels of analyte”

Interval antara batas terendah dan batas tertinggi


dari konsentrasi analit (mikroba) yang telah
dibuktikan dengan presisi, akurasi dan linearitas yg
sesuai menggunakan prosedur analisis yang
ditetapkan

LOWER UPPER
Primary Validation

ROBUSTNESS
“Robustness of an analytical procedure is a measure of
its capacity to remain unaffected by small but deliberate
variations in procedural parameters listed in the
procedure documentation”
Ukuran kemampuan prosedur untuk tetap
bertahan dan tidak terpengaruh oleh
keragaman kecil yg disengaja pada parameter
prosedur yang terdapat dalam dokumen.
Faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi :
• Teknisi
• Instrument
• Waktu inkubasi
• Temperatur
• Reagen
Primary Validation

Validasi Prosedur / Metode


Analisis ALT pada Obat
RUSMADI EKO PRIYONO
ENI CAHYANINGSIH
Primary Validation

PERSYARATAN LAB
Metode standar
Personel yang / in house
kompeten method

Alat & Bahan,


instrumen Mikroorganis
terkalibrasi me acuan

Program statistik Protokol


pengolahan data Validasi
Primary Validation

PROTOKOL VALIDASI
Primary Validation
PERSYARATAN MUTU/KRITERIA PENERIMAAN MIKROBIOLOGI PADA
SEDIAAN NON-STERIL (US Pharmacopeia chapter 1111)
Primary Validation

Pelarut :
Larutan Dapar Fosfat (LDF) pH 7,2

Media non-selektif :
• Soybean-Casein Digest Agar (SCDA) /
Trypticase Soy Agar (TSA);
• Soybean-Casein Digest Medium (SCD) /
Trypticase Soy Broth (TSB)

Mikroba Baku
Bakteri :
Staphylococcus aureus
Escherichia coli
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Primary Validation

• Autoklaf
• Inkubator
• Timbangan analitik
• Penangas air
• Cawan Petri
• Pipet dan mikropipet
• Personel yang terkualifikasi.
Catatan: semua peralatan yang mempengaruhi hasil uji harus dikalibrasi oleh laboratorium
kalibrasi yang terakreditasi SNI ISO 17025:2008 atau Internal oleh personel yang terkualiifikasi.
Primary Validation

Uji Angka Lempeng Total yang terdapat dalam sediaan


obat dilakukan dengan kelompok perlakuan sampel sbb:

Kelompok sampel negatif dan sampel positif dan kontrol positif


dikerjakan sebanyak 3x ulangan
Primary Validation

Uji Pendahuluan untuk pembuatan inokulum


• Menumbuhkan mikroba target pada • Penghitungan jumlah mikroba dari
media BHIB atau TSB atau TSA, TSA dibuat suspensi dan dihitung
inkubasi 30-35⁰C, 24 jam dengan metode ALT, dan hasil ALT
• Inokulum pada media BHIB/TSB dicatat
dihitung dengan metode ALT, data
volume BHIB/TSB, lama inkubasi dan
ALT dicatat
Pengenceran
Waktu Inkubasi
10¯¹ 10¯² 10¯³ 10¯⁴ 10¯⁵ 10¯⁶ 10¯⁷ 10¯⁸ 10¯⁹
TBUD TBUD TBUD TBUD TBUD TBUD 122 10 2
12 Jam TBUD TBUD TBUD TBUD TBUD TBUD 116 12 1
TBUD TBUD TBUD TBUD TBUD TBUD 132 12 2
24 Jam TBUD TBUD TBUD TBUD TBUD TBUD 124 15 1
ALT : 128 X 10⁷ CFU /ml atau 1,3 x 10⁹ CFU /ml
Primary Validation

Pengambilan inokulum kedalam 10gram sampel untuk mendapatkan


50 CFU/g sampel
500 X 1 ml = 39 x 10¯⁸
13 x 10⁸ atau 3,9 ml pada pengenceran 10̄¯⁷
1 ml 1 ml 1 ml 1 ml 1 ml 1 ml 1 ml 1 ml 1 ml

