MODULE CALCULUS 1 WITH ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

CHAPTER 3
LINES AND CIRCLES

3.1. SLOPE OF A LINE

Objectives:

• Solve for the slope of a line.

An important characteristic of a straight line is its slope, a number that represents the
“steepness” of the line. The slope m of a line through the two different points (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
is defined as the change in y divided by the change in x, or

𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑦 ∆𝑦 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑚= = =
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ∆𝑥 𝑥2 − 𝑥1

where 𝑥1 ≠ 𝑥2

Example 1: Find the slope through the points (-7, 6) and (4, 5).

Solution:
∆𝑦 5−6 1
𝑚= = =−
∆𝑥 4 − (−7) 11

Example 2: Find the slope through the points (5, -3) and (-2, -
3).
Solution:
∆𝑦 −3 − (−3) 0
𝑚= = =− =0
∆𝑥 −2 − 5 7

For further understanding visit these links

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/algebra/x2f8bb11595b61c86:linear-
equations-graphs/x2f8bb11595b61c86:slope/v/slope-of-a-line

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 MODULE CALCULUS 1 WITH ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

3.2. STANDARD AND GENERAL EQUATIONS OF A LINE

Objectives:

• Solve for the standard and general equation of a line.

The standard form of the equation of a line is ax+by=c, with a≥0. If a, b, and c are all
rational, they often are converted t integer with no common factor. The point–slope form also
can be used to find an equation of a line if we know two different points that the lines goes
through.

Example 3: Find an equation of the line through (5, 4) and (-10, -2)

−2−4 −6 2
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = = =
−10−5 −15 5

Used the two – point slope form

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
2
𝑦 − 4 = (𝑥 − 5)
5
5𝑦 − 20 = 2(𝑥 − 5)
5𝑦 − 20 = 2𝑥 − 10
5𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 10
−2𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 10
2𝑥 − 5𝑦 = −10 Standard Form

The formula 0=Ax+By+C is said to be the 'general form' for the equation of a line. A, B,
and C are three real numbers. Once these are given, the values for x and y that make the
statement true express a set, or locus, of (x, y) points which form a certain line.

5
Example 4: Convert 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 2 to General Form

5
𝑦 = 2𝑥 −
2
−2𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 5

4𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 5 = 0 General Form

For further understanding visit these links

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UBxwbcLWD4c

CHAPTER 3 2
 MODULE CALCULUS 1 WITH ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

3.3. PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR LINES

Objectives:

• Solve for parallel and perpendicular line.

One application of slope involves deciding whether two lines are parallel. Since two
parallel lines are equally “steep,” they should have the same slope. Also, two lines with the
same “steepness” are parallel.

PARALLEL LINES
Two non-vertical lines are parallel if and only if they have the same slope

Example 5: Find the equation of a line passes through the point (3, 5) and is parallel to
the line 2𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 4.

Solution:
2𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 4
2 4
𝑦=− 𝑥+
5 5
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
2
𝑦 − 5 = − (𝑥 − 3)
5
5(𝑦 − 5) = −2(𝑥 − 3)
5𝑦 − 25 = −2𝑥 + 6

2𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 31

PERPENDICULAR LINES
Two lines, neither of which is vertical, are perpendicular if and only if their slopes have a
product of –1.

Example 6: Find the slope of the line L perpendicular to the line having the equation
5𝑥 − 𝑦 = 4

To find the slope, write 5𝑥 − 𝑦 = 4 in slope–intercept form:

The slope is 5. Since the lines are perpendicular, if line L has slope, then 5m = −1 or

CHAPTER 3 3
 MODULE CALCULUS 1 WITH ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

1
𝑚=−
5

For further understanding visit these links

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-lines/parallel-
perp/v/parallel-and-perpendicular-lines-intro

3.4. ANGLE BETWEEN TWO LINES

Objectives:

• Solve angle between two lines.

The acute angle θ between the two lines whose slopes are 𝑚1 and 𝑚2 are given by
𝑚1 − 𝑚2
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = | |
1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2
If the lines are parallel then 𝑚1 = 𝑚2
If the lines are perpendicular then 𝑚1 𝑚2 = −1

Example 7: Find the angle between the lines 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 7 = 0 and 7𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 9 = 0.

