Module 1 Lesson 1 - System of Linear Equations
Module 1 Lesson 1 - System of Linear Equations
Systems of linear equations play an important and motivating role in the subject of linear
algebra. In fact, many problems in linear algebra reduce to finding the solution of a system of
linear equations. Thus, the techniques introduced in this chapter will be applicable to abstract
ideas introduced later. On the other hand, some of the abstract results will give us new insights
into the structure and properties of systems of linear equations.
All our systems of linear equations involve scalars as both coefficients and constants,
and such scalars may come from any number field K. There is almost no loss in generality if the
reader assumes that all our scalars are real numbers – that is, that they come from the real field
R.
x +2 y −3 z=6
x 1+ x2 + 4 x 3+3 x 4 =5
2 x1 +3 x 2+ x3 −2 x 4 =1
x 1+ 2 x 2−5 x 3+ 4 x 4 =1
It is a 3 x 4 system because it has three equations in four unknowns. Determine whether (a)
u=(−8 ,6 , 1 ,1) and v=(−10 ,5 , 1 ,2)
(a) Substitute the values of u in each equation, obtaining
The system of linear equations is said to be consistent if it has one or more solutions,
and it is said to be inconsistent if it has no solution.
System of linear
equations
Inconsistent Consistent
Infinite number of
No solution Unique solution
solutions
[ ] [ ]
7 1 3 5 6
[
A= 2 3 −4
7 5 −1 ] B= 0 5
−8 3
C= 0 −2 5
8 9 12
Rows and Columns. Matrices consist of rows and columns. Rows are labeled from the top of
the matrix, columns from the left. The following matrix has two rows and three columns.
[ 27 3 −4
5 −1 ]
Size and Type. The size of a matrix is described by specifying the number of rows and columns
in the matrix. For example, a matrix having two rows and three columns is said to be a 2 x 3
matrix; the first number indicates the number of rows, and the second indicates the number of
columns. When the number of rows is equal to the number of columns, the matrix is said to be a
square matrix. A matrix consisting of one row is called a row matrix. A matrix consisting of one
column is a column matrix. The following matrices are of stated sizes and types.
[ ] []
2 5 7 8
[ 1 0 3
−2 4 5 ] −9 0 1
−3 5 8
[ 4 −3 8 5 ] 3
2
1 ×4 matrix 3 ×1 matrix
2 ×3 matrix 3 ×3 matrix
a row matrix a column matrix
Location. The location of an element in a matrix is described by giving the row and column in
which the element lies. For example, consider the following matrix.
[ 27 3 −4
5 −1 ]
The element 7 is in row 2, column 1. We say, that it is in location (2, 1).
The element in location (1, 3) is -4. Note that the convention is to give the row in which
the element lies, followed by the column.
Identity Matrices. An identity matrix is a square matrix with 1s in the diagonal locations (1,1),
(2, 2), (3, 3), etc., and zeroes elsewhere. We write In for the n × n identity matrix. The following
matrices are identity matrices.
[ ]
1 0 0
[ ]
I 2=
1 0
0 1
, I 3= 0 1 0
0 0 1
There are two important matrices associated with every system of linear equations. The
coefficients of the variables form a matrix called the matrix of coefficients of the system. The
coefficients, together with the constant terms, form a matrix called the augmented matrix of the
system. For example, the matrix of coefficients and the augmented matrix of the following
system of linear equations are as shown:
[ ] [ ]
x1 + x 2+ x3 =2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
2 x 1 +3 x 2+ x 3=3 2 3 1 2 3 1 3
x 1−x 2−2 x3 =−6 1 −1 −2 1 −1 −2 −6
2 × 2 Systems
Let us examine geometrically a system of the form
a 11 x1 + a12 x 2=b1
a 21 x1 +a22 x 2=b 2
Each equation can be represented graphically as a line in the plane. The ordered pair
(x1, x2) will be a solution of the system if and only if it lies on both lines. For example, consider
the three systems
x 1 + x 2=2 x 1+ x2 =2 x 1 + x 2=2
(i) (ii) (iii)
x 1−x 2=2 x 1+ x2 =1 −x 1−x 2=−2
The two lines in system (i) intersect at the point (2, 0). Thus, {(2, 0)} is the solution set of
(i). In system (ii) the two lines are parallel. Therefore, system (ii) is inconsistent and hence its
solution set is empty. The two equations in system (iii) both represent the same line. Any point
on this line will be a solution of the system.
In general, there are three possibilities: the lines intersect at a point, they are parallel, or
both equations represent the same line. The solution set then contains either one, zero, or
infinitely many points.
Practice
Test your understanding by answering the following problems.
1. Determine the matrix coefficients and augmented matrix of each of the following systems
of equations.
[ 14 ] [ ]
2 3 8 7 5 −1
(a)
5 6 (b) 4 6 2 4
9 37 6
References
Khan, S. (n.d.). Matrices | Precalculus | Math. Retrieved August 31, 2020, from
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/precalculus/x9e81a4f98389efdf:matrices/
x9e81a4f98389efdf:mat-intro/e/understand-matrix-coordinates?modal=1
Khan, S. (n.d.). Matrices | Precalculus | Math. Retrieved August 31, 2020, from
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/precalculus/x9e81a4f98389efdf:matrices/
x9e81a4f98389efdf:representing-systems-with-matrices/e/represent-systems-with-
matrices?modal=1
Khan Academy (Director). (2011, March 8). Consistent and inconsistent systems | Algebra II |
Khan Academy [Video file]. Retrieved August 31, 2020, from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ix8Nne-a-KQ
Leon, S. J. (2010). Linear Algebra with Applications: Eighth Edition. Pearson Education.
Lipschutz, S., & Lipson, M. (2009). Linear algebra. New York: McGraw-Hill.