A

Project Report
On

ANTI-THEFT ALARM FOR BIKES

Submitted in Partial fulfillment of the requirement for award of degree of

B.Tech.(Electronics & Communication Engineering) of
Rajasthan Technical University, Kota

SESSION 2010-11

Guided by: Submitted by:

(1) Mr. RAJESH KUMAR RAJ 1.GAURAV KUMAR SINGH(07EC31)

Lecturer, Elect. & Comm. Engg. 2.BHAVNESH PANCHAL(07EC23)
(2) Mr. HARISH SHARMA 3.KAVITA MEENA(07EC41)
Lecturer, Elect. & Comm. Engg. 4.KHUSHBU
KHANDELWAL(07EC42)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

ENGINEERING COLLEGE AJMER
(An Autonomous Institute of Government of Rajasthan)
Badliya Chouraha, N.H.-8 Bye Pass, Ajmer-305002

Website: www.ecajmer.ac.in Ph. No. 0145-2671773,776,800,801

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The major working project being a part of examination needs a lot of efforts and concentration.
But still efforts in wrong direction never becomes fruitful. Thus an able guidance and support are
very must for any engineering student.

We consider our self to be lucky student who got a devotional support and guidance from our
faculty members because the project in its present form could not have been possible without the
help of these individuals who deserve the heart felt thanks for there support.

We are especially thankful to our project guide Mr. Rajesh Kumar Raj (Lecture, ECE) for his
valuable guidance and moral support without which, this project would never have been
successful.

Our sincere thanks to Mr. Harish Sharma (Lecture, ECE) who went out of way to provided us
every possible facility in carrying out the project smoothly and successfully.

We are very graceful to Mr. Dhirendra Mathur (HOD, ECE) for giving us the opportunity to
work on the project. He took personal interest in our project so that we could utilize our
potential.

1.GAURAV KUMAR SINGH (07EC31)

2.BHAVNESH PANCHAL(07EC23)
3.KAVITA MEENA(07EC41)
4.KHUSHBU KHANDELWAL(07EC42)
(B.Tech. Final year ECE)

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 ENGINEERING COLLEGE, AJMER
(An Autonomous Institute Of Government Of Rajasthan)

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Academic Session 2010-2011

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that following students of VIII Semester, B.E. (Electronics

& Communication Engineering ) have worked on the Minor Project titled
“ANTI-THEFT ALARM FOR BIKES” and submitted for partial fulfillment for
the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering of University of
Rajasthan.

Submitted by

1 .GAURAV KUMAR SINGH (07EC31)

2. BHAVNESH PANCHAL(07EC23)

3 .KAVITA MEENA(07EC41)

4.KHUSHBU KHANDELWAL(07EC42)

Date:

( Rajesh Kumar Raj ) ( Harish Sharma ) (Dhirendra Mathur)

Project Guide Project Co-ordinator Head of ECE

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 Content sequence
1 INTRODUCTION
2 OVERVIEW
3 METHODOLOGY
4 COMPONENT LIST
5 COMPONENTS DESCRIPITION
5.1 IR RECEIVER
5.2 IR TRANSMITTER
5.3 VOLTAGE REGULATOR
5.4 ULN 2003
5.5 BASIC COMPONENT
6 PCB LAYOUT & DESIGNING
7 PROJECT WORKING
7.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
8 ADVANTAGES AND PREVENTION
9 FUTURE SCOPE
10 CONCLUSION
11 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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 1.INTRODUCTION

An anti-theft system is any device or method used to prevent or deter the

unauthorized appropriation of items considered valuable. Theft is one of the most
common and oldest criminal behaviors. Where the ownership of a physical possession
can be altered without the rightful owner's consent, theft prevention has been
introduced to assert the ownership whenever the rightful owner is physically absent.
Anti-theft systems have been around since individuals began stealing other people's
property and have evolved accordingly to thwart increasingly complex methods of
theft. From the invention of the first lock and key to the introduction of RFID tags and
biometric identification, anti-theft systems have evolved to match the introduction of
new inventions to society and the resulting theft of them by others. In the case of
vehicle theft, the best deterrent to theft is in the installation of an approved vehicle
anti theft immobilizer. Many vehicles have OEM (factory installed) units and afford
protection through the ignition system. OEM immobilizers function through the
ECM/PCM (computer) under the hood of the vehicle. In general terms, the RFID tag
attached to the key must be read by the ECM in order to allow ignition to occur.
Unfortunately, organized crime is able to bypass these systems and steal any vehicle
at will. An approved immobilizer uses a 3 circuit isolation system which thwarts even
the most experienced thief. Ontario Security Solution provides the Auto Watch
approved immobilizer in North America.

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 2.OVERVIEW
If anybody tries to steal your bike, this circuit turns on the horn of the
bike to alert you of the impending theft.Usually, a handle lock is used on
the handle bar for the safety of bikes, with the front mudguard in a
slanted position.

When the handle lock is freed, the front mudguard can be aligned with
the body of the bike.This circuit consists of transmitter and receiver
sections. The transmitter (IRLED1) is fitted on the back end of the front
mudguard and the receiver sensor(IRX1) is fitted on the central portion of
the crash guard of the bike such that IR rays from the transmitter directly
fall on the sensor when the front mudguard comes in line with the body of
the bike.

