Interview Type of Questions

1. What is the diffrence between an Abstract class and Interface ?

2. What is user defined exception ?
3. What do you know about the garbate collector ?
4. What is the difference between C++ & Java ?
5. Explain RMI Architecture?
6. How do you communicate in between Applets & Servlets ?
7. What is the use of Servlets ?
8. What is JDBC? How do you connect to the Database ?
9. In an HTML form I have a Button which makes us to open another page in 15 seconds. How will do
you that ?
10.What is the difference between Process and Threads ?
11.What is the difference between RMI & Corba ?
12.What are the services in RMI ?
13.How will you initialize an Applet ?
14.What is the order of method invocation in an Applet ?
15.When is update method called ?
16.How will you pass values from HTML page to the Servlet ?
17.Have you ever used HashTable and Dictionary ?
18.How will you communicate between two Applets ?
19.What are statements in JAVA ?
20.What is JAR file ?
21.What is JNI ?
22.What is the base class for all swing components ?
23.What is JFC ?
24.What is Difference between AWT and Swing ?
25.Considering notepad/IE or any other thing as process, What will happen if you start notepad or IE 3
times? Where 3 processes are started or 3 threads are started ?
26.How does thread synchronization occurs inside a monitor ?
27.How will you call an Applet using a Java Script function ?
28.Is there any tag in HTML to upload and download files ?
29.Why do you Canvas ?
30.How can you push data from an Applet to Servlet ?
31.What are 4 drivers available in JDBC ?
32.How you can know about drivers and database information ?
33.If you are truncated using JDBC, How can you know ..that how much data is truncated ?
34.And What situation , each of the 4 drivers used ?
35.How will you perform transaction using JDBC ?
36.In RMI, server object first loaded into the memory and then the stub reference is sent to the client ? or
whether a stub reference is directly sent to the client ?
37.Suppose server object is not loaded into the memory, and the client request for it , what will happen?
38.What is serialization ?
39.Can you load the server object dynamically? If so, what are the major 3 steps involved in it ?
40.What is difference RMI registry and OSAgent ?
41.To a server method, the client wants to send a value 20, with this value exceeds to 20,. a message
should be sent to the client ? What will you do for achieving for this ?
42.What are the benefits of Swing over AWT ?
43.Where the CardLayout is used ?
44.What is the Layout for ToolBar ?
45.What is the difference between Grid and GridbagLayout ?
46.How will you add panel to a Frame ?
47.What is the corresponding Layout for Card in Swing ?
48.What is light weight component ?
49.Can you run the product development on all operating systems ?
50.What is the webserver used for running the Servlets ?
51.What is Servlet API used for conneting database ?
52.What is bean ? Where it can be used ?
53.What is difference in between Java Class and Bean ?
54.Can we send object using Sockets ?
55.What is the RMI and Socket ?
56.How to communicate 2 threads each other ?
57.What are the files generated after using IDL to Java Compilet ?
58.What is the protocol used by server and client ?
59.Can I modify an object in CORBA ?
60.What is the functionality stubs and skeletons ?
61.What is the mapping mechanism used by Java to identify IDL language ?
62.Diff between Application and Applet ?
63.What is serializable Interface ?
64.What is the difference between CGI and Servlet ?
65.What is the use of Interface ?
66.Why Java is not fully objective oriented ?
67.Why does not support multiple Inheritance ?
68.What it the root class for all Java classes ?
69.What is polymorphism ?
70.Suppose If we have variable ' I ' in run method, If I can create one or more thread each thread will
occupy a separate copy or same variable will be shared ?
71.In servlets, we are having a web page that is invoking servlets username and password ? which is
cheks in the database ? Suppose the second page also If we want to verify the same information
whethe it will connect to the database or it will be used previous information?
72.What are virtual functions ?
73.Write down how will you create a binary Tree ?
74.What are the traverses in Binary Tree ?
75.Write a program for recursive Traverse ?
76.What are session variable in Servlets ?
77.What is client server computing ?
78.What is Constructor and Virtual function? Can we call Virtual funciton in a constructor ?
79.Why we use OOPS concepts? What is its advantage ?
80.What is the middleware ? What is the functionality of Webserver ?
81.Why Java is not 100 % pure OOPS ? ( EcomServer )
82.When we will use an Interface and Abstract class ?
83.What is an RMI?
84.How will you pass parameters in RMI ? Why u serialize?
85.What is the exact difference in between Unicast and Multicast object ? Where we will use ?
86.What is the main functionality of the Remote Reference Layer ?
87.How do you download stubs from a Remote place ?
88.What is the difference in between C++ and Java ? can u explain in detail ?
89.I want to store more than 10 objects in a remote server ? Which methodology will follow ?
90.What is the main functionality of the Prepared Statement ?
91.What is meant by static query and dynamic query ?
92.What are the Normalization Rules ? Define the Normalization ?
93.What is meant by Servelet? What are the parameters of the service method ?
94.What is meant by Session ? Tell me something about HTTPSession Class ?
95.How do you invoke a Servelt? What is the difference in between doPost and doGet methods ?
96.What is the difference in between the HTTPServlet and Generic Servlet ? Expalin their methods ? Tell
me their parameter names also ?
97.Have you used threads in Servelet ?
98.Write a program on RMI and JDBC using StoredProcedure ?
99.How do you sing an Applet ?
100. In a Container there are 5 components. I want to display the all the components names, how will
you do that one ?
101. Why there are some null interface in java ? What does it mean ? Give me some null interfaces in
JAVA ?
102. Tell me the latest versions in JAVA related areas ?
103. What is meant by class loader ? How many types are there? When will we use them ?
104. How do you load an Image in a Servlet ?
105. What is meant by flickering ?
106. What is meant by distributed Application ? Why we are using that in our applications ?
107. What is the functionality of the stub ?
108. Have you used any version control ?
109. What is the latest version of JDBC ? What are the new features are added in that ?
110. Explain 2 tier and 3 -tier Architecture ?
111. What is the role of the webserver ?
112. How have you done validation of the fileds in your project ?
113. What is the main difficulties that you are faced in your project ?
114. What is meant by cookies ? Explain ?
115. Problem faced in your earlier project
116. How OOPS concept is achieved in Java
117. Features for using Java
118. How does Java 2.0 differ from Java 1.0
119. Public static void main – Explain
120. What are command line arguments
121. Explain about the three-tier model
122. Difference between String & StringBuffer
 123. Wrapper class. Is String a Wrapper Class
124. What are the restriction for static method
125. Purpose of the file class
126. Default modifier in Interface
127. Difference between Interface & Abstract class
128. Can abstract be declared as Final
129. Can we declare variables inside a method as Final Variables
130. What is the package concept and use of package
131. How can a dead thread be started
132. Difference between Applet & Application
133. Life cycle of the Applet
134. Can Applet have constructors
135. Differeence between canvas class & graphics class
136. Explain about Superclass & subclass
137. Difference between TCP & UDP
138. What is AppletStub
139. Explain Stream Tokenizer
140. What is the difference between two types of threads
141. Checked & Unchecked exception
142. Use of throws exception
143. What is finally in exception handling
144. Vector class
145. What will happen to the Exception object after exception handling
146. Two types of multi-tasking
147. Two ways to create the thread
148. Synchronization
149. I/O Filter
150. How can you retrieve warnings in JDBC
151. Can applet in different page communicate with each other
152. Four driver Manager
153. Features of JDBC 20
154. Explain about stored procedures
155. Servlet Life cycle
156. Why do you go for servlet rather than CGI
157. How to generate skeleton & Stub classes
158. Explain lazy activation
159. Firewalls in RMI

Author & Copyrights 2004: Narayanaswami Banukumar

http://javaquestion.tripod.com/id8.html

Introduction to Java Programming Data types,variables and Arrays

 Control Statements Introduction to Classes and Methods
d interface Exception Handling Multi Threading
String Handling Exploring Java.lang
t: Exploring Java.io Applets Event Handling
dows, graphics and fonts AWT: Controls, Layout Managers and Menus Utility Package
Networking Concepts Networking

Definitions

• Encapsulation::

Encapsulation is the mechanism that binds together code and the data it manipulates and keeps both
safe from outside interference and misuse.

• Inheritance :

Inheritance is the process by which one object acquires the properties of another object.

• Polymorphism :

Polymorphism is a feature that allows one interface to be used for a general class of actions. The
specific action is determined by the exact nature of actions.

• Code Blocks :

Two or more statements which is allowed to be grouped into blocks of code is otherwise called as
Code Blocks.This is done by enclosing the statements between opening and closing curly braces.

• Floating-point numbers:

Floating-point numbers which is also known as real numbers, are used when evaluating expressions
that require fractional precision.

• Unicode:

Unicode defines a fully international character set that can represent all of the characters found in all
human languages. It is a unification of dozens of character sets, such as Latin, Greek, Arabic and
many more.

• Booleans:

Java has a simple type called boolean, for logical values. It can have only on of two possible values,
true or false.
 • Casting:

A cast is simply an explicit type conversion. To create a conversion between two incompatible types,
you must use a cast.

• Arrays:

An array is a group of like-typed variables that are referred to by a common name. Arrays offer a
convenient means of grouping related information. Arrays of any type can be created and may have
one or more dimension.

• Relational Operators:

The relational operators determine the relationship that one operand has to the other. They determine
the equality and ordering.

• Short-Circuit Logical Operators:

The secondary versions of the Boolean AND and OR operators are known as short- circuit logical
operators. It is represented by || and &&..

• Switch:

The switch statement is Java’s multiway branch statement. It provides an easy way to dispatch
execution to different parts of your code based on the value of an experession.

• Jump Statements:

Jump statements are the statements which transfer control to another part of your program. Java
Supports three jump statements: break, continue, and return.

• Instance Variables:

The data, or variable, defined within a class are called instance variable.

Top

Introduction to Java Programming

1) The Java interpreter is used for the execution of the source code.

a) True

b) False

Ans: a.

2) On successful compilation a file with the class extension is created.

 a) True

b) False

Ans: a.

3) The Java source code can be created in a Notepad editor.

a) True

b) False

Ans: a.

4) The Java Program is enclosed in a class definition.

a) True

b) False

Ans: a.

5) What declarations are required for every Java application?

Ans: A class and the main( ) method declarations.

6) What are the two parts in executing a Java program and their purposes?

Ans: Two parts in executing a Java program are:

Java Compiler and Java Interpreter.

The Java Compiler is used for compilation and the Java Interpreter is used for execution of
the application.

7) What are the three OOPs principles and define them?

Ans : Encapsulation, Inheritance and Polymorphism are the three OOPs Principles.

Encapsulation: Is the Mechanism that binds together code and the data it manipulates, and
keeps both safe from outside interference and misuse.

Inheritance: Is the process by which one object acquires the properties of another object.

Polymorphism: Is a feature that allows one interface to be used for a general class of actions.

8) What is a compilation unit?

Ans : Java source code file.

9) What output is displayed as the result of executing the following statement?

System.out.println("// Looks like a comment.");

1. // Looks like a comment

2. The statement results in a compilation error
3. Looks like a comment
4. No output is displayed

Ans : a.

10) In order for a source code file, containing the public class Test, to successfully compile, which of the
following must be true?

1. It must have a package statement

2. It must be named Test.java
3. It must import java.lang
4. It must declare a public class named Test

Ans : b

11) What are identifiers and what is naming convention?

Ans : Identifiers are used for class names, method names and variable names. An identifier
may be any descriptive sequence of upper case & lower case letters,numbers or underscore or
dollar sign and must not begin with numbers.

12) What is the return type of program’s main( ) method?

Ans : void

13) What is the argument type of program’s main( ) method?

Ans : string array.

14) Which characters are as first characters of an identifier?

Ans : A – Z, a – z, _ ,$

15) What are different comments?

Ans : 1) // -- single line comment

2) /* --

*/ multiple line comment

3) /** --

*/ documentation
16) What is the difference between constructor method and method?

Ans : Constructor will be automatically invoked when an object is created. Whereas method
has to be call explicitly.

17) What is the use of bin and lib in JDK?

Ans : Bin contains all tools such as javac, applet viewer, awt tool etc., whereas Lib contains
all packages and variables

Top

Data types,variables and Arrays

1) What is meant by variable?

Ans: Variables are locations in memory that can hold values. Before assigning any value to a
variable, it must be declared.

2) What are the kinds of variables in Java? What are their uses?

Ans: Java has three kinds of variables namely, the instance variable, the local variable and
the class variable.

Local variables are used inside blocks as counters or in methods as temporary variables and
are used to store information needed by a single method.

Instance variables are used to define attributes or the state of a particular object and are used
to store information needed by multiple methods in the objects.

Class variables are global to a class and to all the instances of the class and are useful for
communicating between different objects of all the same class or keeping track of global
states.

3) How are the variables declared?

Ans: Variables can be declared anywhere in the method definition and can be initialized
during their declaration.They are commonly declared before usage at the beginning of the
definition.

Variables with the same data type can be declared together. Local variables must be given a
value before usage.

4) What are variable types?

Ans: Variable types can be any data type that java supports, which includes the eight
primitive data types, the name of a class or interface and an array.

5) How do you assign values to variables?

 Ans: Values are assigned to variables using the assignment operator =.

6) What is a literal? How many types of literals are there?

Ans: A literal represents a value of a certain type where the type describes how that value
behaves.There are different types of literals namely number literals, character literals,
boolean literals, string literals,etc.

7) What is an array?

Ans: An array is an object that stores a list of items.

8) How do you declare an array?

Ans: Array variable indicates the type of object that the array holds.

Ex: int arr[];

9) Java supports multidimensional arrays.

a)True

b)False

Ans: a.

10) An array of arrays can be created.

a)True

b)False

Ans: a.

11) What is a string?

Ans: A combination of characters is called as string.

12) Strings are instances of the class String.

a)True

b)False

Ans: a.

13) When a string literal is used in the program, Java automatically creates instances of the string class.

a)True
 b)False

Ans: a.

14) Which operator is to create and concatenate string?

Ans: Addition operator(+).

