Exercises For The Hybrid MBA Corporate Finance Course
Exercises For The Hybrid MBA Corporate Finance Course
MBA – Corporate Finance ‐ Exercises
Exercises for the Hybrid MBA
Corporate Finance Course
To be solved individually or in teams after each lecture block and to be handed
in before a new lecture block starts. Solutions will be provided after the
respective deadlines. Remaining questions and problems will then be
discussed either in class or in the course forum, contingent on their
“importance”.
Chapter 2
Introduction to Financial Statement
Analysis
2‐10. See the file “Table 2_5.xls” showing financial statement data and stock price data for
Mydeco Corp.
b. What is Mydeco’s market‐to‐book ratio at the end of each year?
c. What is Mydeco’s enterprise value at the end of each year?
2‐11. See the file “Table 2_1.xls” and suppose that in 2019, Global launches an aggressive
marketing campaign that boosts sales by 15%. However, their operating margin falls from
5.57% to 4.50%. Suppose that they have no other income, interest expenses are unchanged,
and taxes are the same percentage of pretax income as in 2018.
a. What is Global’s EBIT in 2019?
b. What is Global’s net income in 2019?
c. If Global’s P/E ratio and number of shares outstanding remains unchanged, what is
Global’s share price in 2019?
2‐13. See Table 2.5 showing financial statement data and stock price data for Mydeco Corp.
a. By what percentage did Mydeco’s revenues grow each year from 2016–2019?
b. By what percentage did net income grow each year?
c. Why might the growth rates of revenues and net income differ?
2‐15. See Table 2.5 showing financial statement data and stock price data for Mydeco Corp.
Suppose Mydeco had purchased additional equipment for $12 million at the end of 2016,
and this equipment was depreciated by $4 million per year in 2017, 2018, and 2019. Given
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Hybrid MBA – Corporate Finance ‐ Exercises
Mydeco’s tax rate of 35%, what impact would this additional purchase have had on
Mydeco’s net income in years 2016–2019? (Assume the equipment is paid for out of cash
and that Mydeco earns no interest on its cash balances.)
2‐16. See Table 2.5 showing financial statement data and stock price data for Mydeco Corp.
Suppose Mydeco’s costs and expenses had been the same fraction of revenues in 2016–
2019 as they were in 2015. What would Mydeco’s EPS have been each year in this case?
2‐17. Suppose a firm’s tax rate is 25%.
a. What effect would a $10 million operating expense have on this year’s earnings? What
effect would it have on next year’s earnings?
b. What effect would a $10 million capital expense have on this year’s earnings if the
capital is depreciated at a rate of $2 million per year for five years? What effect would it
have on next year’s earnings?
2‐20. See Table 2.5 showing financial statement data and stock price data for Mydeco Corp.
a. From 2015 to 2019, what was the total cash flow from operations that Mydeco
generated?
b. What fraction of the total in (a) was spent on capital expenditures?
c. What fraction of the total in (a) was spent paying dividends to shareholders?
d. What was Mydeco’s total retained earnings for this period?
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Hybrid MBA – Corporate Finance ‐ Exercises
Chapter 3
Financial Decision Making and the Law of
One Price
3‐6. Suppose the risk‐free interest rate is 4%.
a. Having $200 today is equivalent to having what amount in one year?
b. Having $200 in one year is equivalent to having what amount today?
c. Which would you prefer, $200 today or $200 in one year? Does your answer depend on
when you need the money? Why or why not?
3‐9. You run a construction firm. You have just won a contract to construct a government office
building. It will take one year to construct it, requiring an investment of $10 million today
and $5 million in one year. The government will pay you $20 million upon the building’s
completion. Suppose the cash flows and their times of payment are certain, and the risk‐
free interest rate is 10%.
a. What is the NPV of this opportunity?
b. How can your firm turn this NPV into cash today?
3‐10. Your firm has identified three potential investment projects. The projects and their cash
flows are shown here:
Suppose all cash flows are certain and the risk‐free interest rate is 10%.
a. What is the NPV of each project?
b. If the firm can choose only one of these projects, which should it choose?
c. If the firm can choose any two of these projects, which should it choose?