Solution:
Comparing the equation with equation of straight line, 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐,
2
Slope of line 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 7 = 0 is (𝑚1 ) = 3
7
Slope of line 7𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 9 = 0 is (𝑚2 ) = − 4

Let, 𝜃 bet he angle between two lines, then

CHAPTER 3 4
 MODULE CALCULUS 1 WITH ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

Example 8: Find the equation of the line through (3, 2) and making angle 45° with
the line 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 3.

Solution:
Let m be the slope of the required line passing through (3, 2). So, using slope point form,
its equation is 𝑦 − 2 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 3)
1
Slope of line 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 3 is
2

Since, these lines make an angle of 45° so,

Substituting values of m in equation 𝑦 − 2 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 3),

(𝑥−3)
we get 𝑦 − 2 = 3(𝑥 − 3) and 𝑦 − 2 = or
3

3𝑥 − 𝑦 − 7 = 0 and 𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 9 = 0 are the required equations of line.

For further understanding visit these links

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JSEPDJfl8m8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ILZzOzUNXuSs

3.5. DISTANCE FROM A POINT TO A LINE

Objectives:

• Solve for the distance from a point to a line.

The distance from a point (m, n) to the line Ax+By+C=0 is given by:
|𝐴𝑚 + 𝐵𝑛 + 𝐶 |
𝑑=
√𝐴2 + 𝐵2
There are some examples using this formula following the proof.
Proof of the Perpendicular Distance Formula
Let’s start with the line Ax+By+C=0 and
𝐴
label it DE. It has slope − 𝐵.

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 MODULE CALCULUS 1 WITH ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

We have a point P with coordinates (m, n). We wish to find the perpendicular distance
from the point P to the line DE (that is, distance PQ)

We now do a trick to make things easier for ourselves (the algebra is really horrible
𝐴
otherwise). We construct a line parallel to DE through (m, n). This line will also have slope −
𝐵
since it is parallel to DE. We will call this line FG.

Now, we construct another line parallel to PQ passing through the origin.

𝐵
This line will have slope 𝐴, because it is perpendicular to DE.

Let's call it line RS. We extend it to the origin (0,0).

We will find the distance RS, which I hope you agree is equal to the distance PQ that
we wanted at the start.

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 MODULE CALCULUS 1 WITH ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
𝐴 𝐴
Since FG passes through (m, n) and has slope − , its equation is 𝑦 − 𝑛 = − (𝑥 − 𝑚) or
𝐵 𝐵
−𝐴𝑥+𝐴𝑚+𝐵𝑛
𝑦= 𝐵

𝐵
Line RS has equation 𝑦 = 𝐴 𝑥.
𝐵 −𝐴𝑥+𝐴𝑚+𝐵𝑛
Line FG intersect with line RS when 𝐴 𝑥 = 𝐵

𝐴(𝐴𝑚+𝐵𝑛)
Solving this gives us 𝑥 = 𝐴2 +𝐵2

𝐵
So, after substituting this back into 𝑦 = 𝐴 𝑥, we find that point R is

𝐴(𝐴𝑚 + 𝐵𝑛) 𝐵(𝐴𝑚 + 𝐵𝑛)

=
𝐴2 + 𝐵2 𝐴2 + 𝐵2
𝐵
Point S is the intersection of the lines 𝑦 = 𝐴 𝑥 and 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0, which can be written

𝐴𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑦=−
𝐵
This occurs when (that is, we are solving them simultaneously)
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐶 𝐵
− = 𝑥
𝐵 𝐴
−𝐴𝐶 −𝐵𝐶
Solving for x gives ,
𝐴2 +𝐵2 𝐴2 +𝐵2