15) Which of the following declare an array of string objects?

1. String[ ] s;
2. String [ ]s:
3. String[ s]:
4. String s[ ]:

Ans : a, b and d

16) What is the value of a[3] as the result of the following array declaration?

1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. 4

Ans : d

17) Which of the following are primitive types?

1. byte
2. String
3. integer
4. Float

Ans : a.

18) What is the range of the char type?

1. 0 to 2 16
2. 0 to 2 15
3. 0 to 2 16-1
4. 0 to 2 15-1

Ans. d

19) What are primitive data types?

Ans : byte, short, int, long

float, double
 boolean

char

20) What are default values of different primitive types?

Ans :

int - 0

short - 0

byte - 0

long - 0 l

float - 0.0 f

double - 0.0 d

boolean - false

char - null

21) Converting of primitive types to objects can be explicitly.

a)True

b)False

Ans: b.

22) How do we change the values of the elements of the array?

Ans : The array subscript expression can be used to change the values of the elements of the
array.

23) What is final varaible?

Ans : If a variable is declared as final variable, then you can not change its value. It becomes
constant.

24) What is static variable?

Ans : Static variables are shared by all instances of a class.

Top

Operators
1) What are operators and what are the various types of operators available in Java?

Ans: Operators are special symbols used in expressions. The following are the types of
operators:

Arithmetic operators,

Assignment operators,

Increment & Decrement operators,

Logical operators,

Biwise operators,

Comparison/Relational operators and

Conditional operators

2) The ++ operator is used for incrementing and the -- operator is used for

decrementing.

a)True

b)False

Ans: a.

3) Comparison/Logical operators are used for testing and magnitude.

a)True

b)False

Ans: a.

4) Character literals are stored as unicode characters.

a)True

b)False

Ans: a.

5) What are the Logical operators?

Ans: OR(|), AND(&), XOR(^) AND NOT(~).

6) What is the % operator?

 Ans : % operator is the modulo operator or reminder operator. It returns the reminder of
dividing the first operand by second operand.

7) What is the value of 111 % 13?

1. 3
2. 5
3. 7
4. 9

Ans : c.

8) Is &&= a valid operator?

Ans : No.

9) Can a double value be cast to a byte?

Ans : Yes

10) Can a byte object be cast to a double value ?

Ans : No. An object cannot be cast to a primitive value.

11) What are order of precedence and associativity?

Ans : Order of precedence the order in which operators are evaluated in expressions.

Associativity determines whether an expression is evaluated left-right or right-left.

12) Which Java operator is right associativity?

Ans : = operator.

13) What is the difference between prefix and postfix of -- and ++ operators?

Ans : The prefix form returns the increment or decrement operation and returns the value of
the increment or decrement operation.

The postfix form returns the current value of all of the expression and then

performs the increment or decrement operation on that value.

14) What is the result of expression 5.45 + "3,2"?

1. The double value 8.6

2. The string ""8.6"
3. The long value 8.
4. The String "5.453.2"
 Ans : d

15) What are the values of x and y ?

x = 5; y = ++x;

Ans : x = 6; y = 6

16) What are the values of x and z?

x = 5; z = x++;

Ans : x = 6; z = 5

Top

Control Statements

1) What are the programming constructs?

Ans:

a) Sequential

b) Selection -- if and switch statements

c) Iteration -- for loop, while loop and do-while loop

2) class conditional {

public static void main(String args[]) {

int i = 20;

int j = 55;

int z = 0;

z = i < j ? i : j; // ternary operator

System.out.println("The value assigned is " + z);

What is output of the above program?

Ans: The value assigned is 20

3) The switch statement does not require a break.

a)True

b)False

Ans: b.

4) The conditional operator is otherwise known as the ternary operator.

a)True

b)False

Ans: a.

5) The while loop repeats a set of code while the condition is false.

a)True

b)False

Ans: b.

6) The do-while loop repeats a set of code atleast once before the condition is tested.

a)True

b)False

Ans: a.

7) What are difference between break and continue?

Ans: The break keyword halts the execution of the current loop and forces control out of the
loop.

The continue is similar to break, except that instead of halting the execution of the loop, it
starts the next iteration.

8) The for loop repeats a set of statements a certain number of times until a condition is matched.

a)True

b)False

Ans: a.

9) Can a for statement loop indefintely?

 Ans : Yes.

10) What is the difference between while statement and a do statement/

Ans : A while statement checks at the beginning of a loop to see whether the next loop
iteration should occur.

A do statement checks at the end of a loop to see whether the next iteration of a loop should
occur. The do statement will always execute the body of a loop at least once.

Top

Introduction to Classes and Methods

1) Which is used to get the value of the instance variables?

Ans: Dot notation.

2) The new operator creates a single instance named class and returns a reference to that object.

a)True

b)False

Ans: a.

3) A class is a template for multiple objects with similar features.

a)True

b)False

Ans: a.

4) What is mean by garbage collection?

Ans: When an object is no longer referred to by any variable, Java automatically reclaims
memory used by that object. This is known as garbage collection.

5) What are methods and how are they defined?

Ans: Methods are functions that operate on instances of classes in which they are
defined.Objects can communicate with each other using methods and can call methods in
other classes.

Method definition has four parts. They are name of the method, type of object or primitive
type the method returns, a list of parameters and the body of the method. A method's
signature is a combination of the first three parts mentioned above.
6) What is calling method?

Ans: Calling methods are similar to calling or referring to an instance variable. These
methods are accessed using dot notation.

Ex: obj.methodname(param1,param2)

7) Which method is used to determine the class of an object?

Ans: getClass( ) method can be used to find out what class the belongs to. This class is
defined in the object class and is available to all objects.

8) All the classes in java.lang package are automatically imported when a program is compiled.

a)True

b)False

Ans: a.

9) How can class be imported to a program?

Ans: To import a class, the import keyword should be used as shown.;

import classname;

10) How can class be imported from a package to a program?

Ans: import java . packagename . classname (or) import java.package name.*;

11) What is a constructor?

Ans: A constructor is a special kind of method that determines how an object is initialized
when created.

12) Which keyword is used to create an instance of a class?

Ans: new.

13) Which method is used to garbage collect an object?

Ans: finalize ().

14) Constructors can be overloaded like regular methods.

a)True

b)False

Ans: a.
15) What is casting?

Ans: Casting is bused to convert the value of one type to another.

16) Casting between primitive types allows conversion of one primitive type to another.

a)True

b)False

Ans: a.

17) Casting occurs commonly between numeric types.

a)True

b)False

Ans: a.

18) Boolean values can be cast into any other primitive type.

a)True

b)False

Ans: b.

19) Casting does not affect the original object or value.

a)True

b)False

Ans: a.

20) Which cast must be used to convert a larger value into a smaller one?

Ans: Explicit cast.

21) Which cast must be used to cast an object to another class?

Ans: Specific cast.

22) Which of the following features are common to both Java & C++?

A.The class declaration

b.The access modifiers

 c.The encapsulation of data & methods with in objects

d.The use of pointers

Ans: a,b,c.

23) Which of the following statements accurately describe the use of access modifiers within a class
definition?

a.They can be applied to both data & methods

b.They must precede a class's data variables or methods

c.They can follow a class's data variables or methods

d.They can appear in any order

e.They must be applied to data variables first and then to methods

Ans: a,b,d.

24) Suppose a given instance variable has been declared private. Can this instance variable be manipulated
by methods out side its class?

a.yes

b.no

Ans: b.

25) Which of the following statements can be used to describe a public method?

a.It is accessible to all other classes in the hierarchy

b.It is accessablde only to subclasses of its parent class

c.It represents the public interface of its class

d.The only way to gain access to this method is by calling one of the public class

methods

Ans: a,c.

26) Which of the following types of class members can be part of the internal part of a class?

a.Public instance variables

b.Private instance variables

 c.Public methods

d.Private methods

Ans: b,d.

27) You would use the ____ operator to create a single instance of a named class.

a.new

b.dot

Ans: a.

28) Which of the following statements correctly describes the relation between an object and the instance
variable it stores?

a.Each new object has its own distinctive set of instance variables

b.Each object has a copy of the instance variables of its class

c.the instance variable of each object are seperate from the variables of other objects

d.The instance variables of each object are stored together with the variables of other objects

Ans: a,b,c.

29) If no input parameters are specified in a method declaration then the declaration will include __.

a.an empty set of parantheses

b.the term void

Ans: a.

30) What are the functions of the dot(.) operator?

a.It enables you to access instance variables of any objects within a class

b.It enables you to store values in instance variables of an object

c.It is used to call object methods

d.It is to create a new object

Ans: a,b,c.

31) Which of the following can be referenced by this variable?

a.The instance variables of a class only

 b.The methods of a class only

c.The instance variables and methods of a class

Ans: c.

32) The this reference is used in conjunction with ___methods.

a.static

b.non-static

Ans: b.

33) Which of the following operators are used in conjunction with the this and super references?

a.The new operator

b.The instanceof operator

c.The dot operator

Ans: c.

34) A constructor is automatically called when an object is instantiated

a. true

b. false

Ans: a.

35) When may a constructor be called without specifying arguments?

a. When the default constructor is not called

b. When the name of the constructor differs from that of the class

c. When there are no constructors for the class

Ans: c.

36) Each class in java can have a finalizer method

a. true

b.false

Ans: a.
37) When an object is referenced, does this mean that it has been identified by the finalizer method for
garbage collection?

a.yes

b.no

Ans: b.

38) Because finalize () belongs to the java.lang.Object class, it is present in all ___.

a.objects

b.classes

c.methods

Ans: b.

39) Identify the true statements about finalization.

a.A class may have only one finalize method

b.Finalizers are mostly used with simple classes

c.Finalizer overloading is not allowed

Ans: a,c.

40) When you write finalize() method for your class, you are overriding a finalizer inherited from a super
class.

a.true

b.false

Ans: a.

41) Java memory management mechanism garbage collects objects which are no longer referenced

a true

b.false

Ans: a.

42) are objects referenced by a variable candidates for garbage collection when the variable goes out of
scope?

a yes
 b. no

Ans: a.

43) Java's garbage collector runs as a ___ priority thread waiting for __priority threads to relinquish the
processor.

a.high

b.low

Ans: a,b.

44) The garbage collector will run immediately when the system is out of memory

a.true

b.false

Ans: a.

45) You can explicitly drop a object reference by setting the value of a variable whose data type is a
reference type to ___

Ans: null

46) When might your program wish to run the garbage collecter?

a. before it enters a compute-intense section of code

b. before it enters a memory-intense section of code

c. before objects are finalized

d. when it knows there will be some idle time

Ans: a,b,d

47) For externalizable objects the class is solely responsible for the external format of its contents

a.true

b.false

Ans: a

48) When an object is stored, are all of the objects that are reachable from that object stored as well?

a.true
 b.false

Ans: a

49) The default__ of objects protects private and trancient data, and supports the __ of the classes

a.evolution

b.encoding

Ans: b,a.

50) Which are keywords in Java?

a) NULL

b) sizeof

c) friend

d) extends

e) synchronized

Ans : d and e

51) When must the main class and the file name coincide?

Ans :When class is declared public.

52) What are different modifiers?

Ans : public, private, protected, default, static, trancient, volatile, final, abstract.

53) What are access modifiers?

Ans : public, private, protected, default.

54) What is meant by "Passing by value" and " Passing by reference"?

Ans : objects – pass by referrence

Methods - pass by value

55) Is a class a subclass of itself?

Ans : A class is a subclass itself.

56) What modifiers may be used with top-level class?

 Ans : public, abstract, final.

57) What is an example of polymorphism?

1. Inner class
2. Anonymous classes
3. Method overloading
4. Method overriding

Ans : c

Top

Packages and interface

1) What are packages ? what is use of packages ?

Ans :The package statement defines a name space in which classes are stored.If you omit the
package, the classes are put into the default package.

Signature... package pkg;

Use: * It specifies to which package the classes defined in a file belongs to. * Package is both
naming and a visibility control mechanism.

2) What is difference between importing "java.applet.Applet" and "java.applet.*;" ?

Ans :"java.applet.Applet" will import only the class Applet from the package java.applet

Where as "java.applet.*" will import all the classes from java.applet package.

3) What do you understand by package access specifier?

Ans : public: Anything declared as public can be accessed from anywhere

private: Anything declared in the private can’t be seen outside of its class.

default: It is visible to subclasses as well as to other classes in the same package.

4) What is interface? What is use of interface?

Ans : It is similar to class which may contain method’s signature only but not bodies.

Methods declared in interface are abstract methods. We can implement many interfaces on a
class which support the multiple inheritance.

5) Is it is necessary to implement all methods in an interface?

Ans : Yes. All the methods have to be implemented.

6) Which is the default access modifier for an interface method?

Ans : public.

7) Can we define a variable in an interface ?and what type it should be ?

Ans : Yes we can define a variable in an interface. They are implicitly final and static.

8) What is difference between interface and an abstract class?

Ans : All the methods declared inside an Interface are abstract. Where as abstract class must
have at least one abstract method and others may be concrete or abstract.

In Interface we need not use the keyword abstract for the methods.

9) By default, all program import the java.lang package.

True/False

Ans : True

10) Java compiler stores the .class files in the path specified in CLASSPATH

environmental variable.

True/False

Ans : False

11) User-defined package can also be imported just like the standard packages.

True/False

Ans : True

12) When a program does not want to handle exception, the ______class is used.

Ans : Throws

13) The main subclass of the Exception class is _______ class.

Ans : RuntimeException

14) Only subclasses of ______class may be caught or thrown.

Ans : Throwable

15) Any user-defined exception class is a subclass of the _____ class.

Ans : Exception
16) The catch clause of the user-defined exception class should ______ its Base class catch clause.

Ans : Exception

17) A _______ is used to separate the hierarchy of the class while declaring an Import statement.

Ans : Package

18) All standard classes of Java are included within a package called _____.

Ans : java.lang

19) All the classes in a package can be simultaneously imported using ____.

Ans : *

20) Can you define a variable inside an Interface. If no, why? If yes, how?

