Chapter 3

DC-AC Converter (Inverter)

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 PWM Buck Converter (Revisited)
S1 • Bidirectional power flow is achieved using controlled
L switches with anti-parallel diode for S1 and S2.
+ + +
Vi S2 vo ( t ) C Vx = Vo = DVi
− − −
Vi −
PWM signal

Not Gate Vo*

Vo*
+ 0− Ts
−
Pulse Width Modulation; PWM
S1
Carrier
Vo DTs 1−
= (fs kHz range)
Vi Ts 1
Ts = t→
fs 0−
0  D  1 ; 0  Vo  Vi 0 D1Ts Ts D2Ts 2Ts D2Ts 3Ts
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 DC-AC Converter : Inverter (Derivation from buck converter )

+ S1 L +
Vi S2 C Vo = DVDC
− −
+
VDC
S1
2
− a
+ o
+
VDC
S2 C Vo = DVDC
2
− −
Vo
+
VDC
S1 Vi
2
− o a
+
+
VDC
Vo C S2
2
− −
0 1 D
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 Inverter : Derivation from buck converter
Change reference point
+ Vo
VDC
• Vo can be varied
VDC
S1 between +
2 C L VDC 2
V and −
− o a + DC
+ 2 2 0 D
VDC − Vo + 0.5 1
S2 VDC
2
− −
− 2

 1
VO =  D −  VDC
+
VO = vao ( t )  2
VDC S1
2 L S1 S2 vao
o − a
+ + ON OFF +VDC / 2
VDC S2 C
2
Vo OFF ON −VDC / 2
− − ON ON Not allow
OFF OFF Uncontrolled Voltage

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 Half-Bridge Inverter : Pulse-Width Modulation

+
S1
VO = vao ( t ) vo* (t )
vo (t ) = vao ( t )
VDC
2
o −
+
a
+
VDC S2 t
2 vao
−
−

vo* (t ) = Vm* sin ( 2 f * t +  * )

PWM signal
+
−
V • Inverter can generate AC voltage which
+ DC − corresponds to the commanded voltage
2 Carrier
amplitude, frequency and phase shift.

0−
VDC
*
V
m 
V 2
− DC − Ts
2

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 Real-World Pulse-Width Modulation
with Embedded System

vo (t ) = vo* ( t )

vo* (t ) vo* (t )
Discretized Analog

PWM signal
Sample vo* (t ) = Vm* sin ( 2 f * t +  * )
+ & Hold
−

Carrier

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 Switch Realization

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 Half-Bridge Inverter : Output waveform
VDC
vao ( t )
+ −
2

VDC
− −
2
• Bipolar output waveform

*
vo (t )
vo (t ) = vao ( t )

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 Full-Bridge Inverter

+
VDC S1 S3

o −
+
2
a b Vm*  VDC
VDC S2 S4 • Utilize the whole DC Bus Voltage: the
2
− amplitude of AC voltage can be up to DC
bus voltage VDC !!

+ vab −
Concept :
Vm*
vao (t ) =
*
sin ( 2 f * t +  * )
2
vo* (t ) = vab* (t ) = Vm* sin ( 2 f * t +  * )
*
vbo* (t ) = m sin ( 2 f * t +  * +  )
V
2
• There are 2 ref. voltages which are out
of phase.

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 Full-Bridge Inverter : Pulse-Width Modulation

+
vab
VDC S1 S3
2
+VDC
o − a b
+ 0 D
VDC S2 S4 0.5 1
2
− −VDC

vao* (t ) Vm*
Sample vao (t ) =
*
sin ( 2 f * t +  * )
+ & Hold 2
−
vbo* (t )
Vm*
Sample vbo (t ) =
*
sin ( 2 f * t +  * +  )
+ & Hold 2
S3
−
S4 Carrier

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 Full-Bridge Inverter : Output waveform
*
vao (t )

*
vbo (t )
+ VDC 2 −

− VDC 2 −
*
vao (t )
vo (t )
+ VDC 2 −

−VDC 2 − vbo (t )

vab (t )
• Unipolar output waveform

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 3-Phase Inverter

+
VDC S1 S3 S3
2
o − a b c
+
VDC S2 S4 S4
2
−
Assume vNo = 0
+ vab − + vbc −
vao (t ) = V sin ( 2 f t + 
* * * *
) − +
mp
vca

vbo* (t ) = Vmp
*
sin ( 2 f * t +  * + 2 3)

vco* (t ) = Vmp
*
sin ( 2 f * t +  * + 4 3)
*
Vmp = VmL
*
−L 3 N

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 3-Phase Inverter : Output waveform

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