3‐15. The promised cash flows of three securities are listed here. If the cash flows are risk‐free,
and the risk‐free interest rate is 5%, determine the no‐arbitrage price of each security
before the first cash flow is paid.
3‐17. Consider two securities that pay risk‐free cash flows over the next two years and that have
the current market prices shown here:
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Hybrid MBA – Corporate Finance ‐ Exercises
a. What is the no‐arbitrage price of a security that pays cash flows of $100 in one year and
$100 in two years?
b. What is the no‐arbitrage price of a security that pays cash flows of $100 in one year and
$500 in two years?
c. Suppose a security with cash flows of $50 in one year and $100 in two years is trading
for a price of $130. What arbitrage opportunity is available?
3‐19. Xia Corporation is a company whose sole assets are $100,000 in cash and three projects that
it will undertake. The projects are risk free and have the following cash flows:
Xia plans to invest any unused cash today at the risk‐free interest rate of 10%. In one year,
all cash will be paid to investors and the company will be shut down.
a. What is the NPV of each project? Which projects should Xia undertake and how much
cash should it retain?
b. What is the total value of Xia’s assets (projects and cash) today?
c. What cash flows will the investors in Xia receive? Based on these cash flows, what is the
value of Xia today?
d. Suppose Xia pays any unused cash to investors today, rather than investing it. What are
the cash flows to the investors in this case? What is the value of Xia now?
e. Explain the relationship in your answers to parts (b), (c), and (d).
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Hybrid MBA – Corporate Finance ‐ Exercises
Chapter 4
The Time Value of Money
4‐13. You have a loan outstanding. It requires making three annual payments at the end of the
next three years of $1000 each. Your bank has offered to restructure the loan so that
instead of making the three payments as originally agreed, you will make only one final
payment at the end of the loan in three years. If the interest rate on the loan is 5%, what
final payment will the bank require you to make so that it is indifferent between the two
forms of payment?
4‐14. You have been offered a unique investment opportunity. If you invest $10,000 today, you
will receive $500 one year from now, $1500 two years from now, and $10,000 ten years
from now.
a. What is the NPV of the opportunity if the interest rate is 6% per year? Should you take
the opportunity?
b. What is the NPV of the opportunity if the interest rate is 2% per year? Should you take it
now?
4‐15. Marian Plunket owns her own business and is considering an investment. If she undertakes
the investment, it will pay $4000 at the end of each of the next three years. The opportunity
requires an initial investment of $1000 plus an additional investment at the end of the
second year of $5000. What is the NPV of this opportunity if the interest rate is 2% per year?
Should Marian take it?
4‐23. Your grandmother has been putting $1000 into a savings account on every birthday since
your first (that is, when you turned 1). The account pays an interest rate of 3%. How much
money will be in the account on your 18th birthday immediately after your grandmother
makes the deposit on that birthday?
4‐24. A rich relative has bequeathed you a growing perpetuity. The first payment will occur in a
year and will be $1000. Each year after that, on the anniversary of the last payment you will
receive a payment that is 8% larger than the last payment. This pattern of payments will go
on forever. If the interest rate is 12% per year,
a. What is today’s value of the bequest?
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Hybrid MBA – Corporate Finance ‐ Exercises
b. What is the value of the bequest immediately after the first payment is made?
4‐27. Your oldest daughter is about to start kindergarten at a private school. Tuition is $10,000
per year, payable at the beginning of the school year. You expect to keep your daughter in
private school through high school. You expect tuition to increase at a rate of 5% per year
over the 13 years of her schooling. What is the present value of the tuition payments if the
interest rate is 5% per year? How much would you need to have in the bank now to fund all
13 years of tuition?
4‐28. A rich aunt has promised you $5000 one year from today. In addition, each year after that,
she has promised you a payment (on the anniversary of the last payment) that is 5% larger
than the last payment. She will continue to show this generosity for 20 years, giving a total
of 20 payments. If the interest rate is 5%, what is her promise worth today?
4‐29. You are running a hot Internet company. Analysts predict that its earnings will grow at 30%
per year for the next five years. After that, as competition increases, earnings growth is
expected to slow to 2% per year and continue at that level forever. Your company has just
announced earnings of $1,000,000. What is the present value of all future earnings if the
interest rate is 8%? (Assume all cash flows occur at the end of the year.)