Ans.: YES. final and static

21) How many concrete classes can you have inside an interface?

Ans.: None

22) Can you extend an interface?

Ans.: Yes

23) Is it necessary to implement all the methods of an interface while implementing the interface?

Ans.: No

24) If you do not implement all the methods of an interface while implementing , what specifier should you
use for the class ?

Ans.: abstract

25) How do you achieve multiple inheritance in Java?

Ans: Using interfaces.

26) How to declare an interface example?

Ans : access class classname implements interface.

27) Can you achieve multiple interface through interface?

a)True

b) false
 Ans : a.

28) Can variables be declared in an interface ? If so, what are the modifiers?

Ans : Yes. final and static are the modifiers can be declared in an interface.

29) What are the possible access modifiers when implementing interface methods?

Ans : public.

30) Can anonymous classes be implemented an interface?

Ans : Yes.

31) Interfaces can’t be extended.

a)True

b)False

Ans : b.

32) Name interfaces without a method?

Ans : Serializable, Cloneble & Remote.

33) Is it possible to use few methods of an interface in a class ? If so, how?

Ans : Yes. Declare the class as abstract.

Top

Exception Handling

1) What is the difference between ‘throw’ and ‘throws’ ?And it’s application?

Ans : Exceptions that are thrown by java runtime systems can be handled by Try and catch
blocks. With throw exception we can handle the exceptions thrown by the program itself. If a
method is capable of causing an exception that it does not

handle, it must specify this behavior so the callers of the method can guard

against that exception.

2) What is the difference between ‘Exception’ and ‘error’ in java?

Ans : Exception and Error are the subclasses of the Throwable class. Exception class is used
for exceptional conditions that user program should catch. With exception class we can
subclass to create our own custom exception.
 Error defines exceptions that are not excepted to be caught by you program. Example is
Stack Overflow.

3) What is ‘Resource leak’?

Ans : Freeing up other resources that might have been allocated at the beginning of a method.

4)What is the ‘finally’ block?

Ans : Finally block will execute whether or not an exception is thrown. If an exception is
thrown, the finally block will execute even if no catch statement match the exception. Any
time a method is about to return to the caller from inside try/catch block, via an uncaught
exception or an explicit return statement, the finally clause is also execute.

5) Can we have catch block with out try block? If so when?

Ans : No. Try/Catch or Try/finally form a unit.

6) What is the difference between the following statements?

Catch (Exception e),

Catch (Error err),

Catch (Throwable t)

Ans :

7) What will happen to the Exception object after exception handling?

Ans : It will go for Garbage Collector. And frees the memory.

8) How many Exceptions we can define in ‘throws’ clause?

Ans : We can define multiple exceptions in throws clause.

Signature is..

type method-name (parameter-list) throws exception-list

9) The finally block is executed when an exception is thrown, even if no catch matches it.

True/False

Ans : True

10) The subclass exception should precede the base class exception when used within the catch clause.

True/False
 Ans : True

11) Exceptions can be caught or rethrown to a calling method.

True/False

Ans : True

12) The statements following the throw keyword in a program are not executed.

True/False

Ans : True

13) The toString ( ) method in the user-defined exception class is overridden.

True/False

Ans : True

Top

Multi Threading

1) What are the two types of multitasking?

Ans :

1.process-based

2.Thread-based

2) What are the two ways to create the thread?

Ans :

1.by implementing Runnable

2.by extending Thread

3) What is the signature of the constructor of a thread class?

Ans : Thread(Runnable threadob,String threadName)

4) What are all the methods available in the Runnable Interface?

Ans : run()

5) What is the data type for the method isAlive() and this method is available in which class?
 Ans : boolean, Thread

6) What are all the methods available in the Thread class?

Ans :

1.isAlive()

2.join()

3.resume()

4.suspend()

5.stop()

6.start()

7.sleep()

8.destroy()

7) What are all the methods used for Inter Thread communication and what is the class in which these
methods are defined?

Ans :

1. wait(),notify() & notifyall()

2. Object class

8) What is the mechanisam defind by java for the Resources to be used by only one Thread at a time?

Ans : Synchronisation

9) What is the procedure to own the moniter by many threads?

Ans : not possible

10) What is the unit for 1000 in the below statement?

ob.sleep(1000)

Ans : long milliseconds

11) What is the data type for the parameter of the sleep() method?

Ans : long

12) What are all the values for the following level?
 max-priority

min-priority

normal-priority

Ans : 10,1,5

13) What is the method available for setting the priority?

Ans : setPriority()

14) What is the default thread at the time of starting the program?

Ans : main thread

15) The word synchronized can be used with only a method.

True/ False

Ans : False

16) Which priority Thread can prompt the lower primary Thread?

Ans : Higher Priority

17) How many threads at a time can access a monitor?

Ans : one

18) What are all the four states associated in the thread?

Ans : 1. new 2. runnable 3. blocked 4. dead

19) The suspend()method is used to teriminate a thread?

True /False

Ans : False

20) The run() method should necessary exists in clases created as subclass of thread?

True /False

Ans : True

21) When two threads are waiting on each other and can't proceed the programe is said to be in a deadlock?

True/False
 Ans : True

22) Which method waits for the thread to die ?

Ans : join() method

23) Which of the following is true?

1) wait(),notify(),notifyall() are defined as final & can be called only from with in a
synchronized method

2) Among wait(),notify(),notifyall() the wait() method only throws IOException

3) wait(),notify(),notifyall() & sleep() are methods of object class

1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. 1&2
5. 1,2 & 3

Ans : D

24) Garbage collector thread belongs to which priority?

Ans : low-priority

25) What is meant by timeslicing or time sharing?

Ans : Timeslicing is the method of allocating CPU time to individual threads in a priority
schedule.

26) What is meant by daemon thread? In java runtime, what is it's role?

Ans : Daemon thread is a low priority thread which runs intermittently in the background
doing the garbage collection operation for the java runtime system.

Top

Inheritance

1) What is the difference between superclass & subclass?

Ans : A super class is a class that is inherited whereas subclass is a class that does the
inheriting.

2) Which keyword is used to inherit a class?

Ans : extends
3) Subclasses methods can access superclass members/ attributes at all times?

True/False

Ans : False

4) When can subclasses not access superclass members?

Ans : When superclass is declared as private.

5) Which class does begin Java class hierarchy?

Ans : Object class

6) Object class is a superclass of all other classes?

True/False

Ans : True

7) Java supports multiple inheritance?

True/False

Ans : False

8) What is inheritance?

Ans : Deriving an object from an existing class. In the other words, Inheritance is the process
of inheriting all the features from a class

9) What are the advantages of inheritance?

Ans : Reusability of code and accessibility of variables and methods of the superclass by
subclasses.

10) Which method is used to call the constructors of the superclass from the subclass?

Ans : super(argument)

11) Which is used to execute any method of the superclass from the subclass?

Ans : super.method-name(arguments)

12) Which methods are used to destroy the objects created by the constructor methods?

Ans : finalize()

13) What are abstract classes?

 Ans : Abstract classes are those for which instances can’t be created.

14) What must a class do to implement an interface?

Ans: It must provide all of the methods in the interface and identify the interface in its
implements clause.

15) Which methods in the Object class are declared as final?

Ans : getClass(), notify(), notifyAll(), and wait()

16) Final methods can be overridden.

True/False

Ans : False

17) Declaration of methods as final results in faster execution of the program?

True/False

Ans: True

18) Final variables should be declared in the beginning?

True/False

Ans : True

19) Can we declare variable inside a method as final variables? Why?

Ans : Cannot because, local variable cannot be declared as final variables.

20) Can an abstract class may be final?

Ans : An abstract class may not be declared as final.

21) Does a class inherit the constructors of it's super class?

Ans: A class does not inherit constructors from any of it's super classes.

22) What restrictions are placed on method overloading?

Ans: Two methods may not have the same name and argument list but different return types.

23) What restrictions are placed on method overriding?

Ans : Overridden methods must have the same name , argument list , and return type. The
overriding method may not limit the access of the method it overridees.The overriding
method may not throw any exceptions that may not be thrown by the overridden method.
24) What modifiers may be used with an inner class that is a member of an outer class?

Ans : a (non-local) inner class may be declared as public, protected, private, static, final or
abstract.

25) How this() is used with constructors?

Ans: this() is used to invoke a constructor of the same class

26) How super() used with constructors?

Ans : super() is used to invoke a super class constructor

27) Which of the following statements correctly describes an interface?

a)It's a concrete class

b)It's a superclass

c)It's a type of abstract class

Ans: c

28) An interface contains __ methods

a)Non-abstract

b)Implemented

c)unimplemented

Ans:c

Top

String Handling

1) Which package does define String and StringBuffer classes?

Ans : java.lang package.

2) Which method can be used to obtain the length of the String?

Ans : length( ) method.

3) How do you concatenate Strings?

Ans : By using " + " operator.

4) Which method can be used to compare two strings for equality?

Ans : equals( ) method.

5) Which method can be used to perform a comparison between strings that ignores case differences?

Ans : equalsIgnoreCase( ) method.

6) What is the use of valueOf( ) method?

Ans : valueOf( ) method converts data from its internal format into a human-readable form.

7) What are the uses of toLowerCase( ) and toUpperCase( ) methods?

Ans : The method toLowerCase( ) converts all the characters in a string from uppercase to

lowercase.

The method toUpperCase( ) converts all the characters in a string from lowercase to

uppercase.

8) Which method can be used to find out the total allocated capacity of a StrinBuffer?

Ans : capacity( ) method.

9) Which method can be used to set the length of the buffer within a StringBuffer object?

Ans : setLength( ).

10) What is the difference between String and StringBuffer?

Ans : String objects are constants, whereas StringBuffer objects are not.

String class supports constant strings, whereas StringBuffer class supports growable,
modifiable strings.

11) What are wrapper classes?

Ans : Wrapper classes are classes that allow primitive types to be accessed as objects.

12) Which of the following is not a wrapper class?

1. String
2. Integer
3. Boolean
4. Character

Ans : a.
13) What is the output of the following program?

public class Question {

public static void main(String args[]) {

String s1 = "abc";

String s2 = "def";

String s3 = s1.concat(s2.toUpperCase( ) );

System.out.println(s1+s2+s3);

1. abcdefabcdef
2. abcabcDEFDEF
3. abcdefabcDEF
4. None of the above

ANS : c.

14) Which of the following methods are methods of the String class?

1. delete( )
2. append( )
3. reverse( )
4. replace( )

Ans : d.

15) Which of the following methods cause the String object referenced by s to be changed?

1. s.concat( )
2. s.toUpperCase( )
3. s.replace( )
4. s.valueOf( )

Ans : a and b.

16) String is a wrapper class?

1. True
2. False

Ans : b.
17) If you run the code below, what gets printed out?

String s=new String("Bicycle");

int iBegin=1;

char iEnd=3;

System.out.println(s.substring(iBegin,iEnd));

1. Bic
2. ic
3. icy
4. error: no method matching substring(int,char)

Ans : b.

18) Given the following declarations

String s1=new String("Hello")

String s2=new String("there");

String s3=new String();

Which of the following are legal operations?

1. s3=s1 + s2;
2. s3=s1 - s2;
3. s3=s1 & s2
4. s3=s1 && s2

Ans : a.

19) Which of the following statements are true?

a)The String class is implemented as a char array, elements are addressed using the
stringname[] convention

b) Strings are a primitive type in Java that overloads the + operator for concatenation

c) Strings are a primitive type in Java and the StringBuffer is used as the matching wrapper
type

d) The size of a string can be retrieved using the length property.

Ans : b.

Top
Exploring Java.lang

1) java.lang package is automatically imported into all programs.

1. True
2. False

Ans : a

2) What are the interfaces defined by java.lang?

Ans : Cloneable, Comparable and Runnable.

3) What are the constants defined by both Flaot and Double classes?

Ans : MAX_VALUE,

MIN_VALUE,

NaN ,

POSITIVE_INFINITY,

NEGATIVE_INFINITY and

TYPE.

4) What are the constants defined by Byte, Short, Integer and Long?

Ans : MAX_VALUE,

MIN_VALUE and

TYPE.

5) What are the constants defined by both Float and Double classes?

Ans : MAX_RADIX,

MIN_RADIX,

MAX_VALUE,

MIN_VALUE and

TYPE.

6) What is the purpose of the Runtime class?

Ans : The purpose of the Runtime class is to provide access to the Java runtime system.
7) What is the purpose of the System class?

Ans : The purpose of the System class is to provide access to system resources.

8) Which class is extended by all other classes?

Ans : Object class is extended by all other classes.

9) Which class can be used to obtain design information about an object?

Ans : The Class class can be used to obtain information about an object’s design.

10) Which method is used to calculate the absolute value of a number?

Ans : abs( ) method.

11) What are E and PI?

Ans : E is the base of the natural logarithm and PI is the mathematical value pi.

12) Which of the following classes is used to perform basic console I/O?

1. System
2. SecurityManager
3. Math
4. Runtime

Ans : a.

13) Which of the following are true?

1. The Class class is the superclass of the Object class.

2. The Object class is final.
3. The Class class can be used to load other classes.
4. The ClassLoader class can be used to load other classes.

Ans : c and d.

14) Which of the following methods are methods of the Math class?

1. absolute( )
2. log( )
3. cosine( )
4. sine( )

Ans : b.

15) Which of the following are true about the Error and Exception classes?

1. Both classes extend Throwable.

 2. The Error class is final and the Exception class is not.
3. The Exception class is final and the Error is not.
4. Both classes implement Throwable.

Ans : a.

16) Which of the following are true?

1. The Void class extends the Class class.

2. The Float class extends the Double class.
3. The System class extends the Runtime class.
4. The Integer class extends the Number class.

Ans : d.

17) Which of the following will output -4.0

1. System.out.println(Math.floor(-4.7));
2. System.out.println(Math.round(-4.7));
3. System.out.println(Math.ceil(-4.7));
4. System.out.println(Math.Min(-4.7));

Ans : c.