Basically Infrared reception is done by IR Sensor which turn on the

circuit. This electronic device us designed to alter the user to an intrusion.
The device consists of a sensor and a control unit which are connected to
each other. The sensor detects the interruption whenever an object or
person comes between its transmitter and receiver. This interruption
results in a signal generation which is supplied to a speaker. This way
whenever an intrusion takes place, the speaker goes on. Such device are
installed at various location at houses, bikes, offices etc.

3.METHODOLOGY

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 Methodology adopted for the project consists of the following
activities:

ACTIVITY 1: SURVEY

SURVEY is also called as feasibility analysis or the initial business

study. It begins with a request from the user for a new system. It involves
the following:
 Identify the responsible user for the system.
 Identify deficiencies in the current system.
 Establish goals and objective for the new system.
 Determine feasibility for the new system.
 Prepare a project charter that will be used to guide the remainder
of the project.

ACTIVITY 2: SYSTEM ANALYSIS

The objective of system analysis activity is to develop structured

system specification for the proposed system. The structured system
specification should describe what the proposed system will do,
independent of the technology which will be used to implement these
requirements. This activity includes making list of the components
needed in the project. Thus, this step also includes the designing of
circuits according to need. For example, for an opamp in inverting mode
with a required gain of 100, values of resistances should be chosen
accordingly

ACTIVIYT 3: COMPONENT SEARCH

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 The objective of this activity is to search the components present in
the component list and other apparatus, which will be required during the
project. Once the components are arranged the apparatus required for
PCB manufacturing is arranged.

ACTIVITY 4: PRELIMIRY DESIGN

The primary objective of this step is to transform the functional

specification of the user requirement into the physical specification. The
physical specification of the system defines the appearance of the system
for the user. This step also includes the testing of the given i.e. designed
circuit on breadboard.

ACTIVITY 5: IMPLEMENTATION

This activity involves PCB manufacturing and component

mounting on that PCB. Thus this involves soldering; integration of
various components. The output of this activity is the complete integrated
system.

ACTIVITY 6: QUALITY ASSURANCE

The objective of this activity is to check whether the desirable

output is produced for given set of inputs. Thus this test aims at ensuring
that the functional requirements of the user are being met. Thus the
output of this system is the accepted system. The new system will be
acceptable only if it produces satisfactory result on test data.

ACTIVITY 7: PROCEDURE DESCRIPTION

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The objective of this activity is to produce a manual, which may be used
as a guide for using or operating the system. In fact, there may be several
manuals catering to the needs of different types of person.

A manual should describe the manual procedures as well as the

interface with the automated portion of the system.

ACTIVITY 8: INSTALLATION

It means installing the new system in place of old system. Thus

there is a switching from an old system to a new one. Different change
over techniques like direct change over, phased change over, pilot run or
parallel run may be used for switching from the existing system to the
new one.

4.COMPONENT LIST

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SR. COMPONENT NAME REMARK
NO

1. ULN 2003 Consist of 7

Darlington Pair

2. VOLTAGE 7805 Its give a constant

voltage of +5 volt.

3. CAPACITOR 100µF,10µF

4. IR RECEIVER Reception of IR
rays.

5. IR TRANSMITTER Transmission of IR
rays.

6. LED INDICATOR Shows output state.

7. TRANSISTOR BC547

8. RELAY Used as a Switch.

9. BUZZER Horn indicator.

5. COMPONENT DESCRIPTION

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1.IR RECEIVER

FEATURE:- APPLICATION:-

1.Miniature Size. 1.AV instrument.

2.Built in exclusive IC. 2.home appliances.

3.Wide half angle & reception. 3.Remote control for

4.Continous signal acceptable. Wireless device.

5.Suitable for RC oscillating transmitter.

6.High protection ability to EMI.

2.IR TRANSMITTER

The opto components, circuits and mathematics

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Most remote controls for electronic appliances use a near infrared diode
to emit a beam of light that reaches the device. A 940 nm wavelength
LED is typical. This infrared light is invisible to the human eye, but
picked up by sensors on the receiving device. Video cameras see the
diode as if it produces visible purple light.

With a single channel (single-function, one-button) remote control the

presence of a carrier signal can be used to trigger a function. For multi-
channel (normal multi-function) remote controls more sophisticated
procedures are necessary: one consists of modulating the carrier with
signals of different frequency. After the demodulation of the received
signal, the appropriate frequency filters are applied to separate the
respective signals. Nowadays digital procedures are more commonly
used. One can often hear the signals being modulated on the infrared
carrier by operating a remote control in very close proximity to an AM
radio not tuned to a station.

Consumer electronics infrared protocols

Different manufacturers of infrared remote controls use different

protocols to transmit the infrared commands. The RC-5 protocol that has
its origins within Philips, uses, for instance, a total of 14 bits for each
button press. The bit pattern is modulated onto a carrier frequency that,
again, can be different for different manufacturers and standards, in the
case of RC-5, a 36 kHz carrier is being used. Other consumer infrared
protocols are, for instance, the different SIRCS versions used by Sony,
the RC-6 from Philips, the Ruwido R-Step, or the NEC TC101 protocol.

Infrared, line of sight and operating angle

Since infrared (IR) remote controls use light, they require line of sight to
operate the destination device. The signal can, however, be reflected by
mirrors, just like any other light source.