4‐31. Your brother has offered to give you $100, starting next year, and after that growing at 3%
for the next 20 years. You would like to calculate the value of this offer by calculating how
much money you would need to deposit in the local bank so that the account will generate
the same cash flows as he is offering you. Your local bank will guarantee a 6% annual
interest rate so long as you have money in the account.
a. How much money will you need to deposit into the account today?
b. Using an Excel spreadsheet, show explicitly that you can deposit this amount of money
into the account, and every year withdraw what your brother has promised, leaving the
account with nothing after the last withdrawal.
4‐32. Suppose you currently have $5000 in your savings account, and your bank pays interest at a
rate of 0.5% per month. If you make no further deposits or withdrawals, how much will you
have in the account in five years?
4‐33. Your firm spends $5000 every month on printing and mailing costs, sending statements to
customers. If the interest rate is 0.5% per month, what is the present value of eliminating
this cost by sending the statements electronically?
4‐34. You have just entered an MBA program and have decided to pay for your living expenses
using a credit card that has no minimum monthly payment. You intend to charge $1000 per
month on the card for the next 21 months. The card carries a monthly interest rate of 1%.
How much money will you owe on the card 22 months from now, when you receive your
first statement post‐graduation?
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Hybrid MBA – Corporate Finance ‐ Exercises
4‐35. Your credit card charges an interest rate of 2% per month. You have a current balance of
$1000, and want to pay it off. Suppose you can afford to pay off $100 per month. What will
your balance be at the end of one year?
4‐37. You are thinking of purchasing a house. The house costs $350,000. You have $50,000 in cash
that you can use as a down payment on the house, but you need to borrow the rest of the
purchase price. The bank is offering a 30‐year mortgage that requires annual payments and
has an interest rate of 7% per year. What will your annual payment be if you sign up for this
mortgage?
4‐38. You would like to buy the house and take the mortgage described in Problem 37. You can
afford to pay only $23,500 per year. The bank agrees to allow you to pay this amount each
year, yet still borrow $300,000. At the end of the mortgage (in 30 years), you must make a
balloon payment; that is, you must repay the remaining balance on the mortgage. How
much will this balloon payment be?
4‐40. Suppose you take the 30‐year mortgage described in Problem 39, part (a). How much will
you still owe on the mortgage after 15 years?
4‐41. You are thinking about buying a piece of art that costs $50,000. The art dealer is proposing
the following deal: He will lend you the money, and you will repay the loan by making the
same payment every two years for the next 20 years (i.e., a total of 10 payments). If the
interest rate is 4% per year, how much will you have to pay every two years?
4‐42. You are saving for retirement. To live comfortably, you decide you will need to save $2
million by the time you are 65. Today is your 30th birthday, and you decide, starting today
and continuing on every birthday up to and including your 65th birthday, that you will put
the same amount into a savings account. If the interest rate is 5%, how much must you set
aside each year to make sure that you will have $2 million in the account on your 65th
birthday?
4‐43. You realize that the plan in Problem 42 has a flaw. Because your income will increase over
your lifetime, it would be more realistic to save less now and more later. Instead of putting
the same amount aside each year, you decide to let the amount that you set aside grow by
3% per year. Under this plan, how much will you put into the account today? (Recall that
you are planning to make the first contribution to the account today.)
4‐45. You have just turned 30 years old, have just received your MBA, and have accepted your
first job. Now you must decide how much money to put into your retirement plan. The plan
works as follows: Every dollar in the plan earns 7% per year. You cannot make withdrawals
until you retire on your sixty‐fifth birthday. After that point, you can make withdrawals as
you see fit. You decide that you will plan to live to 100 and work until you turn 65. You
estimate that to live comfortably in retirement, you will need $100,000 per year starting at
the end of the first year of retirement and ending on your 100th birthday. You will
contribute the same amount to the plan at the end of every year that you work. How much
do you need to contribute each year to fund your retirement?