18) Which of the following are valid statements

a) public class MyCalc extends Math

b) Math.max(s);
c) Math.round(9.99,1);
d) Math.mod(4,10);

e) None of the above.

Ans : e.

19) What will happen if you attempt to compile and run the following code?

Integer ten=new Integer(10);

Long nine=new Long (9);

System.out.println(ten + nine);

int i=1;

System.out.println(i + ten);

1. 19 followed by 20
2. 19 followed by 11
3. Error: Can't convert java lang Integer
 d) 10 followed by 1

Ans : c.

Top

Input/Output: Exploring Java.io

1) What is meant by Stream and what are the types of Streams and classes of the Streams?

Ans : A Stream is an abstraction that either produces or consumes information.

There are two types of Streams. They are:

Byte Streams : Byte Streams provide a convenient means for handling input and output of
bytes.

Character Streams : Character Streams provide a convenient means for handling input and
output of characters.

Byte Stream classes : Byte Streams are defined by using two abstract classes. They
are:InputStream and OutputStream.

Character Stream classes : Character Streams are defined by using two abstract classes. They
are : Reader and Writer.

2) Which of the following statements are true?

1. UTF characters are all 8-bits.

2. UTF characters are all 16-bits.
3. UTF characters are all 24-bits.
4. Unicode characters are all 16-bits.
5. Bytecode characters are all 16-bits.

Ans : d.

3) Which of the following statements are true?

1. When you construct an instance of File, if you do not use the filenaming semantics of
the local machine, the constructor will throw an IOException.
2. When you construct an instance of File, if the corresponding file does not exist on the
local file system, one will be created.
3. When an instance of File is garbage collected, the corresponding file on the local file
system is deleted.
4. None of the above.

Ans : a,b and c.

4) The File class contains a method that changes the current working directory.
 1. True
2. False

Ans : b.

5) It is possible to use the File class to list the contents of the current working directory.

1. True
2. False

Ans : a.

6) Readers have methods that can read and return floats and doubles.

1. True
2. False

Ans : b.

7) You execute the code below in an empty directory. What is the result?

File f1 = new File("dirname");

File f2 = new File(f1, "filename");

1. A new directory called dirname is created in the current working directory.

2. A new directory called dirname is created in the current working directory. A new file
called filename is created in directory dirname.
3. A new directory called dirname and a new file called filename are created, both in the
current working directory.
4. A new file called filename is created in the current working directory.
5. No directory is created, and no file is created.

Ans : e.

8) What is the difference between the Reader/Writer class hierarchy and the InputStream/OutputStream
class hierarchy?

Ans : The Reader/Writer class hierarchy is character-oriented and the

InputStream/OutputStream class hierarchy is byte-oriented.

9) What is an I/O filter?

Ans : An I/O filter is an object that reads from one stream and writes to another, usually
altering the data in some way as it is passed from one stream to another.

10) What is the purpose of the File class?

Ans : The File class is used to create objects that provide access to the files and directories of
a local file system.
11) What interface must an object implement before it can be written to a stream as an object?

Ans : An object must implement the Serializable or Externalizable interface before it can be
written to a stream as an object.

12) What is the difference between the File and RandomAccessFile classes?

Ans : The File class encapsulates the files and directories of the local file system. The
RandomAccessFile class provides the methods needed to directly access data contained in
any part of a file.

13) What class allows you to read objects directly from a stream?

Ans : The ObjectInputStream class supports the reading of objects from input streams.

14) What value does read( ) return when it has reached the end of a file?

Ans : The read( ) method returns – 1 when it has reached the end of a file.

15) What value does readLine( ) return when it has reached the end of a file?

Ans : The readLine( ) method returns null when it has reached the end of a file.

16) How many bits are used to represent Unicode, ASCII, UTF-16 and UTF-8 characters?

Ans : Unicode requires 16-bits and ASCII requires 8-bits. Although the ASCII character set
uses only 1-bits, it is usually represented as 8-bits. UTF-8 represents characters using 8, 16
and 18-bit patterns. UTF-16 uses 16-bit and larger bit patterns.

17) Which of the following are true?

1. The InputStream and OutputStream classes are byte-oriented.

2. The ObjectInputStream and ObjectOutputStream do not support serialized object
input and output.
3. The Reader and Writer classes are character-oriented.
4. The Reader and Writer classes are the preferred solution to serialized object output.

Ans : a and c.

18) Which of the following are true about I/O filters?

1. Filters are supported on input, but not on output.

2. Filters are supported by the InputStream/OutputStream class hierarchy, but not by the
Reader/Writer class hierarchy.
3. Filters read from one stream and write to another.
4. A filter may alter data that is read from one stream and written to another.

Ans : c and d.

19) Which of the following are true?

 1. Any Unicode character is represented using 16-bits.
2. 7-bits are needed to represent any ASCII character.
3. UTF-8 characters are represented using only 8-bits.
4. UTF-16 characters are represented using only 16-bits.

Ans : a and b.

20) Which of the following are true?

1. The Serializable interface is used to identify objects that may be written to an output
stream.
2. The Externalizable interface is implemented by classes that control the way in which
their objects are serialized.
3. The Serializable interface extends the Externalizable interface.
4. The Externalizable interface extends the Serializable interface.

Ans : a, b and d.

21) Which of the following are true about the File class?

1. A File object can be used to change the current working directory.

2. A File object can be used to access the files in the current directory.
3. When a File object is created, a corresponding directory or file is created in the local
file system.
4. File objects are used to access files and directories on the local file system.
5. File objects can be garbage collected.
6. When a File object is garbage collected, the corresponding file or directory is deleted.

Ans : b, d and e.

22) How do you create a Reader object from an InputStream object?

1. Use the static createReader( ) method of InputStream class.

2. Use the static createReader( ) method of Reader class.
3. Create an InputStreamReader object, passing the InputStream object as an argument
to the InputStreamReader constructor.
4. Create an OutputStreamReader object, passing the InputStream object as an argument
to the OutputStreamReader constructor.

Ans : c.

23) Which of the following are true?

1. Writer classes can be used to write characters to output streams using different
character encodings.
2. Writer classes can be used to write Unicode characters to output streams.
3. Writer classes have methods that support the writing of the values of any Java
primitive type to output streams.
4. Writer classes have methods that support the writing of objects to output streams.
 Ans : a and b.

24) The isFile( ) method returns a boolean value depending on whether the file object is a file or a directory.

1. True.
2. False.

Ans : a.

25) Reading or writing can be done even after closing the input/output source.

1. True.
2. False.

Ans : b.

26) The ________ method helps in clearing the buffer.

Ans : flush( ).

27) The System.err method is used to print error message.

1. True.
2. False.

Ans : a.

28) What is meant by StreamTokenizer?

Ans : StreamTokenizer breaks up InputStream into tokens that are delimited by sets of
characters.

It has the constructor : StreamTokenizer(Reader inStream).

Here inStream must be some form of Reader.

29) What is Serialization and deserialization?

Ans : Serialization is the process of writing the state of an object to a byte stream.

Deserialization is the process of restoring these objects.

30) Which of the following can you perform using the File class?

a) Change the current directory

b) Return the name of the parent directory
c) Delete a file
d) Find if a file contains text or binary information

Ans : b and c.
31) How can you change the current working directory using an instance of the File class called FileName?

1. FileName.chdir("DirName").
2. FileName.cd("DirName").
3. FileName.cwd("DirName").
4. The File class does not support directly changing the current directory.

Ans : d.

Top

Applets

1) What is an Applet? Should applets have constructors?

Ans : Applet is a dynamic and interactive program that runs inside a Web page displayed by
a Java capable browser. We don’t have the concept of Constructors in Applets.

2) How do we read number information from my applet’s parameters, given that Applet’s getParameter()
method returns a string?

Ans : Use the parseInt() method in the Integer Class, the Float(String) constructor in the
Class Float, or the Double(String) constructor in the class Double.

3) How can I arrange for different applets on a web page to communicate with each other?

Ans : Name your applets inside the Applet tag and invoke AppletContext’s getApplet()
method in your applet code to obtain references to the other applets on the page.

4) How do I select a URL from my Applet and send the browser to that page?

Ans : Ask the applet for its applet context and invoke showDocument() on that context
object.

Eg. URL targetURL;

String URLString

AppletContext context = getAppletContext();

try{

targetUR L = new URL(URLString);

} catch (Malformed URLException e){

// Code for recover from the exception

}
 context. showDocument (targetURL);

5) Can applets on different pages communicate with each other?

Ans : No. Not Directly. The applets will exchange the information at one meeting place

either on the local file system or at remote system.

6) How do Applets differ from Applications?

Ans : Appln: Stand Alone

Applet: Needs no explicit installation on local m/c.

Appln: Execution starts with main() method.

Applet: Execution starts with init() method.

Appln: May or may not be a GUI

Applet: Must run within a GUI (Using AWT)

7) How do I determine the width and height of my application?

Ans : Use the getSize() method, which the Applet class inherits from the Component

class in the Java.awt package. The getSize() method returns the size of the applet as

a Dimension object, from which you extract separate width, height fields.

Eg. Dimension dim = getSize ();

int appletwidth = dim.width ();

8) What is AppletStub Interface?

Ans : The applet stub interface provides the means by which an applet and the browser
communicate. Your code will not typically implement this interface.

9) It is essential to have both the .java file and the .html file of an applet in the same directory.

1. True.
2. False.

Ans : 2.

10) The <PARAM> tag contains two attributes namely _________ and _______.

Ans : Name , value.

11) Passing values to parameters is done in the _________ file of an applet.

Ans : .html.

12) What tags are mandatory when creating HTML to display an applet

1. name, height, width

2. code, name
3. codebase, height, width
4. code, height, width

Ans : 4.

13) Applet’s getParameter( ) method can be used to get parameter values.

1. True.
2. False.

Ans : a.

14) What are the Applet’s Life Cycle methods? Explain them?

Ans : init( ) method - Can be called when an applet is first loaded.

start( ) method - Can be called each time an applet is started.

paint( ) method - Can be called when the applet is minimized or refreshed.

stop( ) method - Can be called when the browser moves off the applet’s page.

destroy( ) method - Can be called when the browser is finished with the applet.

15) What are the Applet’s information methods?

Ans : getAppletInfo( ) method : Returns a string describing the applet, its author ,copy

right information, etc.

getParameterInfo( ) method : Returns an array of string describing the applet’s parameters.

16) All Applets are subclasses of Applet.

1. True.
2. False.

Ans : a.

17) All Applets must import java.applet and java.awt.

1. True.
 2. False.

Ans : a.

18) What are the steps involved in Applet development?

Ans : a) Edit a Java source file,

b) Compile your program and

c) Execute the appletviewer, specifying the name of your applet’s source file.

19) Applets are executed by the console based Java run-time interpreter.

1. True.
2. False.

Ans : b.

20) Which classes and interfaces does Applet class consist?

Ans : Applet class consists of a single class, the Applet class and three interfaces:
AppletContext,

AppletStub and AudioClip.

21) What is the sequence for calling the methods by AWT for applets?

Ans : When an applet begins, the AWT calls the following methods, in this sequence.

1. init( )
2. start( )
3. paint( )

22) When an applet is terminated, the following sequence of method cals takes place :

1. stop( )
2. destroy( )

23) Which method is used to output a string to an applet?

Ans : drawString ( ) method.

24) Every color is created from an RGB value.

1. True.
2. False

Ans : a.
 Top

Event Handling

1) The event delegation model, introduced in release 1.1 of the JDK, is fully compatible with the event
model.

1. True
2. False

Ans : b.

2) A component subclass that has executed enableEvents( ) to enable processing of a certain kind of event
cannot also use an adapter as a listener for the same kind of event.

1. True
2. False

Ans : b.

3) What is the highest-level event class of the event-delegation model?

Ans : The java.util.eventObject class is the highest-level class in the event-delegation

hierarchy.

4) What interface is extended by AWT event listeners?

Ans : All AWT event listeners extend the java.util.EventListener interface.

5) What class is the top of the AWT event hierarchy?

Ans : The java.awt.AWTEvent class is the highest-level class in the AWT event class
hierarchy.

6) What event results from the clicking of a button?

Ans : The ActionEvent event is generated as the result of the clicking of a button.

7) What is the relationship between an event-listener interface and an event-adapter class?

Ans : An event-listener interface defines the methods that must be implemented by an event
handler for a particular kind of event. An event adapter provides a default implementation of
an event-listener interface.

8) In which package are most of the AWT events that support the event-delegation model defined?

Ans : Most of the AWT–related events of the event-delegation model are defined in the
java.awt.event package. The AWTEvent class is defined in the java.awt package.
9) What is the advantage of the event-delegation model over the earlier event-inheritance model?

Ans : The event-delegation has two advantages over the event-inheritance model. They are :

1. It enables event handling by objects other than the ones that generate the
events. This allows a clean separation between a component’s design and its use.
2. It performs much better in applications where many events are generated. This
performance improvement is due to the fact that the event-delegation model does not
have to repeatedly process unhandled events, as is the case of the event-inheritance
model.

10) What is the purpose of the enableEvents( ) method?

Ans :The enableEvents( ) method is used to enable an event for a particular object.

11) Which of the following are true?

1. The event-inheritance model has replaced the event-delegation model.

2. The event-inheritance model is more efficient than the event-delegation model.
3. The event-delegation model uses event listeners to define the methods of event-
handling classes.
4. The event-delegation model uses the handleEvent( ) method to support event
handling.

Ans : c.

12) Which of the following is the highest class in the event-delegation model?

1. java.util.EventListener
2. java.util.EventObject
3. java.awt.AWTEvent
4. java.awt.event.AWTEvent

Ans : b.

13) When two or more objects are added as listeners for the same event, which listener is first invoked to
handle the event?

1. The first object that was added as listener.

2. The last object that was added as listener.
3. There is no way to determine which listener will be invoked first.
4. It is impossible to have more than one listener for a given event.

Ans : c.

14) Which of the following components generate action events?

1. Buttons
2. Labels
3. Check boxes
 4. Windows

Ans : a.

15) Which of the following are true?