If operation is required where no line of sight is possible, for instance

when controlling equipment in another room or installed in a cabinet,
many brands of IR extenders are available for this on the market. Most of
these have an IR receiver, picking up the IR signal and relaying it via
radio waves to the remote part, which has an IR transmitter mimicking
the original IR control.

Infrared receivers also tend to have a more or less limited operating

angle, which mainly depends on the optical characteristics of the

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phototransistor. However, it’s easy to increase the operating angle using a
matte transparent object in front of the receiver. A description can be

LED TRANSMITTER

3.VOLTAGE REGULATOR 7805

It is a three terminal IC with terminals:

1 as input terminal,

2 as ground terminal, and

3 as output terminal.

This IC is used to give a constant D.C. output of 5 volts at the

output terminal no 3 irrespective of the fluctuations in the IC input.

The ICs of 78...Series gives output with terminal 3 at higher

potential w.r.t. ground terminal no. 2. They are also called “positive
regulator ICs”.

It consists of following circuit components:

1. Voltage divider circuit,

2. Current or voltage sensing element,
3. Feedback network, and
4. Current controlling device.

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 When the output voltage tends to increase above 5 volts, the
current sensing element detects the changes and the current controller
circuit decreases the current in the input circuit. Due to these actions,
the result is that the net current in the input circuitry maintains its
constant dc character and hence, a constant dc current flows through
the fixed load and hence giving constant 5 volt output voltage;
irrespective of the fluctuations in the input voltage.

In the similar way when the current tends to decrease in the

output circuitry, the feedback path senses the effect and forces the
current sensing element to trigger the current controlling element so
that the current in the input circuitry is increased.

Due to which the current in the output current is varied in same

proportion, giving a constant 5 volt output.

4.ULN 2003

. SEVEN DARLINGTONS PER PACKAGE

. OUTPUT CURRENT 500mA PER DRIVER (600mA PEAK)

. OUTPUT VOLTAGE 50V INTEGRATED SUPPRESSION DIODES FOR INDUCTIVE LOADS.

. INDUCTIVE LOADS OUTPUTS CAN BE PARALLELED FOR HIGHER CURRENT.

. TTL/CMOS/PMOS/DTL COMPATIBLE INPUTS INPUTS PINNED OPPOSITE OUTPUTS TO

SIMPLIFY LAYOUT.

DESCRIPTION

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The ULN2001A, ULN2002A, ULN2003 and ULN2004A are high
voltage, high current darlington arrays each containing seven open
collector darlingtonpairs with common emitters. Each channel rated at
500mA and can withstand peak currents of 600mA. Suppression diodes
are included for inductive load driving and the inputs are pinned opposite
the outputs to simplify board layout.

The four versions interface to all common logic families:-

 ULN2001A-- General Purpose, DTL, TTL, PMOS,CMOS
 ULN2002A-- 14-25V PMOS
 ULN2003A-- 5V TTL, CMOS
 ULN2004A --6–15V CMOS, PMOS

These versatile devices are useful for driving a wide range of loads
including solenoids, relays DC motors, LED displays filament lamps,
thermal print heads and high power buffers. The
ULN2001A/2002A/2003A and 2004A are supplied in 16 pin plastic DIP
packages with a copper
Lead frame to reduce thermal resistance. They are available also in small
outline package (SO-16) as ULN2001D/2002D/2003D/2004D.

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5.BASIC COMPONENTS

Resistors

Resistors are components that have a predetermined resistance.

Resistance determines how much current will flow through a component.
Resistors are used to control voltages and currents. A very high resistance
allows very little current to flow. Air has very high resistance. Current
almost never flows through air. (Sparks and lightning are brief displays of
current flow through air. The light is created as the current burns parts of
the air.) A low resistance allows a large amount of current to flow. Metals

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have very low resistance. That is why wires are made of metal. They
allow current to flow from one point to another point without any
resistance. Wires are usually covered with rubber or plastic. This keeps
the wires from coming in contact with other wires and creating short
circuits. High voltage power lines are covered with thick layers of plastic
to make them safe, but they become very dangerous when the line breaks
and the wire is exposed and is no longer separated from other things by
insulation.

Resistance is given in units of ohms. (Ohms are named after Mho Ohms
who played with electricity as a young boy in Germany.) Common
resistor values are from 100 ohms to 100,000 ohms. Each resistor is
marked with colored stripes to indicate its resistance.

Variable Resistors

Variable resistors are also common components. They have a dial or a

knob that allows you to change the resistance. This is very useful for
many situations. Volume controls are variable resistors. When you
change the volume you are changing the resistance which changes the
current. Making the resistance higher will let less current flow so the
volume goes down. Making the resistance lower will let more current
flow so the volume goes up. The value of a variable resistor is given as its
highest resistance value. For example, a 500 ohm variable resistor can
have a resistance of anywhere between 0 ohms and 500 ohms. A variable
resistor may also be called a potentiometer (pot for short).

Capacitors

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Now suppose you want to control how the current in your circuit changes
(or not changes) over time. Now why would you? Well radio signals
require very fast current changes. Robot motors cause current fluctuations
in your circuit which you need to control. What do you do when batteries
cannot supply current as fast as you circuit drains them? How do you
prevent sudden current spikes that could fry your robot circuitry? The
solution to this is capacitors.

Capacitors are like electron storage banks. If your circuit is running low,
it will deliver electrons to your circuit.

In our water analogy, think of this as a water tank with water always
flowing in, but with drainage valves opening and closing.