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Hybrid MBA – Corporate Finance ‐ Exercises
4‐46. Problem 45 is not very realistic because most retirement plans do not allow you to specify a
fixed amount to contribute every year. Instead, you are required to specify a fixed
percentage of your salary that you want to contribute. Assume that your starting salary is
$75,000 per year and it will grow 2% per year until you retire. Assuming everything else
stays the same as in Problem 45, what percentage of your income do you need to contribute
to the plan every year to fund the same retirement income?
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Hybrid MBA – Corporate Finance ‐ Exercises
Chapter 5
Interest Rates
5‐2. Which do you prefer: a bank account that pays 5% per year (EAR) for three years or
a. An account that pays 2½% every six months for three years?
b. An account that pays 7½% every 18 months for three years?
c. An account that pays ½% per month for three years?
5‐3. Many academic institutions offer a sabbatical policy. Every seven years a professor is given a
year free of teaching and other administrative responsibilities at full pay. For a professor
earning $70,000 per year who works for a total of 42 years, what is the present value of the
amount she will earn while on sabbatical if the interest rate is 6% (EAR)?
5‐10. Your son has been accepted into college. This college guarantees that your son’s tuition will
not increase for the four years he attends college. The first $10,000 tuition payment is due
in six months. After that, the same payment is due every six months until you have made a
total of eight payments. The college offers a bank account that allows you to withdraw
money every six months and has a fixed APR of 4% (semiannual) guaranteed to remain the
same over the next four years. How much money must you deposit today if you intend to
make no further deposits and would like to make all the tuition payments from this account,
leaving the account empty when the last payment is made?
5‐18. You have an outstanding student loan with required payments of $500 per month for the
next four years. The interest rate on the loan is 9% APR (monthly). You are considering
making an extra payment of $100 today (that is, you will pay an extra $100 that you are not
required to pay). If you are required to continue to make payments of $500 per month until
the loan is paid off, what is the amount of your final payment? What effective rate of return
(expressed as an APR with monthly compounding) have you earned on the $100?
5‐19. Consider again the setting of Problem 18. Now that you realize your best investment is to
prepay your student loan, you decide to prepay as much as you can each month. Looking at
your budget, you can afford to pay an extra $250 per month in addition to your required
monthly payments of $500, or $750 in total each month. How long will it take you to pay off
the loan?
5‐21. Your friend tells you he has a very simple trick for shortening the time it takes to repay your
mortgage by one‐third: Use your holiday bonus to make an extra payment on January 1 of
each year (that is, pay your monthly payment due on that day twice). Assume that the
mortgage has an original term of 30 years and an APR of 12%.
a. If you take out your mortgage on January 1 (so that your first payment is due on February 1), and
you make your first extra payment at the end of the first year, in what year will you finish
repaying your mortgage?
b. If you take out your mortgage on July 1 (so the first payment is on August 1), and you make the
extra payment each January, in how many months will you pay off your mortgage?
c. How will the amount of time it takes to pay off the loan given this strategy vary with the interest
rate on the loan?
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Hybrid MBA – Corporate Finance ‐ Exercises
5‐22. You need a new car and the dealer has offered you a price of $20,000, with the following
payment options: (a) pay cash and receive a $2000 rebate, or (b) pay a $5000 down
payment and finance the rest with a 0% APR loan over 30 months. But having just quit your
job and started an MBA program, you are in debt and you expect to be in debt for at least
the next 2½ years. You plan to use credit cards to pay your expenses; luckily you have one
with a low (fixed) rate of 15% APR (monthly). Which payment option is best for you?
5‐29. Suppose the term structure of risk‐free interest rates is as shown below:
a. Calculate the present value of an investment that pays $1000 in two years and $2000 in
five years for certain.
b. Calculate the present value of receiving $500 per year, with certainty, at the end of the
next five years. To find the rates for the missing years in the table, linearly interpolate
between the years for which you do know the rates. (For example, the rate in year 4
would be the average of the rate in year 3 and year 5.)
c. Calculate the present value of receiving $2300 per year, with certainty, for the next 20
years. Infer rates for the missing years using linear interpolation. (Hint: Use a
spreadsheet.)