1. A TextField object may generate an ActionEvent.

2. A TextArea object may generate an ActionEvent.
3. A Button object may generate an ActionEvent.
4. A MenuItem object may generate an ActionEvent.

Ans : a,c and d.

16) Which of the following are true?

1. The MouseListener interface defines methods for handling mouse clicks.

2. The MouseMotionListener interface defines methods for handling mouse clicks.
3. The MouseClickListener interface defines methods for handling mouse clicks.
4. The ActionListener interface defines methods for handling the clicking of a button.

Ans : a and d.

17) Suppose that you want to have an object eh handle the TextEvent of a TextArea object t. How should
you add eh as the event handler for t?

1. t.addTextListener(eh);
2. eh.addTextListener(t);
3. addTextListener(eh.t);
4. addTextListener(t,eh);

Ans : a.

18) What is the preferred way to handle an object’s events in Java 2?

1. Override the object’s handleEvent( ) method.

2. Add one or more event listeners to handle the events.
3. Have the object override its processEvent( ) methods.
4. Have the object override its dispatchEvent( ) methods.

Ans : b.

19) Which of the following are true?

1. A component may handle its own events by adding itself as an event listener.
2. A component may handle its own events by overriding its event-dispatching method.
3. A component may not handle oits own events.
4. A component may handle its own events only if it implements the handleEvent( )
method.

Ans : a and b.
20) How many types of events are provided by AWT? Explain them?

Ans : The AWT provides two types of events. They are :

21) Low-level event : A low-level event is the one that represents a low-level input or window-system
occurrence on a visual component on the screen.

22) Semantic event : Semantic event is defined at a higher-level to encapsulate the semantics of a user
interface component’s model.

23) A __________ is an object that originates or "fire" events.

Ans : source.

24) The event listener corresponding to handling keyboard events is the _________ .

Ans : KeyListener.

25) What are the types of mouse event listeners?

Ans : MouseListener and MouseMotionListener.

26) Which of the following are correct event handling methods

a) mousePressed(MouseEvent e){}
b) MousePressed(MouseClick e){}
c) functionKey(KeyPress k){}
d) componentAdded(ContainerEvent e){}

Ans : a and d.

27) Which of the following are true?

a) A component may have only one event listener attached at a time

b) An event listener may be removed from a component
c) The ActionListener interface has no corresponding Adapter class
d) The processing of an event listener requires a try/catch block

Ans : b and c.

Top

AWT : windows, graphics and fonts

1) How would you set the color of a graphics context called g to cyan?

1. g.setColor(Color.cyan);
2. g.setCurrentColor(cyan);
3. g.setColor("Color.cyan");
 4. g.setColor("cyan’);
5. g.setColor(new Color(cyan));

Ans : a.

2) The code below draws a line. What color is the line?

g.setColor(Color.red.green.yellow.red.cyan);

g.drawLine(0, 0, 100,100);

1. Red
2. Green
3. Yellow
4. Cyan
5. Black

Ans : d.

3) What does the following code draw?

g.setColor(Color.black);

g.drawLine(10, 10, 10, 50);

g.setColor(Color.RED);

g.drawRect(100, 100, 150, 150);

1. A red vertical line that is 40 pixels long and a red square with sides of 150
pixels
2. A black vertical line that is 40 pixels long and a red square with sides of 150
pixels
3. A black vertical line that is 50 pixels long and a red square with sides of 150
pixels
4. A red vertical line that is 50 pixels long and a red square with sides of 150
pixels
5. A black vertical line that is 40 pixels long and a red square with sides of 100
pixel

Ans : b.

4) Which of the statements below are true?

a) A polyline is always filled.

b) A polyline can not be filled.

c) A polygon is always filled.

 d) A polygon is always closed

e) A polygon may be filled or not filled

Ans : b, d and e.

5) What code would you use to construct a 24-point bold serif font?

1. new Font(Font.SERIF, 24,Font.BOLD);

2. new Font("SERIF", 24, BOLD");
3. new Font("BOLD ", 24,Font.SERIF);
4. new Font("SERIF", Font.BOLD,24);
5. new Font(Font.SERIF, "BOLD", 24);

Ans : 4.

6) What does the following paint( ) method draw?

Public void paint(Graphics g) {

g.drawString("question #6",10,0);

1. The string "question #6", with its top-left corner at 10,0

2. A little squiggle coming down from the top of the component, a little way in
from the left edge

Ans : 2.

7) What does the following paint( ) method draw?

Public void paint(Graphics g) {

g.drawString("question #6",10,0);

1. A circle at (100, 100) with radius of 44

2. A circle at (100, 44) with radius of 100
3. A circle at (100, 44) with radius of 44
4. The code does not compile

Ans : 4.

8) What is relationship between the Canvas class and the Graphics class?

Ans : A Canvas object provides access to a Graphics object via its paint( ) method.

9) What are the Component subclasses that support painting.

 Ans : The Canvas, Frame, Panel and Applet classes support painting.

10) What is the difference between the paint( ) and repaint( ) method?

Ans : The paint( ) method supports painting via a Graphics object. The repaint( ) method is
used to cause paint( ) to be invoked by the AWT painting method.

11) What is the difference between the Font and FontMetrics classes?

Ans : The FontMetrics class is used to define implementation-specific properties, such as

ascent and descent, of a Font object.

12) Which of the following are passed as an argument to the paint( ) method?

1. A Canvas object
2. A Graphics object
3. An Image object
4. A paint object

Ans : b.

13) Which of the following methods are invoked by the AWT to support paint and repaint operations?

1. paint( )
2. repaint( )
3. draw( )
4. redraw( )

Ans : a.

14) Which of the following classes have a paint( ) method?

1. Canvas
2. Image
3. Frame
4. Graphics

Ans : a and c.

15) Which of the following are methods of the Graphics class?

1. drawRect( )
2. drawImage( )
3. drawPoint( )
4. drawString( )

Ans : a, b and d.

16) Which Font attributes are available through the FontMetrics class?
 1. ascent
2. leading
3. case
4. height

Ans : a, b and d.

17) Which of the following are true?

1. The AWT automatically causes a window to be repainted when a portion of a window

has been minimized and then maximized.
2. The AWT automatically causes a window to be repainted when a portion of a window
has been covered and then uncovered.
3. The AWT automatically causes a window to be repainted when application data is
changed.
4. The AWT does not support repainting operations.

Ans : a and b.

18) Which method is used to size a graphics object to fit the current size of the window?

Ans : getSize( ) method.

19) What are the methods to be used to set foreground and background colors?

Ans : setForeground( ) and setBackground( ) methods.

20) You have created a simple Frame and overridden the paint method as follows

public void paint(Graphics g){

g.drawString("Dolly",50,10);

What will be the result when you attempt to compile and run the program?

a) The string "Dolly" will be displayed at the centre of the frame

b) An error at compilation complaining at the signature of the paint method

c) The lower part of the word Dolly will be seen at the top of the form, with the top hidden.
d) The string "Dolly" will be shown at the bottom of the form

Ans : c.

21) Where g is a graphics instance what will the following code draw on the screen.
g.fillArc(45,90,50,50,90,180);

a) An arc bounded by a box of height 45, width 90 with a centre point of 50,50, starting
at an angle of 90 degrees traversing through 180 degrees counter clockwise.

b) An arc bounded by a box of height 50, width 50, with a centre point of 45,90 starting
at an angle of 90 degrees traversing through 180 degrees clockwise.

c) An arc bounded by a box of height 50, width 50, with a top left at coordinates of 45,
90, starting at 90 degrees and traversing through 180 degrees counter clockwise.

d) An arc starting at 45 degrees, traversing through 90 degrees clockwise bounded by a

box of height 50, width 50 with a centre point of 90, 180.

Ans : c.

22) Given the following code

import java.awt.*;
public class SetF extends Frame{
public static void main(String argv[]){
SetF s = new SetF();
s.setSize(300,200);
s.setVisible(true);
}
}
How could you set the frame surface color to pink

a)s.setBackground(Color.pink);
b)s.setColor(PINK);
c)s.Background(pink);
d)s.color=Color.pink

Ans : a.

Top

AWT: Controls, Layout Managers and Menus

1) What is meant by Controls and what are different types of controls?

Ans : Controls are componenets that allow a user to interact with your application.

The AWT supports the following types of controls:

 Labels
 Push buttons
 Check boxes
 Choice lists
 Lists
  Scroll bars
 Text components

These controls are subclasses of Component.

2) You want to construct a text area that is 80 character-widths wide and 10 character-heights tall. What
code do you use?

1. new TextArea(80, 10)

2. new TextArea(10, 80)

Ans: b.

3) A text field has a variable-width font. It is constructed by calling new TextField("iiiii"). What happens if
you change the contents of the text field to "wwwww"? (Bear in mind that is one of the narrowest
characters, and w is one of the widest.)

1. The text field becomes wider.

2. The text field becomes narrower.
3. The text field stays the same width; to see the entire contents you will have to scroll
by using the ß and à keys.
4. The text field stays the same width; to see the entire contents you will have to scroll
by using the text field’s horizontal scroll bar.

Ans : c.

4) The CheckboxGroup class is a subclass of the Component class.

1. True
2. False

Ans : b.

5) What are the immediate super classes of the following classes?

1. a) Container class
2. b) MenuComponent class
3. c) Dialog class
4. d) Applet class
5. e) Menu class

Ans : a) Container - Component

b) MenuComponent - Object

c) Dialog - Window

d) Applet - Panel

e) Menu - MenuItem
6) What are the SubClass of Textcomponent Class?

Ans : TextField and TextArea

7) Which method of the component class is used to set the position and the size of a component?

Ans : setBounds()

8) Which TextComponent method is used to set a TextComponent to the read-only state?

Ans : setEditable()

9) How can the Checkbox class be used to create a radio button?

Ans : By associating Checkbox objects with a CheckboxGroup.

10) What Checkbox method allows you to tell if a Checkbox is checked?

Ans : getState()

11) Which Component method is used to access a component's immediate Container?

1. getVisible()
2. getImmediate
3. getParent()
4. getContainer

Ans : c.

12) What methods are used to get and set the text label displayed by a Button object?

Ans : getLabel( ) and setLabel( )

13) What is the difference between a Choice and a List?

Ans : A Choice is displayed in a compact form that requires you to pull it down to see the list
of available choices. Only one item may be selected from a Choice.

A List may be displayed in such a way that several List items are visible. A List supports the
selection of one or more List items.

14) Which Container method is used to cause a container to be laid out and redisplayed?

Ans : validate( )

15) What is the difference between a Scollbar and a Scrollpane?

Ans : A Scrollbar is a Component, but not a Container.

A Scrollpane is a Container and handles its own events and performs its own
 scrolling.

16) Which Component subclass is used for drawing and painting?

Ans : Canvas.

17) Which of the following are direct or indirect subclasses of Component?

1. Button
2. Label
3. CheckboxMenuItem
4. Toolbar
5. Frame

Ans : a, b and e.

18) Which of the following are direct or indirect subclasses of Container?

1. Frame
2. TextArea
3. MenuBar
4. FileDialog
5. Applet

Ans : a,d and e.

19) Which method is used to set the text of a Label object?

1. setText( )
2. setLabel( )
3. setTextLabel( )
4. setLabelText( )

Ans : a.

20) Which constructor creates a TextArea with 10 rows and 20 columns?

1. new TextArea(10, 20)

2. new TextArea(20, 10)
3. new TextArea(new Rows(10), new columns(20))
4. new TextArea(200)

Ans : a.

(Usage is TextArea(rows, columns)

21) Which of the following creates a List with 5 visible items and multiple selection enabled?

1. new List(5, true)

2. new List(true, 5)
 3. new List(5, false)
4. new List(false,5)

Ans : a.

[Usage is List(rows, multipleMode)]

22) Which are true about the Container class?

1. The validate( ) method is used to cause a Container to be laid out and redisplayed.
2. The add( ) method is used to add a Component to a Container.
3. The getBorder( ) method returns information about a Container’s insets.
4. The getComponent( ) method is used to access a Component that is contained in a
Container.

Ans : a, b and d.

23) Suppose a Panel is added to a Frame and a Button is added to the Panel. If the Frame’s font is set to 12-
point TimesRoman, the Panel’s font is set to 10-point TimesRoman, and the Button’s font is not set, what
font will be used to dispaly the Button’s label?

1. 12-point TimesRoman
2. 11-point TimesRoman
3. 10-point TimesRoman
4. 9-point TimesRoman

Ans : c.

24) A Frame’s background color is set to Color.Yellow, and a Button’s background color is to Color.Blue.
Suppose the Button is added to a Panel, which is added to the Frame. What background color will be used
with the Panel?

1. Colr.Yellow
2. Color.Blue
3. Color.Green
4. Color.White

Ans : a.

25) Which method will cause a Frame to be displayed?

1. show( )
2. setVisible( )
3. display( )
4. displayFrame( )

Ans : a and b.

26) All the componenet classes and container classes are derived from _________ class.
 Ans : Object.

27) Which method of the container class can be used to add components to a Panel.

Ans : add ( ) method.

28) What are the subclasses of the Container class?

Ans : The Container class has three major subclasses. They are :

1. Window
2. Panel
3. ScrollPane

29) The Choice component allows multiple selection.

1. True.
2. False.

Ans : b.

30) The List component does not generate any events.

1. True.
2. False.

Ans : b.

31) Which components are used to get text input from the user.

Ans : TextField and TextArea.

32) Which object is needed to group Checkboxes to make them exclusive?

Ans : CheckboxGroup.

33) Which of the following components allow multiple selections?

1. Non-exclusive Checkboxes.
2. Radio buttons.
3. Choice.
4. List.

Ans : a and d.

34) What are the types of Checkboxes and what is the difference between them?

Ans : Java supports two types of Checkboxes. They are : Exclusive and Non-exclusive.
 In case of exclusive Checkboxes, only one among a group of items can be selected at a time.
I f an item from the group is selected, the checkbox currently checked is deselected and the
new selection is highlighted. The exclusive Checkboxes are also called as Radio buttons.