Since capacitors take time to charge, and time to discharge, they can also
be used for timing circuits. Timing circuits can be used to generate
signals such as PWM or be used to turn on/off motors in solar powered
BEAM robots.
Quick note, some capacitors are polarized, meaning current can only
flow one direction through them. If a capacitor has a lead that is longer
than the other, assume the longer lead must always connect to positive.

Power surge /drainage management

The problem with using robot components that drain a large amount of
power is sometimes your battery cannot handle the high drain rate,
Motors and servos being perfect examples. This would cause a system
wide voltage drop, often resetting your microcontroller, or at least
causing it to not work properly. Just a side note, it is bad to use the same
power source for both your circuit and your motors. So don't do it.
Or suppose your robot motors are not operating at its full potential
because the battery cannot supply enough current, the capacitor will make
up for it. The solution is to place a large electrolytic capacitor between
the source and ground of your power source. Get a capacitor that is rated

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at least twice the voltage you expect to go through it. Have it rated at
1mF-10mF for every amp required. For example, if your 20V motors
will use 3 amps, use a 3mF-30mF 50V rated capacitor. Exactly how much
will depend on how often you expect your motor to change speed and
direction, as well as momentum of what you are actuating. Just note that
if your capacitor is too large, it may take a long time to charge up when
you first turn your robot on. If it is too small, it will drain of electrons and
your circuit will be left with a deficit. It is also bad to allow a large
capacitor to remain fully charged when you turn off your robot. Some
things could accidentally short and fry. So use a simple power on LED in
your motor circuit to drain the capacitor after your robot is turned off. If
your capacitor is not rated properly for voltage, then can explode with
smoke. Fortunately they do not overheat if given excessive amounts of
current. So just make sure your capacitor is rated higher than your highest
expected.

Capacitors can also be used to prevent power spikes that could

potentially fry circuitry. Next to any on/off switch or anything that that
could affect power suddenly should have a capacitor across it?

Capacitors can eliminate switch bouncing. When you flip a mechanical

switch, the switch actually bounces several times within a microsecond
range. Normally this is too small of a time for anyone to care (or even
notice), but note that a microcontroller can take hundreds of readings in a
single microsecond. So if your robot was counting the number of times a
switch is flipped, a single flip can count as dozens. So how do you stop
this? Use a small ceramic capacitor! Just experiment until you find the
power capacitance value.

Diodes

Diodes are components that allow current to flow in only one direction.
They have a positive side (leg) and a negative side. When the voltage on
the positive leg is higher than on the negative leg then current flows
through the diode (the resistance is very low). When the voltage is lower
on the positive leg than on the negative leg then the current does not flow
(the resistance is very high). The negative leg of a diode is the one with

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the line closest to it. It is called the cathode. The positive end is called the
anode.

Usually when current is flowing through a diode, the voltage on the

positive leg is 0.65 volts higher than on the negative leg.

Switches

Switches are devices that create a short circuit or an open circuit

depending on the position of the switch. For a light switch, ON means
short circuit (current flows through the switch, and lights light up.) When
the switch is OFF, that means there is an open circuit (no current flows,
lights go out.

When the switch is ON it looks and acts like a wire. When the switch is
OFF there is no connection.

The LED

An LED is the device shown above. Besides red, they can also be yellow,
green and blue. The letters LED stand for Light Emitting Diode.

The important thing to remember about diodes (including LEDs) is that

current can only flow in one direction.

The Transistor

Transistors are basic components in all of today's electronics. They are

just simple switches that we can use to turn things on and off. Even
though they are simple, they are the most important electrical component.
For example, transistors are almost the only components used to build a
Pentium processor. A single Pentium chip has about 3.5 million
transistors. The ones in the Pentium are smaller than the ones we will use
but they work the same way.

Transistors that we will use in projects look like this:

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The transistor has three legs, the Collector (C), Base (B), and Emitter (E).
Sometimes they are labeled on the flat side of the transistor. Transistors
always have one round side and one flat side. If the round side is facing
you, the Collector leg is on the left, the Base leg is in the middle, and the
Emitter leg is on the right.

Transistor Symbol

The following symbol is used in circuit drawings (schematics) to

represent a transistor.

 Basic Circuit

The Base (B) is the On/Off switch for the transistor. If a current is
flowing to the Base, there will be a path from the Collector (C) to the
Emitter (E) where current can flow (The Switch is On.) If there is no
current flowing to the Base, then no current can flow from the Collector
to the Emitter. (The Switch is off.)

Below is the basic circuit we will use for all of our transistors.

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 Relays

A relay is usually an electromechanical device that is actuated by an

electrical current. The current flowing in one circuit causes the opening or
closing of another circuit. Relays are like remote control switches and are
used in many applications because of their relative simplicity, long life,
and proven high reliability. They are used in a wide variety of
applications throughout industry, such as in telephone exchanges, digital
computers and automation systems.

How do relays work?

All relays contain a sensing unit, the electric coil, which is powered by
AC or DC current. When the applied current or voltage exceeds a
threshold value, the coil activates the armature, which operates either to
close the open contacts or to open the closed contacts. When a power is
supplied to the coil, it generates a magnetic force that actuates the switch
mechanism. The magnetic force is, in effect, relaying the action from one
circuit to another. The first circuit is called the control circuit; the second
is called the load circuit. A relay is usually an electromechanical device
that is actuated by an electrical current.