Suspensi 10¯¹ 10¯² 10¯³ 10¯⁴ 10¯⁵ 10¯⁶ 10¯⁷ 10¯⁸ 10¯⁹
awal
3,9 ml = 50 CFU/ml
Primary Validation

Spesimen cair dalam ◦ Cairan tidak Preparasi


bentuk aerosol campur air, salep, Sample
krim dan malam
wadah didinginkan dibuat suspensi Bahan padat yang
dalam campuran Spesimen cair yang
menggunakan tidak seluruhnya
alkohol dan es kering terdiri dari larutan
emulgator steril melarut
selama satu jam, buka dalam jumlah
tutup wadah dan suspensi dalam air/
yang minimal ukuran bahan
biarkan hingga suatu pembawa
(misal: diperkecil hingga
mencapai suhu kamar, hidroalkoholik
Polysorbat),gunak merupakan serbuk
dan biarkan propelan mengandung etanol
an blender cukup halus,
terbebas, hangatkan <30%, bahan padat
mekanik dan disuspensikan dalam
wadah untuk yang mudah larut
hangatkan hingga pembawa tertentu
mendorong propelan sempurna, di dalam
90 mL Dapar fosfat suhu tidak lebih
keluar. dari 45˚C.
pH 7,2
Sediaan yang mengandung pengawet dinetralkan terlebih dahulu dinetralkan
Primary Validation

Sampel 10 gram/ 10ml Konsentrasi 1 : 3,9


ml dari 50 CFU/ml
pengenceran10¯⁷
Konsentrasi 2 : 7,8
ml dari 100 CFU/ml
pengenceran10¯⁷

Konsentrasi 3 : 7,8
ml dari 1000 CFU/ml
pengenceran10¯⁶
Primary Validation

Sampel Negatif Sampel Positif Kontrol Positif

pipet 1 mL pengenceran pipet 1 mL pengenceran pipet 1 mL pengenceran


10¯¹ ke cawan Petri, 10¯¹ ke cawan Petri, 10¯¹ ke cawan Petri,
tuang media TSA/SCDA tuang media TSA/SCDA tuang media TSA/SCDA
bersuhu 45-50⁰C, duplo bersuhu 45-50⁰C, duplo bersuhu 45-50⁰C, duplo

Lakukan cara sama Lakukan cara sama Lakukan cara sama


untuk pengenceran untuk pengenceran untuk pengenceran
desimal berikutnya desimal berikutnya desimal berikutnya

Lakukan 3 kali Lakukan 3 kali Lakukan 3 kali


replikasi/ulangan replikasi/ulangan replikasi/ulangan
Primary Validation

INKUBASI
Setelah inokulasi ketiga kelompok perlakuan
diinkubasi pada 30-35⁰C, selama 24-48 jam

PENGAMATAN DAN
PENGHITUNGAN KOLONI
Setelah masa inkubasi, hitung jumlah koloni per
cawan antara 30-300 cfu atau 25-250 cfu (sesuai
acuan)
Perhitungan dilakukan jumlah rata-rata koloni x
faktor pengenceran
Primary Validation

Tabel Simpangan Baku Relatif (RSD) sebagai


fungsi cfu per cawan

Interpretasi hasil validasi :


1. Akurasi atau perolehan kembali > 70% (untuk Sampel Positif)
2. Presisi atau RSD mengacu Tabel
3. Batas kuantitasi, jumlah koloni (cfu) terendah yang dispike 50 cfu /mL atau g sampel
4. Linearitas, semakin mendekati 1 semakin baik
5. Rentang : 0 cfu – 1000 cfu per mL atau per g
6. Ketegaran presisi antara (reprodusibilitas intermediat)
Primary Validation

Prosedur atau metode analisis Angka


Lempeng Total (ALT) dapat digunakan untuk
pengujian produk atau sediaan obat non-steril
THANK YOU
“A Safer, healthier world”

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