The non-exclusive checkboxes are not grouped together and each one can be selected
independent of the other.

35) What is a Layout Manager and what are the different Layout Managers available in java.awt and what is
the default Layout manager for the panal and the panal subclasses?

Ans: A layout Manager is an object that is used to organize components in a container.

The different layouts available in java.awt are :

FlowLayout, BorderLayout, CardLayout, GridLayout and GridBag Layout.

The default Layout Manager of Panal and Panal sub classes is FlowLayout".

36) Can I exert control over the size and placement of components in my interface?

Ans : Yes.

myPanal.setLayout(null);

myPanal.setbounds(20,20,200,200);

37) Can I add the same component to more than one container?

Ans : No. Adding a component to a container automatically removes it from any previous
parent(container).

38) How do I specify where a window is to be placed?

Ans : Use setBounds, setSize, or setLocation methods to implement this.

setBounds(int x, int y, int width, int height)

setBounds(Rectangle r)

setSize(int width, int height)

setSize(Dimension d)

setLocation(int x, int y)

setLocation(Point p)

39) How can we create a borderless window?

 Ans : Create an instance of the Window class, give it a size, and show it on the screen.

eg. Frame aFrame = ......

Window aWindow = new Window(aFrame);

aWindow.setLayout(new FlowLayout());

aWindow.add(new Button("Press Me"));

aWindow.getBounds(50,50,200,200);

aWindow.show();

40) Can I create a non-resizable windows? If so, how?

Ans: Yes. By using setResizable() method in class Frame.

41) What is the default Layout Manager for the Window and Window subclasses (Frame,Dialog)?

Ans : BorderLayout().

42) How are the elements of different layouts organized?

Ans : FlowLayout : The elements of a FlowLayout are organized in a top to bottom, left to
right fashion.

BorderLayout : The elements of a BorderLayout are organized at the

borders (North, South, East and West) and the center of a

container.

CardLayout : The elements of a CardLayout are stacked, one on top of the other, like a deck
of cards.

GridLayout : The elements of a GridLayout are of equal size and are laid out using the square
of a grid.

GridBagLayout : The elements of a GridBagLayout are organized according to a

grid.However, the elements are of different sizes and may occupy

more than one row or column of the grid. In addition, the rows and columns may have
different sizes.

43) Which containers use a BorderLayout as their default layout?

Ans : The Window, Frame and Dialog classes use a BorderLayout as their default layout.

44) Which containers use a FlowLayout as their default layout?

 Ans : The Panel and the Applet classes use the FlowLayout as their default layout.

45) What is the preferred size of a component?

Ans : The preferred size of a component size that will allow the component to display
normally.

46) Which method is method to set the layout of a container?

1. startLayout( )
2. initLayout( )
3. layoutContainer( )
4. setLayout( )

Ans : d.

47) Which method returns the preferred size of a component?

1. getPreferredSize( )
2. getPreferred( )
3. getRequiredSize( )
4. getLayout( )

Ans : a.

48) Which layout should you use to organize the components of a container in a tabular form?

1. CardLayout
2. BorederLayout
3. FlowLayout
4. GridLayout

Ans : d.

49) An application has a frame that uses a Border layout manager. Why is it probably not a good idea to put
a vertical scroll bar at North in the frame?

1. The scroll bar’s height would be its preferred height, which is not likely to be enough.
2. The scroll bar’s width would be the entire width of the frame, which would be much
wider than necessary.
3. Both a and b.
4. Neither a nor b. There is no problem with the layout as described.

Ans : c.

50) What is the default layouts for a applet, a frame and a panel?

Ans : For an applet and a panel, Flow layout is the default layout, whereas Border layout is
default layout for a frame.
51) If a frame uses a Grid layout manager and does not contain any panels, then all the components within
the frame are the same width and height.

1. True
2. False.

Ans : a.

52) If a frame uses its default layout manager and does not contain any panels, then all the components
within the frame are the same width and height.

1. True
2. False.

Ans : b.

53) With a Border layout manager, the component at Center gets all the space that is left over, after the
components at North and South have been considered.

1. True
2. False

Ans : b.

54) An Applet has its Layout Manager set to the default of FlowLayout. What code would be the correct to
change to another Layout Manager?

1. setLayoutManager(new GridLayout());
2. setLayout(new GridLayout(2,2));
3. setGridLayout(2,2,))
4. setBorderLayout();

Ans : b.

55) How do you indicate where a component will be positioned using Flowlayout?

a) North, South,East,West
b) Assign a row/column grid reference
c) Pass a X/Y percentage parameter to the add method
d) Do nothing, the FlowLayout will position the component

Ans :d.

56) How do you change the current layout manager for a container?

a) Use the setLayout method

b) Once created you cannot change the current layout manager of a component
c) Use the setLayoutManager method
d) Use the updateLayout method
 Ans :a.

57)When using the GridBagLayout manager, each new component requires a new instance of the
GridBagConstraints class. Is this statement true or false?

a) true
b) false

Ans : b.

58) Which of the following statements are true?

a)The default layout manager for an Applet is FlowLayout

b) The default layout manager for an application is FlowLayout
c) A layout manager must be assigned to an Applet before the setSize method is called
d) The FlowLayout manager attempts to honor the preferred size of any components

Ans : a and d.

59) Which method does display the messages whenever there is an item selection or deselection of the
CheckboxMenuItem menu?

Ans : itemStateChanged method.

60) Which is a dual state menu item?

Ans : CheckboxMenuItem.

61) Which method can be used to enable/diable a checkbox menu item?

Ans : setState(boolean).

62) Which of the following may a menu contain?

1. A separator
2. A check box
3. A menu
4. A button
5. A panel

Ans : a and c.

63) Which of the following may contain a menu bar?

1. A panel
2. A frame
3. An applet
4. A menu bar
5. A menu
 Ans : b

64) What is the difference between a MenuItem and a CheckboxMenuItem?

Ans : The CheckboxMenuItem class extends the MenuItem class to support a menu item

that may be checked or unchecked.

65) Which of the following are true?

1. A Dialog can have a MenuBar.

2. MenuItem extends Menu.
3. A MenuItem can be added to a Menu.
4. A Menu can be added to a Menu.

Ans : c and d.

Top

Utility Package

1) What is the Vector class?

ANSWER : The Vector class provides the capability to implement a growable array of
objects.

2) What is the Set interface?

ANSWER : The Set interface provides methods for accessing the elements of a finite
mathematical set.Sets do not allow duplicate elements.

3) What is Dictionary class?

ANSWER : The Dictionary class is the abstarct super class of Hashtable and Properties
class.Dictionary provides the abstarct functions used to store and retrieve objects by key-
value.This class allows any object to be used as a key or value.

4) What is the Hashtable class?

ANSWER : The Hashtable class implements a hash table data structure. A hash table
indexes and stores objects in a dictionary using hash codes as the objects' keys. Hash codes
are integer values that identify objects.

5) What is the Properties class?

Answer : The properties class is a subclass of Hashtable that can be read from or written to a
stream.It also provides the capability to specify a set of default values to be used if a
specified key is not found in the table. We have two methods load() and save().
6) What changes are needed to make the following prg to compile?

import java.util.*;

class Ques{

public static void main (String args[]) {

String s1 = "abc";

String s2 = "def";

Vector v = new Vector();

v.add(s1);

v.add(s2);

String s3 = v.elementAt(0) + v.elementAt(1);

System.out.println(s3);

A) Declare Ques as public

B) Cast v.elementAt(0) to a String

C) Cast v.elementAt(1) to an Object.

D) Import java.lang

ANSWER : B) Cast v.elementAt(0) to a String

7) What is the output of the prg.

import java.util.*;

class Ques{

public static void main (String args[]) {

String s1 = "abc";

String s2 = "def";

Stack stack = new Stack();

stack.push(s1);

stack.push(s2);

try{

String s3 = (String) stack.pop() + (String) stack.pop() ;

System.out.println(s3);

}catch (EmptyStackException ex){}

A) abcdef

B) defabc

C) abcabc

D) defdef

ANSWER : B) defabc

9) Which of the following may have duplicate elements?

A)Collection

B) List

C) Map

D) Set

ANSWER : A and B Neither a Map nor a Set may have duplicate elements.

10) Can null value be added to a List?

ANSWER : Yes.A Null value may be added to any List.

11) What is the output of the following prg.

import java.util.*;

class Ques{

public static void main (String args[]) {

HashSet set = new HashSet();

String s1 = "abc";

String s2 = "def";

String s3 = "";

set.add(s1);

set.add(s2);

set.add(s1);

set.add(s2);

Iterator i = set.iterator();

while(i.hasNext())

s3 += (String) i.next();

System.out.println(s3);

A) abcdefabcdef B) defabcdefabc C) fedcbafedcba D) defabc

ANSWER : D) defabc. Sets may not have duplicate elements.

12) Which of the following java.util classes support internationalization?

A) Locale B) ResourceBundle C) Country D) Language

ANSWER : A and B . Country and Language are not java.util classes.

13) What is the ResourceBundle?

1. The ResourceBundle class also supports internationalization.

ResourceBundle subclasses are used to store locale-specific resources that can be loaded by a
program to tailor the program's appearence to the paticular locale in which it is being run.
Resource Bundles provide the capability to isolate a program's locale-specific resources in a
standard and modular manner.
14) How are Observer Interface and Observable class, in java.util package, used?

ANSWER : Objects that subclass the Observable class maintain a list of Observers. When an
Observable object is updated it invokes the update() method of each of its observers to notify
the observers that it has changed state. The Observer interface is implemented by objects that
observe Observable objects.

15) Which java.util classes and interfaces support event handling?

ANSWER : The EventObject class and the EventListener interface support event processing.

16) Does java provide standard iterator functions for inspecting a collection of objects?

ANSWER : The Enumeration interface in the java.util package provides a framework for
stepping once through a collection of objects. We have two methods in that interface.

public interface Enumeration {

boolean hasMoreElements();

Object nextElement();

17) The Math.random method is too limited for my needs- How can I generate random numbers more
flexibly?

ANSWER : The random method in Math class provide quick, convienient access to random
numbers, but more power and flexibility use the Random class in the java.util package.

double doubleval = Math.random();

The Random class provide methods returning float, int, double, and long values.

nextFloat() // type float; 0.0 <= value < 1.0

nextDouble() // type double; 0.0 <= value < 1.0

nextInt() // type int; Integer.MIN_VALUE <= value <= Integer.MAX_VALUE

nextLong() // type long; Long.MIN_VALUE <= value <= Long.MAX_VALUE

nextGaussian() // type double; has Gaussian("normal") distribution with mean 0.0 and
standard deviation 1.0)

Eg. Random r = new Random();

float floatval = r.nextFloat();

18) How can we get all public methods of an object dynamically?

 ANSWER : By using getMethods(). It return an array of method objects corresponding to
the public methods of this class.

getFields() returns an array of Filed objects corresponding to the public Fields(variables) of

this class.

getConstructors() returns an array of constructor objects corresponding to the public

constructors of this class.

Top

JDBC

1) What are the steps involved in establishing a connection?

ANSWER : This involves two steps: (1) loading the driver and (2) making the connection.

2) How can you load the drivers?

ANSWER : Loading the driver or drivers you want to use is very simple and involves just
one line of code. If, for example, you want to use the JDBC-ODBC Bridge driver, the
following code will load it:

Eg.

Class.forName("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver");

Your driver documentation will give you the class name to use. For instance, if the class
name is jdbc.DriverXYZ , you would load the driver with the following line of code:

Eg.

Class.forName("jdbc.DriverXYZ");

3) What Class.forName will do while loading drivers?

ANSWER : It is used to create an instance of a driver and register it with the

DriverManager.

When you have loaded a driver, it is available for making a connection with a DBMS.

4) How can you make the connection?

ANSWER : In establishing a connection is to have the appropriate driver connect to the

DBMS. The following line of code illustrates the general idea:

Eg.

String url = "jdbc:odbc:Fred";

 Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(url, "Fernanda", "J8");

5) How can you create JDBC statements?

ANSWER : A Statement object is what sends your SQL statement to the DBMS. You
simply create a Statement object and then execute it, supplying the appropriate execute
method with the SQL statement you want to send. For a SELECT statement, the method to
use is executeQuery. For statements that create or modify tables, the method to use is
executeUpdate.

Eg.

It takes an instance of an active connection to create a Statement object. In the following

example, we use our Connection object con to create the Statement object stmt :

Statement stmt = con.createStatement();

6) How can you retrieve data from the ResultSet?

ANSWER : Step 1.

JDBC returns results in a ResultSet object, so we need to declare an instance of the class
ResultSet to hold our results. The following code demonstrates declaring the ResultSet object
rs.

Eg.

ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT COF_NAME, PRICE FROM COFFEES");

Step2.

String s = rs.getString("COF_NAME");

The method getString is invoked on the ResultSet object rs , so getString will retrieve (get)
the value stored in the column COF_NAME in the current row of rs

7) What are the different types of Statements?

ANSWER : 1.Statement (use createStatement method) 2. Prepared Statement (Use

prepareStatement method) and 3. Callable Statement (Use prepareCall)

8) How can you use PreparedStatement?

ANSWER : This special type of statement is derived from the more general class,
Statement.If you want to execute a Statement object many times, it will normally reduce
execution time to use a PreparedStatement object instead.

The advantage to this is that in most cases, this SQL statement will be sent to the DBMS
right away, where it will be compiled. As a result, the PreparedStatement object contains not
just an SQL statement, but an SQL statement that has been precompiled. This means that
 when the PreparedStatement is executed, the DBMS can just run the PreparedStatement 's
SQL statement without having to compile it first.

Eg.

PreparedStatement updateSales = con.prepareStatement("UPDATE COFFEES SET SALES

= ? WHERE COF_NAME LIKE ?");

9) What setAutoCommit does?

ANSWER : When a connection is created, it is in auto-commit mode. This means that each
individual SQL statement is treated as a transaction and will be automatically committed
right after it is executed. The way to allow two or more statements to be grouped into a
transaction is to disable auto-commit mode

Eg.

con.setAutoCommit(false);

Once auto-commit mode is disabled, no SQL statements will be committed until you call the
method commit explicitly.