The current flowing in one circuit causes the opening or closing of

another circuit.

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Types of Relays

There are two basic classifications of relays:

1. Electromechanical Relay
2. Solid State Relay.

Electromechanical relays have moving parts, whereas solid state relays

have no moving parts. Advantages of Electromechanical relays include
lower cost, no heat sink is required, multiple poles are available, and they
can switch AC or DC with equal ease.

1. Electromechanical Relays

General Purpose Relay: The general-purpose relay is rated by the

amount of current its switch contacts can handle. Most versions of the
general-purpose relay have one to eight poles and can be single or double
throw. These are found in computers, copy machines, and other consumer
electronic equipment and appliances.

Power Relay: The power relay is capable of handling larger power loads
– 10-50 amperes or more.

They are usually single-pole or double-pole units.

Contactor: A special type of high power relay, it’s used mainly to
control high voltages and currents in industrial electrical applications.
Because of these high power requirements, contactors always have
double-make contacts.

Time-Delay Relay: The contacts might not open or close until some time
interval after the coil has been energized. This is called delay-on-operate.
Delay-on-release means that the contacts will remain in their actuated
position until some interval after the power has been removed from the
coil.

A third delay is called interval timing. Contacts revert to their alternate

position at a specific interval of time after the coil has been energized.

The timing of these actions may be a fixed parameter of the relay, or

adjusted by a knob on the relay itself, or remotely adjusted through an
external circuit.

2. Solid State Relays

These active semiconductor devices use light instead of magnetism to

actuate a switch. The light comes from an LED, or light emitting diode.
When control power is applied to the device’s output, the light is turned
on and shines across an open space.

On the load side of this space, a part of the device senses the presence of
the light, and triggers a solid state switch that either opens or closes the
circuit under control.
Often, solid state relays are used where the circuit under control must be
protected from the introduction of electrical noises.

Advantages of Solid State Relays include low EMI/RFI, long life, no

moving parts, no contact bounce, and fast response.

The drawback to using a solid state relay is that it can only accomplish
single pole switching.
 6.PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD LAYOUT & DESINING

PCBs are boards whereupon electronic circuits have been etched. PCBs
are rugged, inexpensive, and can be highly reliable. They require much more
layout effort and higher initial cost than either wire-wrapped or point-to-point
constructed circuits, but are much cheaper and faster for high-volume
production. Much of the electronics industry's PCB design, assembly, and
quality control needs are set by standards that are published by the IPC
organization.

1. The inventor of the printed circuit was the Austrian engineer Paul Eisler (1907–
1995) who, while working in England, made one circa 1936 as part of a radio set.
Around 1943 the USA began to use the technology on a large scale to make rugged
radios for use in World War II. After the war, in 1948, the USA released the
invention for commercial use. Printed circuits did not become commonplace in
consumer electronics until the mid-1950s, after the Auto-Sembly process was
developed by the United States Army.

2. Before printed circuits (and for a while after their invention), point-to-point
construction was used. For prototypes, or small production runs, wire wrap or
turret board can be more efficient.

3. Originally, every electronic component had wire leads, and the PCB had holes
drilled for each wire of each component. The components' leads were then passed
through the holes and soldered to the PCB trace. This method of assembly is called
through-hole construction. In 1949, Moe Abramson and Stanislaus F. Danko of the
United States Army Signal Corps developed the Auto-Sembly process in which
component leads were inserted into a copper foil interconnection pattern and dip
soldered.

4. With the development of board lamination and etching techniques, this concept
evolved into the standard printed circuit board fabrication process in use today.
Soldering could be done automatically by passing the board over a ripple, or wave,
of molten solder in a wave-soldering machine. However, the wires and holes are
wasteful since drilling holes is expensive and the protruding wires are merely cut
off. In recent years, the use of surface mount parts has gained popularity as the
demand for smaller electronics packaging and greater functionality has grown.
5. How to Make Printed Circuit Boards (PCB's)  

There are two main methods for the hobbyist to make PCB's.  The first is how
most people start; by laying down special etch resistant transfers onto clean copper
board and then etching the board in a bath of ferrous chloride solution. The second
is to produce the artwork (foils) for the PCB layout using a PC software
application, and then to transfer the track pattern to the copper board using a
technique similar to developing and printing a photograph.  Both methods are quite
straightforward, but the latter method, which is more expensive but quicker,
produces better results and allows more dense population
of the PCB.

a. I will only provide a summary of the steps involved in making the PCB on this
site, but will make available a document for download in due course that will
provide more details of each stage of the process.

b. Method: here are six main steps to making a PCB, which are shown in the
graphic below. Clicking on each of the steps will provide more information.
At the foot of this page is a downloadable version of these pages.
i. Preparing the Artwork

Using PCB Layout Software:  There are a large number of suppliers of PCB layout
applications, which run on a PC, who regularly advertise each month in magazines
such as Elektor.   These range in price considerably depending on the functions and
complexity (i.e.: number of layers, pads and size of library) available. I have
always used Proteus (Ares and Isis) from Lab center Electronics.

a. The method is usually to open the layout application and using the library of
packages provided, select all the component packages to be used in the layout (i.e.:
DIL_8, TO_92, RES_30, DIL_20, CAP_20, CONN_SIL4 etc).   These packages
are then placed in their rough positions on the board area and their pins connected
together as required by clicking and dragging using the mouse.

