NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DURGAPUR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Experiment Number:

Title: Study of Directional over-current relay (inverse) type CDD.

Object: Determination of maximum torque angle.

Circuit Diagram: Shown in the separate sheet.

Apparatus Used:
Sl. No. Name of Apparatus Specifications Make Nos.
1. Relay Test Set Input: 415 V, 3ph.,4wire, 50Hz. Shruti 1
AC output 0-100 A, Electronics
AC voltage 0-300 Vac,
DC Voltage 0-240 V,
Frequency output 45-100 Hz.
Phase angle 0-360,
Timer range 0-9999.999
2. Directional Over Current CT sec 5A, Alstom 1
Relay (Inverse) CDD type Pick-up current 2.5A -10A, 110V,
50Hz, PSM 1 -20 for times upto
1 sec.

Theory: The torque developed by a directional unit is given by T= VIcos(θ-τ)-K, where V=

RMS magnitude of the voltage fed to the voltage circuit; I= rms magnitude of the current
coil; θ= the angle between I and V in general; τ= maximum torque angle; K= spring and
friction restoring torque.
Under threshold condition when the relay is about to start, T=0= VIcos(θ-τ)-K .
VI=K/ cos(θ-τ)= constant for a given φ. V-I characteristics is a rectangular hyperbola. In the
operation in the relay the product of V and I should give torque more than spring and
friction torque K.

In the phasor diagram (fig.2) φv is the polarizing flux due to voltage coil and lags behind the
voltage by 400 to 500. φc is the interaction of φv and φc is maximum when the fluxes are
displaced by 900

Fundamental Principle:
Thus, if we measure the bus voltage phasor Vp and compute the phase angle of relay
current with respect to bus voltage, then we can use the following logic to provide
selectivity. If the relay 'detects fault' and current lags VR (= Vp), then permit relay tripping. If
the relay detects fault and current leads VR (= Vp), then inhibit the relay tripping. The
'discrimination principle' based on phase angle comparison between a set of phasors, one of
which is used as reference is called 'directional discrimination principle. Relays with this
principle are called directional relays.

For example, overcurrent relays can be made directional by adding above discrimination
logic to well known overcurrent logic. Such relays are called as directional overcurrent
relays. They are used in distribution system or sub transmission system where 'ring main'
configuration is used to provide more reliability of service. Cost of this relaying scheme is
higher than 'non-directional' overcurrent due to additional cost of VT.
Now, with traditional overcurrent relays, a directional overcurrent relay can be visualized as
a cascade connection of 'one directional unit' and one overcurrent unit. If the polarity of the
current is appropriate, then directional unit picks up. If the current magnitude is above
pickup, then the overcurrent unit also picks up and when both units pickup, the trip coil is
energized and CB tripping is ensured. Any fault involving ground is called a ground fault.
Traditionally, three phase relays and one ground relay have been used to protect a feeder or
a transmission line. Design of Directional Units for Phase Fault Let us first consider, a three
phase fault. In this case, choice of the reference phasor can be the phase voltage itself. For a
purely reactive circuit, the fault current in the correct direction lags the reference phasor
by . With respect to reference phase 'Va', we can draw operating line (also called as zero
torque line due to legacy of electromechanical realys) which separates the plane into two
regions marked as 'operate' and 'Do not operate'. If the fault is in the operating region, then
Ia lags Va and we issue trip decision. In case, fault is behind the relay, the fault current leads
Va and hence lies in the "do not operate" region.

Necessity
In the overcurrent protection scheme considered that,
1. System is radial.
2. There is a single source.
This is quite true for traditional distribution systems but it does not hold true for sub-
transmission or transmission system with multiple sources. Fig 18.1 shows a system which is
radial but it has two sources connected to it. If relays for protection are installed only at one
end of transmission line say towards source A end, it is obvious that after opening of relay in
red, the fault will continue to be fed from source B. Hence, relays are also installed at other
end of line to detect fault and disconnect transmission line from the other end as well.
Similar situation will exist even for a single source system if parallel paths exist (fig 18.2).
Hence, system which have multiple paths to source require relays at both ends. However,
installing relays at both ends does not provide a complete relaying solution. To understand
the reason, consider the action of red relay in fig 18.1 with respect to two likely faults F1
and F2.

If the fault is at F1 then it is responsibility of red relays to open. If fault is at F2, then it is the
green relays which should trip the line. However, it is quite likely that for fault F2, the
circled red relay may trip before circled green relay opens to disconnect feed from the
source B, the reason being that both relays are subjected to same fault current. In other
words, circled red relay competes with circled green relay to clear fault. Opening of circled
red relay unnecessarily causes loss of service to load at bus P and it should be classified as
wrong operation.
To overcome this limitation, the relay element has to be provided with additional
discrimination feature to distinguish between faults that it should respond to, and others
that it should not respond to. Further, this selectivity' will not be sufficient if it is based upon
magnitude of pick up current (or fault currents). In the previous lectures, we had used time
discrimination to provide selectivity. From the fig 18.3, it is apparent that such
discrimination will hold between relay sequences R1 R3 R5 and R6 R4 R2.

However, it is not possible to provide such time discrimination between relays like R2 and
R3. Now consider two possible fault locations with respect to relay R3 as shown in fig 18.4.
The relay R2 should operate if fault is at F1 because it is on primary feeder but not behind
i.e. at F2. With polarity of CT connection as shown in fig 18.5, it is apparent that for fault F1
current I1 seen by the relay lags Vp by 90 degrees (fig 18.6). This is under the assumption of
bolted fault and reactive nature of circuit impedance.
However, when the fault is in the position F2, then relay current leads the bus voltage 'Vp'.
Determination of maximum torque angle
Procedure:
(1) Select a suitable plug setting.
(2) Adjust the voltage of the voltage coil of the relay to set value. Adjust the current
such that the relay operates (with any phase angle between V & I).
 (3) Next, with the set value of V & I, adjust the phase angle such that the relay stops
its operation. Note the phase angle from the panel board. Also calculate the
phase angle from the watt-meter reading. This phase angle is the internal angle of
the voltage coil.
(4) Repeat from step 2 with different current settings.
(5) Next calculate the maximum torque angle.
(6) Adjust the phase angle to torque and observe the deflection of the relay.

Observation Table: ( for Pick-up Current 2.5A and TM = 1.0)

Sl. Applied Applied Power (W) Power Angle (Ø) Max. Torque
No. Voltage (V) Current (I) = cos-1W/VI Angle = 90-Ø
1. 110 7.5 A 580
2. 110 7.7 A 600
3. 110 8.2 A 640
4. 110 8.5 A 660
5. 110 8.8 A 700

Average Maximum torque angle=

Report and questions:

(1) Draw the phasor diagram of φv, φc Vs I and V showing the different
angles and maximum torque angles indicating the polarizing quantity.