Eg.

con.setAutoCommit(false);

PreparedStatement updateSales = con.prepareStatement(

"UPDATE COFFEES SET SALES = ? WHERE COF_NAME LIKE ?");

updateSales.setInt(1, 50);

updateSales.setString(2, "Colombian");

updateSales.executeUpdate();

PreparedStatement updateTotal = con.prepareStatement("UPDATE COFFEES SET TOTAL

= TOTAL + ? WHERE COF_NAME LIKE ?");

updateTotal.setInt(1, 50);

updateTotal.setString(2, "Colombian");

updateTotal.executeUpdate();

con.commit();

con.setAutoCommit(true);

10) How to call a Strored Procedure from JDBC?

 ANSWER : The first step is to create a CallableStatement object. As with Statement an and
PreparedStatement objects, this is done with an open Connection

object. A CallableStatement object contains a call to a stored procedure;

Eg.

CallableStatement cs = con.prepareCall("{call SHOW_SUPPLIERS}");

ResultSet rs = cs.executeQuery();

11) How to Retrieve Warnings?

ANSWER : SQLWarning objects are a subclass of SQLException that deal with database
access warnings. Warnings do not stop the execution of an application, as exceptions do; they
simply alert the user that something did not happen as planned.

A warning can be reported on a Connection object, a Statement object (including

PreparedStatement and CallableStatement objects), or a ResultSet object. Each of these
classes has a getWarnings method, which you must invoke in order to see the first warning
reported on the calling object

Eg.

SQLWarning warning = stmt.getWarnings();

if (warning != null) {

System.out.println("\n---Warning---\n");

while (warning != null) {

System.out.println("Message: " + warning.getMessage());

System.out.println("SQLState: " + warning.getSQLState());

System.out.print("Vendor error code: ");

System.out.println(warning.getErrorCode());

System.out.println("");

warning = warning.getNextWarning();

12) How can you Move the Cursor in Scrollable Result Sets ?
 ANSWER : One of the new features in the JDBC 2.0 API is the ability to move a result set's
cursor backward as well as forward. There are also methods that let you move the cursor to a
particular row and check the position of the cursor.

Eg.

Statement stmt = con.createStatement(ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE,

ResultSet.CONCUR_READ_ONLY);

ResultSet srs = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT COF_NAME, PRICE FROM COFFEES");

The first argument is one of three constants added to the ResultSet API to indicate the type of
a ResultSet object: TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY, TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE , and
TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE .

The second argument is one of two ResultSet constants for specifying whether a result set is
read-only or updatable: CONCUR_READ_ONLY and CONCUR_UPDATABLE . The point
to remember here is that if you specify a type, you must also specify whether it is read-only
or updatable. Also, you must specify the type first, and because both parameters are of type
int , the compiler will not complain if you switch the order.

Specifying the constant TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY creates a nonscrollable result set, that is,
one in which the cursor moves only forward. If you do not specify any constants for the type
and updatability of a ResultSet object, you will automatically get one that is
TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY and CONCUR_READ_ONLY

13) What’s the difference between TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE , and

TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE?

ANSWER : You will get a scrollable ResultSet object if you specify one of these ResultSet
constants.The difference between the two has to do with whether a result set reflects changes
that are made to it while it is open and whether certain methods can be called to detect these
changes. Generally speaking, a result set that is TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE does not
reflect changes made while it is still open and one that is TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE
does. All three types of result sets will make changes visible if they are closed and then
reopened

Eg.

Statement stmt = con.createStatement(ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE,

ResultSet.CONCUR_READ_ONLY);

ResultSet srs = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT COF_NAME, PRICE FROM COFFEES");

srs.afterLast();

while (srs.previous()) {

String name = srs.getString("COF_NAME");

 float price = srs.getFloat("PRICE");

System.out.println(name + " " + price);

14) How to Make Updates to Updatable Result Sets?

ANSWER : Another new feature in the JDBC 2.0 API is the ability to update rows in a
result set using methods in the Java programming language rather than having to send an
SQL command. But before you can take advantage of this capability, you need to create a
ResultSet object that is updatable. In order to do this, you supply the ResultSet constant
CONCUR_UPDATABLE to the createStatement method.

Eg.

Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mySubprotocol:mySubName");

Statement stmt = con.createStatement(ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE,

ResultSet.CONCUR_UPDATABLE);

ResultSet uprs = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT COF_NAME, PRICE FROM COFFEES");

Top

Networking Concepts

1) The API doesn't list any constructors for InetAddress- How do I create an InetAddress instance?

ANSWER : In case of InetAddress the three methods getLocalHost, getByName,

getByAllName can be used to create instances.

E.g.

InetAddress add1;

InetAddress add2;

try{

add1 = InetAddress.getByName("java.sun.com");

add2 = InetAddress.getByName("199.22.22.22");

}catch(UnknownHostException e){}

2) Is it possible to get the Local host IP?

 ANSWER : Yes. Use InetAddress's getLocalHost method.

3) What's the Factory Method?

ANSWER : Factory methods are merely a convention whereby static methods in a class
return an instance of that class. The InetAddress class has no visible constructors. To create
an InetAddress object, you have to use one of the available factory methods. In InetAddress
the three methods getLocalHost, getByName, getByAllName can be used to create instances
of InetAddress.

4) What’s the difference between TCP and UDP?

ANSWER : These two protocols differ in the way they carry out the action of
communicating. A TCP protocol establishes a two way connection between a pair of
computers, while the UDP protocol is a one-way message sender. The common analogy is
that TCP is like making a phone call and carrying on a two-way communication, while UDP
is like mailing a letter.

5) What is the Proxy Server?

ANSWER : A proxy server speaks the client side of a protocol to another server. This is
often required when clients have certain restrictions on which servers they can connect to.
And when several users are hitting a popular web site, a proxy server can get the contents of
the web server's popular pages once, saving expensive internetwork transfers while providing
faster access to those pages to the clients.

Also, we can get multiple connections for a single server.

6) What are the seven layers of OSI model?

ANSWER : Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, DataLink, Physical

Layer.

7) What Transport Layer does?

ANSWER : It ensures that the mail gets to its destination. If a packet fails to get its
destination, it handles the process of notifying the sender and requesting that another packet
be sent.

8) What is DHCP?

ANSWER : Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, a piece of the TCP/IP protocol suite that
handles the automatic assignment of IP addresses to clients.

9) What is SMTP?

ANSWER : Simple Mail Transmission Protocol, the TCP/IP Standard for Internet mails.
SMTP exchanges mail between servers; contrast this with POP, which transmits mail
between a server and a client.
10) In OSI N/w architecture, the dialogue control and token management are responsibilities of...

a) Network b) Session c) Application d) DataLink

ANSWER : b) Session Layer.

11) In OSI N/W Architecture, the routing is performed by ______

a) Network b) Session c) Application d) DataLink

Answer : Network Layer.

Top

Networking

1) What is the difference between URL instance and URLConnection instance?

ANSWER : A URL instance represents the location of a resource, and a URLConnection

instance represents a link for accessing or communicating with the resource at the location.

2) How do I make a connection to URL?

ANSWER : You obtain a URL instance and then invoke openConnection on it.

URLConnection is an abstract class, which means you can't directly create instances of it
using a constructor. We have to invoke openConnection method on a URL instance, to get
the right kind of connection for your URL.

Eg. URL url;

URLConnection connection;

try{ url = new URL("...");

conection = url.openConnection();

}catch (MalFormedURLException e) { }

3) What Is a Socket?

A socket is one end-point of a two-way communication link between two programs running
on the network. A socket is bound to a port number so that the TCP layer can identify the
application that data is destined to be sent.Socket classes are used to represent the connection
between a client program and a server program. The java.net package provides two classes--
Socket and ServerSocket--which implement the client side of the connection and the server
side of the connection, respectively.

4) What information is needed to create a TCP Socket?

 ANSWER : The Local System’s IP Address and Port Number. And the Remote System's
IPAddress and Port Number.

5) What are the two important TCP Socket classes?

ANSWER : Socket and ServerSocket.

ServerSocket is used for normal two-way socket communication. Socket class allows us to
read and write through the sockets. getInputStream() and getOutputStream() are the two
methods available in Socket class.

6) When MalformedURLException and UnknownHostException throws?

ANSWER : When the specified URL is not connected then the URL throw
MalformedURLException and If InetAddress’ methods getByName and getLocalHost are
unabletoresolve the host name they throwan UnknownHostException.

Top

Servlets

1) What is the servlet?

ANSWER : Servlets are modules that extend request/response-oriented servers, such as

Java-enabled web servers. For example, a servlet might be responsible for taking data in an
HTML order-entry form and applying the business logic used to update a company's order
database.

Servlets are to servers what applets are to browsers. Unlike applets, however, servlets have
no graphical user interface.

2) Whats the advantages using servlets than using CGI?

ANSWER : Servlets provide a way to generate dynamic documents that is both easier to
write and faster to run. Servlets also address the problem of doing server-side programming
with platform-specific APIs: they are developed with the Java Servlet API, a standard Java
extension.

3) What are the uses of Servlets?

ANSWER : A servlet can handle multiple requests concurrently, and can synchronize
requests. This allows servlets to support systems such as on-line conferencing.

Servlets can forward requests to other servers and servlets.Thus servlets can be used to
balance load among several servers that mirror the same content, and to partition a single
logical service over several servers, according to task type or organizational boundaries.

4) Which pakage provides interfaces and classes for writing servlets?

 ANSWER : javax

5) Whats the Servlet Interfcae?

ANSWER : The central abstraction in the Servlet API is the Servlet interface. All servlets
implement this interface, either directly or, more commonly, by extending a class that
implements it such as HttpServlet.

Servlets-->Generic Servlet-->HttpServlet-->MyServlet.

The Servlet interface declares, but does not implement, methods that manage the servlet and
its communications with clients. Servlet writers provide some or all of these methods when
developing a servlet.

6) When a servlet accepts a call from a client, it receives two objects- What are they?

ANSWER : ServeltRequest: Which encapsulates the communication from the client to the
server. ServletResponse: Whcih encapsulates the communication from the servlet back to the
client. ServletRequest and ServletResponse are interfaces defined by the javax.servlet
package.

7) What information that the ServletRequest interface allows the servlet access to?

ANSWER : Information such as the names of the parameters passed in by the client, the
protocol (scheme) being used by the client, and the names of the remote host that made the
request and the server that received it.

The input stream, ServletInputStream.Servlets use the input stream to get data from clients
that use application protocols such as the HTTP POST and PUT methods.

8) What information that the ServletResponse interface gives the servlet methods for replying to the
client?

ANSWER : It Allows the servlet to set the content length and MIME type of the reply.

Provides an output stream, ServletOutputStream and a Writer through which the servlet can
send the reply data.

9) What is the servlet Lifecycle?

ANSWER : Each servlet has the same life cycle:

A server loads and initializes the servlet (init())

The servlet handles zero or more client requests (service())

The server removes the servlet (destroy())

(some servers do this step only when they shut down)

 10) How HTTP Servlet handles client requests?

ANSWER : An HTTP Servlet handles client requests through its service method. The
service method supports standard HTTP client requests by dispatching each request to a
method designed to handle that request.

Jakarta Struts Interview Questions

1. Q: What is Jakarta Struts Framework?
A: Jakarta Struts is open source implementation of MVC (Model-View-Controller) pattern for the development of
web based applications. Jakarta Struts is robust architecture and can be used for the development of application of
any size. Struts framework makes it much easier to design scalable, reliable Web applications with Java.

2. Q: What is ActionServlet?
A: The class org.apache.struts.action.ActionServlet is the called the ActionServlet. In the the Jakarta Struts
Framework this class plays the role of controller. All the requests to the server goes through the controller.
Controller is responsible for handling all the requests.

3. Q: How you will make available any Message Resources Definitions file to the Struts Framework
Environment?
A: Message Resources Definitions file are simple .properties files and these files contains the messages that can be
used in the struts project. Message Resources Definitions files can be added to the struts-config.xml file through
<message-resources /> tag.
Example:
<message-resources parameter="MessageResources" />

4. Q: What is Action Class?

A: The Action Class is part of the Model and is a wrapper around the business logic. The purpose of Action Class is
to translate the HttpServletRequest to the business logic. To use the Action, we need to Subclass and overwrite the
execute() method. In the Action Class all the database/business processing are done. It is advisable to perform all
the database related stuffs in the Action Class. The ActionServlet (commad) passes the parameterized class to
Action Form using the execute() method. The return type of the execute method is ActionForward which is used by
the Struts Framework to forward the request to the file as per the value of the returned ActionForward object.

5. Q: Write code of any Action Class?

A: Here is the code of Action Class that returns the ActionForward object.
TestAction.java
package roseindia.net;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

import org.apache.struts.action.Action;
import org.apache.struts.action.ActionForm;
 import org.apache.struts.action.ActionForward;
import org.apache.struts.action.ActionMapping;

public class TestAction extends Action

{
public ActionForward execute(
ActionMapping mapping,
ActionForm form,
HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception{
return mapping.findForward("testAction");
}
}
6. Q: What is ActionForm?
A: An ActionForm is a JavaBean that extends org.apache.struts.action.ActionForm. ActionForm maintains
the session state for web application and the ActionForm object is automatically populated on the server side with
data entered from a form on the client side.

7. Q: What is Struts Validator Framework?

A: Struts Framework provides the functionality to validate the form data. It can be use to validate the data on the
users browser as well as on the server side. Struts Framework emits the java scripts and it can be used validate the
form data on the client browser. Server side validation of form can be accomplished by sub classing your From
Bean with DynaValidatorForm class.

The Validator framework was developed by David Winterfeldt as third-party add-on to Struts. Now the Validator
framework is a part of Jakarta Commons project and it can be used with or without Struts. The Validator framework
comes integrated with the Struts Framework and can be used without doing any extra settings.