b. The screen shot on the right shows the Ares Layout Software Tool in use.
c. This can be time consuming, and you have to be very careful to connect the pins
together correctly as there is no checking mechanism.  Alternatively, the circuit
can be entered in an accompanying schematic capture application and the pcb
layout can be laid out automatically using the supplied auto-router.  I have never
been able to justify the expense of this luxury and have always used the manual
method!

d. When the artwork is finished, the layers (usually top and bottom) are printed onto
either acetate film (if you can afford it) or good quality tracing paper available
from art shops (70gsm - A4 sheets usually).  It is better NOT to reverse (mirror)
the image for the bottom layer as I will explain under 'Developing'.  When using
tracing paper, I leave the ink to dry for an hour or so, then sandwich between
several sheets of A4 paper with some heavy books (such as electronic component
catalogues) on top, to flatten the artwork, over night.

e. Using transfers:  This is a very slow method, which I used for many years and good
quality results can still be obtained, using etch resistant transfers available from
many electronic component suppliers.

f. The general method is to create the layout on a piece of paper (using different
colored pens for the layers) and then to trace the holes and tracks (including the
board edge) onto tracing paper for each layer.  After taping the artwork to the
thoroughly cleaned copper board a centre punch is used to mark the position of the
holes.   If there are both top and bottom layers, four of the marked holes can be
drilled through (one near each corner) at this stage, to line up the layers correctly.

g. With a lot of patience, it should now be possible to 'join the dots' with the etch
resist transfers, until the artwork is completed.  Great care should be taken to keep
finger marks off of the copper surface and to complete this process as soon as
possible, before the copper oxidizes.
ii. Developing the Artwork

Pre-Sensitized boards:  These are relatively expensive, but you get what you pay
for and results can be excellent and quick.  The boards are supplied with black
plastic covering the surfaces to protect the Ultra-violet (UV) sensitive surfaces and
this covering is removed immediately prior to using.

a. If the board is to be doubling sided, then before removing the plastic, four pilot
holes can be drilled, as mentioned before, to assist lining up the layers.  Tip! :- If
the bottom foil was NOT reversed when printing (as recommended), the printed
side of the artwork will now be as close as possible to the copper surface.  This
will result in sharper and better resolution for thin tracks, because the UV light has
less opportunity to 'spread' within the thickness of the plastic film or tracing paper
used for the foil.

b. The foils are affixed to the board with small pieces of adhesive tape.  Tip! :- At this
stage the artwork and pcb should be cut larger than the finished board by (say)
5mm all round.  The board is then placed in the UV exposure box for an
appropriate amount of time to allow the pcb pattern to be transferred to the board.
Each side of the board is usually exposed separately when using non - professional
equipment.  The photo' shows my light box with the Parallel Port Development
Board Foil ready to be used.

c. After exposure, the foils are carefully removed and the board placed in a solution of
developer for a couple of minutes and the tracks and pads will magically appear,
similar to developing a photograph.  Caustic Soda can be used with the pre-
sensitized boards and this is available from most hardware stores for cleaning
drains etc.  It should be used in a well ventilated area.

d. As soon as the developing is complete, the board must be washed under cold running
water but with care taken to avoid damaging the etch resist on the board surfaces,
which will be very soft at this stage.  Etching should now be undertaken as soon as
possible, but keeping the developer solution to one side for use again shortly.

e. Coated Boards:  A cheaper method is to use plain copper board and to apply a UV
sensitive coating to it (after cleaning).  Electro lube sells such a coating which is
applied from an aerosol spray under low light conditions.
f. I have found this to be a very hit and miss process, where good results are hard to
obtain.  If this method is used, it is important for the same manufacturer’s
developer to be used if the process is to work successfully.

iii. Etching the Board

Great care should be taken with the Ferric Chloride while preparing, using and
disposing of it.  This chemical (and to a lesser extent) the caustic soda developer
solution, should be used in a well ventilated area.

a. Before etching begins, the artwork on the PCB should be inspected for damaged
tracks and hairline cracks, which should be corrected using a 'Dalo' etch resist pen
or similar.  If this is necessary, the board should first be dried off, as soon as
possible after developing, with a hair ryer, for example.

b. I have found etching is best completed with the chemical heated to a little above
room temperature, using a hot water- bath.  Etching should then take little more
than 15 to 20 minutes with constant agitation of the board.  Leaving the etching
 bath floating in the hot water-bath makes agitation easy, but be careful not to
splash the chemical about.

c. When the PCB looks ready, it should be carefully removed from the chemical,
using plastic gloves and thoroughly rinsed in a cold water bath.  After inspection, if
it is finished then it should be returned to the caustic soda solution, to soften the
resist, which can then be removed with a soft abrasive (e.g.: fine wet and dry
paper).

d. However, I prefer to remove the resist at the end, after all other stages have been
completed.

e. The photo on the left shows some of the materials required for making your own
PCB's. Caustic Soda for developing the artwork, FCC - Ferrous Oxide (etchant)
and a tin of drills.

iv. Cleaning the PCB

Cleaning the PCB, is perhaps easiest to do at this stage, as the etch resist is soft,
but I prefer to complete the drilling and cutting of the board to size, first.
Otherwise, a further, final session of cleaning will be needed later.