5‐30. Using the term structure in Problem 29, what is the present value of an investment that
pays $100 at the end of each of years 1, 2, and 3? If you wanted to value this investment
correctly using the annuity formula, which discount rate should you use?
5‐31. What is the shape of the yield curve given the term structure in Problem 29? What
expectations are investors likely to have about future interest rates?
5‐32. Suppose the current one‐year interest rate is 6%. One year from now, you believe the
economy will start to slow and the one‐year interest rate will fall to 5%. In two years, you
expect the economy to be in the midst of a recession, causing the Federal Reserve to cut
interest rates drastically and the one‐year interest rate to fall to 2%. The one‐year interest
rate will then rise to 3% the following year, and continue to rise by 1% per year until it
returns to 6%, where it will remain from then on.
a. If you were certain regarding these future interest rate changes, what two‐year interest
rate would be consistent with these expectations?
b. What current term structure of interest rates, for terms of 1 to 10 years, would be
consistent with these expectations?
c. Plot the yield curve in this case. How does the one‐year interest rate compare to the 10‐
year interest rate?
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Hybrid MBA – Corporate Finance ‐ Exercises
Chapter 6
Valuing Bonds
6‐3. The following table summarizes prices of various default‐free, zero‐coupon bonds
(expressed as a percentage of face value):
a. Compute the yield to maturity for each bond.
b. Plot the zero‐coupon yield curve (for the first five years).
c. Is the yield curve upward sloping, downward sloping, or flat?
6‐4. Suppose the current zero‐coupon yield curve for risk‐free bonds is as follows:
a. What is the price per $100 face value of a two‐year, zero‐coupon, risk‐free bond?
b. What is the price per $100 face value of a four‐year, zero‐coupon, risk‐free bond?
c. What is the risk‐free interest rate for a five‐year maturity?
6‐13. Consider the following bonds:
a. What is the percentage change in the price of each bond if its yield to maturity falls from
6% to 5%?
b. Which of the bonds A–D is most sensitive to a 1% drop in interest rates from 6% to 5%
and why? Which bond is least sensitive? Provide an intuitive explanation for your
answer.
6‐14. Suppose you purchase a 30‐year, zero‐coupon bond with a yield to maturity of 6%. You hold
the bond for five years before selling it.
a. If the bond’s yield to maturity is 6% when you sell it, what is the internal rate of return
of your investment?
b. If the bond’s yield to maturity is 7% when you sell it, what is the internal rate of return
of your investment?
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Hybrid MBA – Corporate Finance ‐ Exercises
c. If the bond’s yield to maturity is 5% when you sell it, what is the internal rate of return
of your investment?
d. Even if a bond has no chance of default, is your investment risk free if you plan to sell it
before it matures? Explain.
6‐25. Suppose you are given the following information about the default‐free, coupon‐paying
yield curve:
a. Use arbitrage to determine the yield to maturity of a two‐year, zero‐coupon bond.
b. What is the zero‐coupon yield curve for years 1 through 4?
6‐31. HMK Enterprises would like to raise $10 million to invest in capital expenditures. The
company plans to issue five‐year bonds with a face value of $1000 and a coupon rate of
6.5% (annual payments). The following table summarizes the yield to maturity for five‐year
(annual‐pay) coupon corporate bonds of various ratings:
a. Assuming the bonds will be rated AA, what will the price of the bonds be?
b. How much total principal amount of these bonds must HMK issue to raise $10 million
today, assuming the bonds are AA rated? (Because HMK cannot issue a fraction of a
bond, assume that all fractions are rounded to the nearest whole number.)
c. What must the rating of the bonds be for them to sell at par?
d. Suppose that when the bonds are issued, the price of each bond is $959.54. What is the
likely rating of the bonds? Are they junk bonds?
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Hybrid MBA – Corporate Finance ‐ Exercises
Chapter 7
Investment Decision Rules
7‐5. Bill Clinton reportedly was paid $15 million to write his book My Life. Suppose the book took
three years to write. In the time he spent writing, Clinton could have been paid to make
speeches. Given his popularity, assume that he could earn $8 million per year (paid at the
end of the year) speaking instead of writing. Assume his cost of capital is 10% per year.
a. What is the NPV of agreeing to write the book (ignoring any royalty payments)?
b. Assume that, once the book is finished, it is expected to generate royalties of $5 million
in the first year (paid at the end of the year) and these royalties are expected to
decrease at a rate of 30% per year in perpetuity. What is the NPV of the book with the
royalty payments?