8. Q. Give the Details of XML files used in Validator Framework?

A: The Validator Framework uses two XML configuration files validator-rules.xml and validation.xml. The
validator-rules.xml defines the standard validation routines, these are reusable and used in validation.xml. to
define the form specific validations. The validation.xml defines the validations applied to a form bean.
9. Q. How you will display validation fail errors on jsp page?
A: Following tag displays all the errors:
<html:errors/>

10. Q. How you will enable front-end validation based on the xml in validation.xml?
A: The <html:javascript> tag to allow front-end validation based on the xml in validation.xml. For example the
code: <html:javascript formName="logonForm" dynamicJavascript="true" staticJavascript="true" /> generates the
client side java script for the form "logonForm" as defined in the validation.xml file. The <html:javascript> when
added in the jsp file generates the client site validation script.

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Core Java Interview Questions
JDJ Enterprise Editor Yakov Fain Offers 30 Core Java Questions You Might Expect During Interviews
By: Yakov Fain
May 5, 2005 12:00 AM

If you are planning to hit the job market, you may need to refresh some of the Java basic terms and
techniques to prepare yourself for a technical interview. Let me offer you some of the core Java questions
that you might expect during the interviews.

For most questions I’ve provided only short answers to encourage further research. I have included only
questions for mid (*) and senior level (**) Java developers. These sample questions could also become
handy for people who need to interview Java developers (see also the article "Interviewing Enterprise Java Developers").

30 Java Interview Questions

*Q1. How could Java classes direct program messages to the system console, but error messages, say to a file?

A. The class System has a variable out that represents the standard output, and the variable err that represents the standard
error device. By default, they both point at the system console. This how the standard output could be re-directed:
Stream st = new Stream(new FileOutputStream("output.txt")); System.setErr(st); System.setOut(st);

*Q2. What's the difference between an interface and an abstract class?

A. An abstract class may contain code in method bodies, which is not allowed in an interface. With abstract classes, you
have to inherit your class from it and Java does not allow multiple inheritance. On the other hand, you can implement
multiple interfaces in your class.

*Q3. Why would you use a synchronized block vs. synchronized method?

A. Synchronized blocks place locks for shorter periods than synchronized methods.

*Q4. Explain the usage of the keyword transient?

A. This keyword indicates that the value of this member variable does not have to be serialized with the object. When the
class will be de-serialized, this variable will be initialized with a default value of its data type (i.e. zero for integers).

*Q5. How can you force garbage collection?

A. You can't force GC, but could request it by calling System.gc(). JVM does not guarantee that GC will be started
immediately.

*Q6. How do you know if an explicit object casting is needed?

A. If you assign a superclass object to a variable of a subclass's data type, you need to do explicit casting. For example:
Object a; Customer b; b = (Customer) a;

When you assign a subclass to a variable having a supeclass type, the casting is performed automatically.
*Q7. What's the difference between the methods sleep() and wait()

A. The code sleep(1000); puts thread aside for exactly one second. The code wait(1000), causes a wait of up to one second.
A thread could stop waiting earlier if it receives the notify() or notifyAll() call. The method wait() is defined in the class
Object and the method sleep() is defined in the class Thread.

*Q8. Can you write a Java class that could be used both as an applet as well as an application?

A. Yes. Add a main() method to the applet.

*Q9. What's the difference between constructors and other methods?

A. Constructors must have the same name as the class and can not return a value. They are only called once while regular
methods could be called many times.

*Q10. Can you call one constructor from another if a class has multiple constructors

A. Yes. Use this() syntax.

*Q11. Explain the usage of Java packages.

A. This is a way to organize files when a project consists of multiple modules. It also helps resolve naming conflicts when
different packages have classes with the same names. Packages access level also allows you to protect data from being
used by the non-authorized classes.

*Q12. If a class is located in a package, what do you need to change in the OS environment to be able to use it?

A. You need to add a directory or a jar file that contains the package directories to the CLASSPATH environment variable.
Let's say a class Employee belongs to a package com.xyz.hr; and is located in the file c:\dev\com\xyz\hr\Employee.java. In
this case, you'd need to add c:\dev to the variable CLASSPATH. If this class contains the method main(), you could test it
from a command prompt window as follows:
c:\>java com.xyz.hr.Employee

*Q13. What's the difference between J2SDK 1.5 and J2SDK 5.0?

A.There's no difference, Sun Microsystems just re-branded this version.

*Q14. What would you use to compare two String variables - the operator == or the method equals()?

A. I'd use the method equals() to compare the values of the Strings and the == to check if two variables point at the same
instance of a String object.
*Q15. Does it matter in what order catch statements for FileNotFoundException and IOExceptipon are written?

A. Yes, it does. The FileNoFoundException is inherited from the IOException. Exception's subclasses have to be caught
first.

*Q16. Can an inner class declared inside of a method access local variables of this method?

A. It's possible if these variables are final.

*Q17. What can go wrong if you replace && with & in the following code:
String a=null; if (a!=null && a.length()>10) {...}
A. A single ampersand here would lead to a NullPointerException.

*Q18. What's the main difference between a Vector and an ArrayList

A. Java Vector class is internally synchronized and ArrayList is not.

*Q19. When should the method invokeLater()be used?

A. This method is used to ensure that Swing components are updated through the event-dispatching thread.

*Q20. How can a subclass call a method or a constructor defined in a superclass?

A. Use the following syntax: super.myMethod(); To call a constructor of the superclass, just write super(); in the first line
of the subclass's constructor.

30 Java Interview Questions

(...continued from previous page)

For senior-level developers:

**Q21. What's the difference between a queue and a stack?

A. Stacks works by last-in-first-out rule (LIFO), while queues use the FIFO rule

**Q22. You can create an abstract class that contains only abstract methods. On the other hand, you can create an
interface that declares the same methods. So can you use abstract classes instead of interfaces?
A. Sometimes. But your class may be a descendent of another class and in this case the interface is your only option.

**Q23. What comes to mind when you hear about a young generation in Java?

A. Garbage collection.

**Q24. What comes to mind when someone mentions a shallow copy in Java?

A. Object cloning.

**Q25. If you're overriding the method equals() of an object, which other method you might also consider?

A. hashCode()

**Q26. You are planning to do an indexed search in a list of objects. Which of the two Java collections should you
use:
ArrayList or LinkedList?

A. ArrayList

**Q27. How would you make a copy of an entire Java object with its state?

A. Have this class implement Cloneable interface and call its method clone().

**Q28. How can you minimize the need of garbage collection and make the memory use more effective?

A. Use object pooling and weak object references.

**Q29. There are two classes: A and B. The class B need to inform a class A when some important event has
happened. What Java technique would you use to implement it?

A. If these classes are threads I'd consider notify() or notifyAll(). For regular classes you can use the Observer interface.

*Q30. What access level do you need to specify in the class declaration to ensure that only classes from the same
directory can access it?

A. You do not need to specify any access level, and Java will use a default package access level.

The J2EE questions are coming soon. Stay tuned…

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Java Basics: Lesson 11, Java Packages and Imports (Live

Video Education)
• Watch Yakov Fain Delivering This Class Live

Java comes with thousands of classes that are organized in packages (similar to files and directories on you disk). Some
packages include classes responsible for drawing, while other have classes for the Internet access, and so on. For example
the class String is located in the package called java.lang, and the fully qualified name of this class is java.lang.String.

The Java compiler only knows where to find classes that are located in the package java.lang,
but there are many other packages with useful classes, and it's your responsibility to let the
compiler know where the classes that are used in your program live. For example, the package
java.io contains classes responsible for input/output operations, while most of the Swing classes
live in the following two packages:

javax.swing
javax.swing.event

It would be annoying to write a full class name every time you use it, for example:
javax.swing.JButton myButton = new javax.swing.JButton();
javax.swing.JFrame myFrame = new javax.swing.JFrame();

To avoid this you can use import statements right above the class declaration line, for example:

import javax.swing.JFrame;
import javax.swing.JButton;

class Calculator{
JButton myButton = new JButton();
JFrame myFrame = new JFrame();
}

These import statements allow you to use short class names like JFrame or JButton, and the Java compiler will know where
to find them. Please note, that nothing is actually imported into your program: it's just a name resolution mechanism that
helps the compiler to find classes and make your program more readable. If your need to use several classes from the same
package, you do not have to list each of them in the import statement, just use the wild card. In the following example the
asterisk (*) makes all classes from the package javax.swing visible to your program:
import javax.swing.*;

Still, it's better to use separate import statements, so you can see clearly which classes are imported from a particular
package.

When programmers work on large projects that have lots of classes, they usually organize them in different packages. For
example, one package can have all classes that display graphical windows, while another can contain data access classes.

Let's create a new project called PingPong in the Eclipse IDE. This project will have classes in two packages: screens and
engine. Now create a new class PingPongTable and enter the word screens in the field Package:

Press the button Finish and Eclipse will generate the code that will include the line with the package name.
package screens;

public class PingPongTable {

public static void main(String[] args) {

}
}
By the way, if your class includes the line with the keyword package, you are not allowed to write anything but the
program comments above this line.

Since each package is stored in a different folder on a disk, Eclipse creates the folder called screens and puts the file
PinPongTable.java there. Check it out - there should be a folder c:\eclipse\workspace\PingPong\screens on your disk with
files PingPongTable.java and PingPongTable.class.

Now create another class called PingPongEngine and enter the word engine as the package name. The PingPong project
has two packages now:

Since our two classes are located in two different packages (and folders), the class PingPongTable won't see the class
PingPongEngine unless you add the appropriate import statement.
package screens;

import engine.PingPongEngine;

public class PingPongTable {

public static void main(String[] args) {

PingPongEngine gameEngine = new
PingPongEngine();
}
}

Java packages not only help better organize your classes, but also can be used to hide their classes from the "foreigners"
living in other packages. In Java you can use public, private and protected keywords to specify the access level to a
particular method or a class. But if you do not use any of these keywords in the method or class declaration, you'll be able
to access them only from the classes located in the same package. We've discussed access levels briefly in Lesson 3 of this
series.

Running Programs From a Command Line

I've been using the Eclipse IDE for creating the Ping-Pong example, but you do not have to use any IDE, and can create
these programs using any plain text editor and a standard javac compiler. In this case you'll need to follow the following
steps to create these programs in the packages engine and screen.

1. Create a directory PingPong

2. Create two subdirectories inside called engine and package
3. Type and save the file PingPongTable.java in the directory screens
4. Type and save the file PingPongEngine in the directory engine
5. Get into the PingPong directory and compile both classes:
C:\PingPong>javac screens/PingPongTable.java
C:\PingPong>javac engine/PingPongEngine.java
6. Now you can run the program as follows:
C:\PingPong>java screens.PingPongTable

Please note that you have to use a dot as a separator (not a slash!) between the package and class names. Make sure that the
system variable classpath includes the dot (see the very first lesson of this series) to let JVM know that it has to look for
classes starting from the current directory.

Naming Conventions

If you are starting a new project, you need to come up with the directory structures and the names for your packages and
these are some considerations to keep in mind:

• Name packages using small letters

• You should try to make your package/class name combination unique. There is a simple rule to achieve this: if you
work for a company Best Bananas that has a Web site bestbananas.com, the URL of this Web site is guaranteed to
be unique. Use this URL in a reverse order as a prefix to all your packages: com.bestnananas. If the name of your
project is Shipping, add this word or abbreviation after this prefix: com.bestbananas.ship. You can further separate
classes based on their functioinality, for example:
com.bestbananas.ship.invoicing
com.bestbananas.ship.delivery.
 Directory structure will look as follows:
com
bestbananas
ship
invoicing
delivery

• Think of the future uses of your packages. For example, if the invoicing package may be reused in a different application, do
not include there classes that are specific to your Shipping application.
• If you have some useful classes that perform such commonly used functions as date formatting or logging, create separate
directory for them like util and log.

Static Imports
Java 5.0 has introduced a new element called static imports. While regular import statements allow you to use the class
name without specifying its package name, static imports go further and allow using static members of another class
without specifying their class name. Let's use our good old HelloWorld program as an example:
public class HelloWorld {

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println("Hello World");

}
}

Based on this syntax, we can guess that there is a static variable out in the class System that represents some object that in
turn has a static method println(). Let's add the static import to eliminate the need of specifying the name of the class
System in front of the variable out:
import static java.lang.System.*;
public class HelloWorld {

public static void main(String[] args) {

out.println("Hello World");

}
}

You do not have to use the wildcard (*) and import all static members from a class, but rather specific ones, for example
import static java.lang.System.out;

or for the PI constant from the Math package it can look like this:
import static java.lang.Math.PI;

For example:
import static java.lang.System.out;
import static java.lang.Math.PI;

public class HelloWorld {

public static void main(String[] args) {

out.println("Hello World123");
out.println("Hello PI: " + PI);
}
}

The good news is that if you need to call the println() method multiple times, your program becomes shorter now.

The bad side effect of static imports is that if you'll start overusing this feature, pretty soon your program will actually
become less readable. For example, if you'll use static imports of multiple constants from various packages, and someone
else (or even yourself five months later) will need to read this program, it may become difficult to understand where all
these constants are coming from, especially if you've been using wildcards. The last HelloWorld example gives you an
impression that PI constant has been declared somewhere in the HelloWorld class itself. In a small program it's easy to see
that this is not the case, but in more complex applications consisting of hundreds of classes this can cause unnecessary
confusions.

Prior to Java 5.0 you could have created Java interfaces containing only final static variables, for example
public interface MyConstants {
public static final String companyName="XYZ, Inc.";
public static final String companyAddress="123 Main st.";
}

Now any class that implements MyConstants can use this variables without even mentioning the name of the interface:
class Invoice implements MyConstants{
public static void main(){
System.out.println("Name:"+ companyName);
System.out.println("Address: "+ companyAddress);
}
}

Strictly speaking, if a class implements an interface, you'd expect it to implement some behavior which is not the case in
the above example. That's why it's not a recommended way of using interfaces. Oh well, unless you have multiple
interfaces with hundreds of constants, I do not see any damage in use of static imports or constant-only interfaces.

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