a. Transfers and etch resist is fairly easily removed with a medium density, waterproof,
abrasive paper, that can be used under running water.  Only light pressure is
needed, to avoid damaging the thinner copper tracks.  This can be followed by use
of a very fine paper to give a better finish.

b. If an etch resist pen (such as a 'Dalo' marker pen) has been used, this is easily
removed by using a solvent, such as nail polish remover!  However, this can stain
the pcb, if you are not careful to clean up the residue quickly.

c. The picture, right, shows from top clockwise, the original art work, (printed on
good quality tracing paper).   Then the exposed design before etching and finally,
the etched layout ready for drilling and finishing.
v. Drilling the PCB

Most PCBs these days, contain a few IC's as a minimum, and this can quickly
multiply the number of holes that need to be drilled.

a. It is important, especially with dual sided boards, that the holes are drilled with the
drill 'upright' so that the holes are lined up in the middle of the pads on both sides.
This is easy if you have a small bench drill which will fit into a pillar stand, but if
you don't, what can you do?

b. I use a 12 volt modeler’s drill, which I hold in two hands above the board, and rest
both wrists on the table surface.  I can then use the weight of both hands to hold the
copper board down tight at the same time.  In this way I manage to hold everything
rigid and am able to use light pressure to ease the drill through the board

c. A soft material should be placed under the board for the drill to pass into, such as a
spare piece of cork or an old 'jiffy' bag!  Whatever method is used, it is important
 NOT to allow any sideways movement of the PCB (or the drill) if breakage of the
drill bit is to be avoided.

d. The drills used, should be the Tungsten Carbide type (which usually have a larger
shank) as these will not blunt as quickly as the ordinary metal HSS drills.  These
are about three times as expensive, but if breakages are avoided, will work out at
better value in the long run.

e. I have found that it is best to use a range of drill sizes - 0.8mm for IC pads and
most other components, 1.0mm for thicker component leads (diodes and
regulators) and 1.2mm for some larger components.  The normal practice of
drilling a pilot hole and then the final size later should not be tried, as this will
result in the snapping of the brittle Pcb drills, which tend to 'snatch' as they enter a
pilot hole.  Therefore, drill each hole only once, with the correct sized drill.

vi. Finishing the PCB

At last, the etching has been done, the holes have been drilled and the last task
before soldering the components is to finish the PCB so that it looks as
 professional as possible. First, the oversize board can be cut to size, using a
hacksaw or similar.  Make the saw cut just outside the copper board edge, to allow
for filing/smoothing of the rough cut pcb edge.  Take care not to rub fingers and
hands against the rough PCB edges, as the glass fibers are so fine, they can enter
the body!  Similarly, do not breathe in dust generated when drilling, cutting or
filing the board. The board should now be cleaned as described in the earlier page,
but if this has already been completed, then a light rub over with a fine,
waterproof, abrasive paper should be carried out.

a. The board, with shiny copper tracks, is now ready for assembly and soldering.
After this has been completed, and basic functional testing carried out (to spot the
stupid mistakes), the bottom surface should be coated with a protective lacquer, to
prevent oxidization of the tracks, over time.  This should be done as soon as
possible after component assembly.

b. A better approach (which does not always look so good!), is to 'tin' the copper
tracks before component assembly.   This takes some practice, if a messy result is
to be avoided, but the key to success is heat and flux!

c. Smear a THIN layer of plumbers flux across the surface to be tinned, then using
the soldering iron and the minimum possible solder, work the solder across the
pads and along tracks as quickly as possible.  Avoid using too much heat on
thinner tracks to avoid damaging them.  Finally, inspect the board for solder
bridges between tracks and pads - a small magnifier may be useful for this task

d. The flux is messy and this is best removed using cellulose thinners, in a well
ventilated area. Followed by a wash with soapy water.  A protective lacquer is not
needed with tinned boards, but will enhance appearance, if applied to the finished
board after components have been assembled and soldered.

e. The picture here shows a tinned pcb ready for cutting and cult board

8.6. Printed circuit board guidelines

Printed circuit board (PCB) is a component made of one or more layers of

insulating material with electrical conductors. The insulator is typically made on
the base of fiber reinforced resins, ceramics, plastic, or some other dielectric
materials. During manufacturing the portions of conductors that are not needed are
etched off, leaving printed circuits that connect electronic components. 

Currently the main generic standard for printed circuit board design, regardless of
materials is IPC-2221A. Whether PCB board is single-sided, double-sided or
multilayer, this standard provides rules for manufacturability and quality such as
requirements for material properties, criteria for surface plating, conductor
thickness, component placement, dimensioning and tolerance rules, and more. For
a specific technology the designer can then choose the appropriate sectional
standard from the IPC-2220 series. For power conversion devices additional
parameters are recommended by IPC-9592.

The width of the circuit conductors should be chosen based on maximum

temperature rise at rated current and acceptable impedance. The spacing between
the PC traces is determined by peak working voltage, the coating and the product
application. The minimum possible width of the traces and spacing between them
are limited by the manufacturing capabilities of your fabricator and should not be
less then 2 mils. Typical minimum values are 6/6 mils. Depending on the
application, other standards may also apply. For example, for mains-powered or
battery-powered information technology equipment, the creep age and clearance
requirements of IEC/UL 60950-1 shall take precedence over IPC.

