Introduction to Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering -

Engineering Design Process

Assoc. Prof. Truong Thu Huong

Hanoi University of Science and Technology
[email protected]
Contents

nWhat is engineering?
nWho is an engineer? What do engineers do?
nEngineering problem solving
nTypes of engineers

3
 The engineering design process

Select best alternatives

Determine needs

Create specifications
Test

Develop plan
Manufacture

Perform block design

Deliver

Design each block

4/Chapter3
Step 1: Determine needs
Step 2: Create Specifications
Non-Functional Requirements
nOperation Environment
pTemperature conditions
pHumidity conditions
pLighting conditions
Non-Functional Requirements
nShape, size, weight
nReliability
nPower Supply
nPower Consumption
nProduction expense
nProduction time
Functional Requirements
• Protection function:
pIs there any form to protect the product from water,
moisture?
• Display Function:
pThe order of display
pList the order of effects
Step 6: Select best alternatives
Practice: select best alternatives
Choose LEDs

Criterion Solution A Solution B Solution C

Price 1000 1500 1200
Reliability 1/2 1 1
Size to (1cm) nhỏ (0.5) vừa (0.7)
Appearance good looking so so (2) bad-looking
(3) (1)

𝜇 = 𝛼 ∗ 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 + 𝛽 ∗ 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 + 𝛾 ∗ 𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 + 𝜀 ∗ 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

Normalize
Select min(muy)
Step 7: Test
Practice: select best alternatives
nDecide what phenomenon you wish to investigate.

nSpecify how you can manipulate the factor

nHold all other conditions fixed
à to insure that these extraneous conditions aren't influencing the
response you plan to measure.

nMeasure your chosen response variable at several (at least

two) settings of the factor under study.
 Scientific Method
nIf changing the factor causes the
phenomenon to change

à then you conclude that there is indeed a cause-

and-effect relationship at work.

nEverything is held constant except one factor

which is varied

nHow many factors are involved when you do

an experiment?
 Scientific Method
n How many factors are involved when you do an
experiment?

pSome say two

àperhaps this is a comparative experiment?

àPerhaps there is a treatment group and a control

group?

àIf you have a treatment group and a control group then

in this case you probably only have one factor with two
levels.
 Game: What are the factors involved to ensure a
successful cake?

n Factors to influence the success

p Preheating the oven

p Baking time
p Ingredients
p Amount of moisture,
p Baking temperature, etc.
p Mixture…
 Game: What are the factors involved to ensure a
successful cake?

n To make the recipe a success, we need to make the

experiment

pWhat parts of the recipe did they vary to make the recipe
a success
pNow, should one keep all the factors involved in the
experiment at a constant level and just vary one to see
what would happen?
pThis is a strategy that works but is not very efficient.
à This is one of the concepts that we will address in this
course.
 Design of Experiments (DOE)
n All experiments are designed experiments
pPoorly designed or well-designed

n In production and quality control we want to

pControl the error
pLearn as much as we can about
◊ the process
◊the underlying theory with the resources at
hand.
 Design of Experiments (DOE)
n Reduce time to design/develop new products &
processes
n Improve performance of existing processes
n Improve reliability and performance of
products
n Achieve product & process robustness
n Perform evaluation of materials, design
alternatives, setting component & system
tolerances, etc.
 Design of Experiments (DOE)
• Every experiment design has
inputs.
• Inputs:
q iingredients such as flour, sugar, milk,
eggs,..
q Additional factors such as time of
baking, temperature, geometry of the
cake pan, etc.

Some of which you can control and

others that you can't control.
• Output: texture, flavor, height, size,
or flavor…
 The Basic Principles of DOE

n Randomization à validity of experiment

pTo eliminate potential biases from the conclusions

pIn a comparative experiment with two treatments,
include in your experimental process the assignment
of those treatments by some random process
n Replication:
pTo estimate or control the uncertainty in our results
◊achieve this estimate through replication
pTo get a handle on how precise our estimates are at
the end

!!
pOur estimates of the mean become less variable
"
as the sample size n increases
 The Basic Principles of DOE
n Replication:
p Example: Design of PROPELLERS
 The Basic Principles of DOE
n Replication:
p Example: Design of PROPELLERS
 The Basic Principles of DOE
n Blocking
pA technique to include other factors in your experiment which contribute
to undesirable variation.
pto control sources of variation that will reduce error variance
n For example: human studies
p gender
pAge
◊Age and gender are often considered nuisance factors which contribute to
variability and make it difficult to assess systematic effects of a treatment
◊Using age and gender as blocking factors, you can avoid biases that might
occur due to differences between the allocation of subjects to the treatments, and
as a way of accounting for some noise in the experiment.
 The Basic Principles of DOE
nMulti-factor Designs
pMulti-factor experimental designs: 2k designs, 3k designs, response
surface designs
pContrary to the scientific method à The one factor at a time
method is a very inefficient way of making scientific advances
pAn experiment that simultaneously includes combinations of
multiple factors that may affect the outcome.
 The Basic Principles of DOE
nCofounding
pExample 1:
◊Let's say we are doing a medical study with drugs A and B.
◊ We put 10 subjects on drug A and 10 on drug B.
◊If we categorize our subjects by gender, how should we allocate our drugs
to our subjects?
 The Basic Principles of DOE
nCofounding
pSolutions for Example 1:

◊Let's make it easy and say that there are 10 male and 10 female subjects.
◊A balanced way of doing this study would be to put five males on drug A and
five males on drug B, five females on drug A and five females on drug B.
◊This is a perfectly balanced experiment such that if there is a difference
between male and female at least it will equally influence the results from
drug A and the results from drug B.
 The Basic Principles of DOE
n Cofounding
pExample 2:
◊if patients were randomly assigned treatments as they came in the door.
◊At the end of the study they might realize that drug A had only been given to the
male subjects and drug B was only given to the female subjects.
◊We would call this design totally confounded.
◊This refers to the fact that if you analyze the difference between the average
response of the subjects on A and the average response of the subjects on B, this
is exactly the same as the average response on males and the average response on
females. You would not have any reliable conclusion from this study at all.
◊The difference between the two drugs A and B, might just as well be due to the
gender of the subjects, since the two factors are totally confounded.
 Steps for Planning, Conducting
and Analyzing an Experiment
1. Recognition and statement of the problem
2. Choice of factors, levels, and ranges
3. Selection of the response variable(s)
4. Choice of design
5. Conducting the experiment
6. Statistical analysis
7. Drawing conclusions, and making recommendations
 Steps for Planning, Conducting
and Analyzing an Experiment
nChoice of factors, levels, and ranges

p Experimental vs. Classification Factors

◊Experimental Factors
– these are factors that you can specify (and set the
levels) and then assign at random as the treatment to
the experimental units.
– Example: Temperature, level of an additive fertilizer
amount per acre
 Steps for Planning, Conducting
and Analyzing an Experiment
nChoice of factors, levels, and ranges

p Experimental vs. Classification Factors

◊Classification Factors
– can't be changed or assigned, these come as labels on
the experimental units.
– Example:
» The age and sex of the participants are
classification factors which can't be changed or
randomly assigned.
» But you can select individuals from these groups
randomly
 Steps for Planning, Conducting
and Analyzing an Experiment
nChoice of factors, levels, and ranges

p Quantitative vs. Qualitative Factors

◊Quantitative Factors - you can assign any specified level of a quantitative
factor.
– Examples: percent or pH level of a chemical.
◊Qualitative Factors - have categories which are different types.
– Examples: species of a plant or animal, a brand in the marketing field,
gender, - these are not ordered or continuous but are arranged perhaps
in sets.

33/Chapter3
 Steps for Planning, Conducting
and Analyzing an Experiment
nSelection of the response variable(s)

p Microwave popcorns:
◊Factors: brand, time, power, height (on bottom or raised)
◊Responses: taste (maximize), un-popped kernels (minimize)

p Boiling water:
◊Factors: pan type, burner size, cover
◊Response: time to boil water
 Steps for Planning, Conducting
and Analyzing an Experiment
nChoice of design

p Design of an engineering system (for hydraulics, soil mechanics..)

◊ 5 input factors (A, B, C, D, and E)

◊ 2 output responses (Y1 and Y2 ).
 Steps for Planning, Conducting
and Analyzing an Experiment

• Choice of design

pDetermine:

◊ The relative contribution of A, B, C, D, and E to the responses Y and Y ;

1 2

◊Which factors have a synergistic or antagonistic effect on the responses;

◊An equation that can be used to predict Y and Y given values of the input
1 2

factors; and
◊What combination of the factors would maximize Y1 but minimize Y2 ?
 Steps for Planning, Conducting
and Analyzing an Experiment
nStatistical analysis
pExample
 Steps for Planning, Conducting
and Analyzing an Experiment
nStatistical analysis
pExample
 Steps for Planning, Conducting
and Analyzing an Experiment
nStatistical analysis
pExample
 Steps for Planning, Conducting
and Analyzing an Experiment
nStatistical analysis
pExample: Response Function
Now, let design a paper helicopter
 Goal: Making a Better Paper Helicopter
n Objectives:
pTo increase the flight time: stay in the air for longer time
T0: The helicopter is dropped

Height
of 2m

T1: It hits the floor

pTo analyze the main effects

 Goal: Making a Better Paper Helicopter
nInfluence factors:
pPaper type
pRotor length
pLeg length
pLeg width
pNumber of clips
pWing shapes
Assembly Instruction (1)
Step 1: Cut the paper to the width of
5cm

Step 2: Cut the paper the length of the

rotor length + leg length, and add 2cm
for the body

Step 3: Cut dotted lines at Leg A and

Leg C. The length of each cut is (5cm
– leg width)/2
Assembly Instruction (2)
Step 4: Fold leg A onto leg B

Step 5: Fold leg C onto leg B

Step 6: Fold rotor A and rotor

B in opposite directions.
They should form 90°to the
body and be 180 away from
each other.

Step 7: For the paper clip

version: Add a paper clip to
the bottom of the leg