The Distance RS, using the distance formula,

𝑑 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 is

−𝐴𝐶 𝐴(𝐴𝑚 + 𝐵𝑛) 2 −𝐵𝐶 𝐵(𝐴𝑚 + 𝐵𝑛) 2

𝑑 = √( − ) + ( − )
𝐴2 + 𝐵2 𝐴2 + 𝐵2 𝐴2 + 𝐵2 𝐴2 + 𝐵2

{(−𝐴(𝐴𝑚 + 𝐵𝑛 + 𝐶 )}2 + {(−𝐵(𝐴𝑚 + 𝐵𝑛 + 𝐶 )}2

=√
(𝐴2 + 𝐵2 )2

(𝐴2 + 𝐵2 )(𝐴𝑚 + 𝐵𝑛 + 𝐶 )2
=√
(𝐴2 + 𝐵2 )2

(𝐴𝑚 + 𝐵𝑛 + 𝐶 )2
=√
(𝐴2 + 𝐵2 )

|𝐴𝑚 + 𝐵𝑛 + 𝐶 |
𝑑=
√𝐴2 + 𝐵2

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 MODULE CALCULUS 1 WITH ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

Example 1
Find the perpendicular distance from the pint (5, 6) to the line −2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4 = 0,
using the formula we just found.

|𝐴𝑚 + 𝐵𝑛 + 𝐶 |
𝑑=
√𝐴2 + 𝐵2
|(−2)(5) + (3)(6) + 4|
= = 3.328
√4 + 9
Here is the graph of the situation. We can see that our
answer of just over 3 units is reasonable.

6
Example 2 Find the distance from the point (-3, 7) to the line 𝑦 = 5 𝑥 + 2

We first need to express the given line in standard form.

6
𝑦 = 𝑥+2
5
5𝑦 = 6𝑥 + 10
6𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 10 = 0
Using the formula for the distance from a point to a line, we have:
|𝐴𝑚 + 𝐵𝑛 + 𝐶 |
𝑑=
√𝐴2 + 𝐵2
|(6)(−3) + (−5)(7) + 10|
𝑑=
√36 + 25
= |−5.506|
= 5.506

For further understanding visit these links

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h13wl_gi4GA
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/geometry-home/analtic-geometry-
topic/distance-between-a-point-and-a-line/v/distance-between-a-point-and-
a-line

CHAPTER 3 8
 MODULE CALCULUS 1 WITH ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

3.6. EQUATION OF A CIRCLE IN CENTER-RADIUS FORM

Objectives:

• Solve for the center-radius form of an equation.

A circle is the s of all points in a plane equidistant from a

DEFINITION 3.6 fixed point. The fixed point is called the center, and the content
equal distance is called the radius.

The circle with center at the point (h, k) and radius r has an
THEOREM 3.6.1 equation
(𝑥 − ℎ )2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2

Example 1: Find an equation of the circle having a diameter with endpoints at A(-2, 3) and
B(4, 5)

Solution: The midpoint of the line segment from A to B is the center of the circle.
−2 + 4 3+5
ℎ= 𝑘=
2 2
=1 =4
The center is at C(1, 4). The radius of the circle can be computed as either |𝐶𝐴| or |𝐶𝐵|.
If 𝑟 = |𝐶𝐴|, then

𝑟 = √(1 + 2)2 + (4 + 3)2 = √10

An equation of the circle is therefore,
(𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 − 4)2 = 10

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 7 = 0

For further understanding visit this link

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JbEfcJyOd2Y

CHAPTER 3 9
 MODULE CALCULUS 1 WITH ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

3.7. GENERAL EQUATION OF A CIRCLE

Objectives:

• Solve for the general equation of a circle.

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0

which is called the general form of an equation of a circle. Because every circle has a center
and radius, its equation can be put in the center–radius form, and hence into the general form. If
we start with an equation of a circle in the general form, we can write it in the center–radius form
by completing squares.

NOTE:
𝑟 = 0 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑑𝑜𝑡 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ
𝑟 > 0 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ
𝑟 < 0 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑦 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ

Example: Find the center and radius of the circle having the equation
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 15 = 0

Solution: The given equation may be written as

(𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 ) + (𝑦 2 − 2𝑦) = 15

(𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9) + (𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 1) = 15 + 9 + 1
(𝑥 + 3)2 + (𝑥 − 1)2 = 25

Because this equation is in the center–radius form, the center is at (-3,1) and the radius
is 5. Therefore, the graph is in the circle graph.

For further understanding visit this link

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XhISU5aCuTg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xmde2JLKAFQ

REFERENCES

Winston S. Sirug. (2014). College Algebra. Revised Edition.

Louis Leithold. The Calculus With Analytic Geometry. Sixth Edition.

CHAPTER 3 10