IPC and other standards do not tell you how to properly route the board. Good
PCB layout techniques require understanding of the effects of non-zero trace
impedance and coupling of signals from one circuit to another through parasitic
capacitances and radio transmission, as well as basic understanding of circuit
operation. Auto-routing may be done for most parts of control circuits, but power,
ground and high di/dt circuits should be routed by hand.

7. PROJECTWORKING
As shown in circuit diagram a card of IR , Tx and Rx module is used. In this card
one IR transmitter and one IR receiver is given.IR transmitter is driven by IC
ULM2003.this IC consist of Darlington pair which gives high current to IR
transmitter .output of card gives +5 voltage when transmitter and receiver are in
line of sight otherwise output port remains at zero voltage. output is given to base
of transistor. when base of transistor is at high voltage then transistor comes in
conduction mode and in this way circuits completes and buzzer turns on. it is
working of model but when we use this circuitry in bike then instead of buzzer we
use bike horn for alarm.

Another way of controlling output and buzzer is through relay. A 5 voltage relay is
used to control buzzer. When relay get 5V as input supply then it short circuits the
connection between power source and buzzer.when it doesn’t get 5v supply then
relay remains off.

Features

 On Board Regulator
 Operating voltage from 6V - 20 V
 3 Sensors in an array form
 TTL compatible outputs
 Indicator LED's for each sensor to ensure correct working while testing
 Indicator LED's on other side for better view
 Less sensitive to external ambient light
 Can Detect colour difference
 Reverse Polarity Protection
 7.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

IR Tx

IR sensor

Whiteplacard REI309

ULN2003APG

+12 -ve output

B
 8.ADVANTAGES & PREVENTION

Theft: Motive and Opportunity

Under normal circumstances, theft is prevented simply through the application and
social acceptance of property law. Ownership is often indicated by means of visual
marking (license plates, name tags). When clear owner identification is not
possible and when there is a lack of social observance, people may be inclined to
take possession of items to their own benefit at the expense of the original owner.
Motive and opportunity are two enabling factors for theft. Given that motives for
theft are varied and complex and are generally speaking not within the control of
the victim, most methods of theft prevention rely on reducing opportunities for
theft.

Use of Theft Prevention

Equally varied are the methods developed for theft prevention. Anti-theft systems
have evolved to counter new theft techniques as they have appeared in society. The
choice for a particular anti-theft system is dependent on several factors:

Financial Cost
In addition to the initial acquisition cost of an item, the cost of replacement or
recovery from its theft is usually considered when considering the cost of installing
an anti-theft system. This cost estimation usually determines the maximum cost of
the anti-theft system and the need to secure it. Expensive items will generally be
secured with higher-cost anti-theft systems, while low-cost items will generally be
secured at low cost. Insurance companies will often mandate a minimum type of
anti-theft system as part of the conditions for insurance. All you have to do to is get
it built into the car and when the engine is off the car will lock itself if forgotten.

Threshold for Theft

Anti-theft systems are designed to raise the difficulty of theft to an infeasible (but
not necessarily impossible) level. The kind of system implemented often depends
on the acceptable threshold for theft. For example, keeping money in an inside
shirt pocket raises the difficulty of theft above that necessary if the pocket were on
a backpack, since unauthorized access is made sufficiently more difficult. Methods
of theft evolve to decrease the difficulty of theft, increased by newer anti-theft
systems. Because of evolution on both sides and the social aspect of theft, the
threshold for theft is very dynamic and heavily dependent on the environment.
Doors in quiet suburban neighborhoods’ are often left unlocked, as the perceived
thresholds for theft are very high.

Ease of Use
Security is often compromised through the lax application of theft-prevention
practices and human nature in general. The ideal anti-theft device requires no
additional effort while using the secured item, without reducing the level of
security. In practice, users of security systems may intentionally reduce the
effectiveness of an anti-theft system to increase its usability (see passwords). For
example, home security systems will often be enabled and disabled using easy-to-
remember codes such as "1111" or "123", instead of more secure combinations.

9.FUTURE SCOPE
In the extension of project as major project within minor project we complete only
first layer of Anti-Theft Bike Alarm. In first layer ,handle lock is used on handle
bar for the safty of bike but when someone crack or break the lock then horn of
bikes turn on.In second layer security system, we use GSM based system. when
our bike is being theft then this system sends a message on cellphone of owner.

GSM module is used in this project and a

SIM(subscriber identification module) is attached with GSM module. If we want to
track the location of bike then we simply install GPS module on our project and
can trace location of bike.It is a low cost security system for bike it can be install
beneath of sheet,near by tool box etc.

10.CONCLUSION
 The whole circuit is assembled on a general purpose PCB; moreover, it must be kept
in a suitable cabinet to prevent it from external unwanted disturbing radiations for effective
performance.

Holes have been drilled in the front panel for mounting of IR sensor and LEDs. The
whole assembly should be handled with care.Transmitter & Receiver should be within line of
sight.The project can be most helpful in stopping theft of bikes.The quality of each
components should be up to the mark because even the failure of single component can stop
the working of whole assembly of components.

This is low cost project, useful and easy to install project. This project is compatible
with all types of bikes.It can be Installed and remove easily according to our requirement.
 11.BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books: & Internet sited visited

1. Integrated Circuit: Mill man& Halkiyas

2. Manuals provided by the DLJ.
3. Electronics for you
4. www.hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu
5. www.triumf.ca
6. www.ndt-ed.org
7. www.rpi.edu
8. http://www.cwihp.si.edu