7‐6. FastTrack Bikes, Inc. is thinking of developing a new composite road bike. Development will
take six years and the cost is $200,000 per year. Once in production, the bike is expected to
make $300,000 per year for 10 years. Assume the cost of capital is 10%.
a. Calculate the NPV of this investment opportunity, assuming all cash flows occur at the
end of each year. Should the company make the investment?
b. By how much must the cost of capital estimate deviate to change the decision? (Hint:
Use Excel to calculate the IRR.)
c. What is the NPV of the investment if the cost of capital is 14%?
7‐8. You are CEO of Rivet Networks, maker of ultra‐high performance network cards for gaming
computers, and you are considering whether to launch a new product. The product, the
Killer X3000, will cost $900,000 to develop up front (year 0), and you expect revenues the
first year of $800,000, growing to $1.5 million the second year, and then declining by 40%
per year for the next 3 years before the product is fully obsolete. In years 1 through 5, you
will have fixed costs associated with the product of $100,000 per year, and variable costs
equal to 50% of revenues.
a. What are the cash flows for the project in years 0 through 5?
b. Plot the NPV profile for this investment from 0% to 40% in 10% increments.
c. What is the project’s NPV if the project’s cost of capital is 10%?
d. Use the NPV profile to estimate the cost of capital at which the project would become
unprofitable; that is, estimate the project’s IRR.
7‐12. How many IRRs are there in part (a) of Problem 5? Does the IRR rule give the right answer in
this case? How many IRRs are there in part (b) of Problem 5? Does the IRR rule work in this
case?
7‐15. You have 3 projects with the following cash flows:
Year 0 1 2 3 4
Project 1 ‐150 20 40 60 80
Project 2 ‐825 0 0 7000 ‐6500
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Hybrid MBA – Corporate Finance ‐ Exercises
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Hybrid MBA – Corporate Finance ‐ Exercises
Chapter 8
Fundamentals of Capital Budgeting
8‐5. After looking at the projections of the HomeNet project, you decide that they are not
realistic. It is unlikely that sales will be constant over the four‐year life of the project.
Furthermore, other companies are likely to offer competing products, so the assumption
that the sales price will remain constant is also likely to be optimistic. Finally, as production
ramps up, you anticipate lower per unit production costs resulting from economies of scale.
Therefore, you decide to redo the projections under the following assumptions: Sales of
50,000 units in year 1 increasing by 50,000 units per year over the life of the project, a year
1 sales price of $260/unit, decreasing by 10% annually and a year 1 cost of $120/unit
decreasing by 20% annually. In addition, new tax laws allow 100% bonus depreciation (all
the depreciation expense occurs when the asset is put into use, in this case immediately).
a. Keeping the other assumptions that underlie Table 8.1 the same, recalculate unlevered
net income (that is, reproduce Table 8.1 under the new assumptions, and note that we
are ignoring cannibalization and lost rent).
b. Recalculate unlevered net income including lost rent and assuming that each year 20%
of sales comes from customers who would have purchased an existing Cisco router for
$100/unit and that this router costs $60/unit to manufacture.
8‐7. Castle View Games would like to invest in a division to develop software for video games. To
evaluate this decision, the firm first attempts to project the working capital needs for this
operation. Its chief financial officer has developed the following estimates (in millions of
dollars):
Assuming that Castle View currently does not have any working capital invested in this
division, calculate the cash flows associated with changes in working capital for the first five
years of this investment.
8‐10. You are a manager at Percolated Fiber, which is considering expanding its operations in
synthetic fiber manufacturing. Your boss comes into your office, drops a consultant’s report
on your desk, and complains, “We owe these consultants $1 million for this report, and I am
not sure their analysis makes sense. Before we spend the $25 million on new equipment
needed for this project, look it over and give me your opinion.” You open the report and find
the following estimates (in thousands of dollars):
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Hybrid MBA – Corporate Finance ‐ Exercises
All of the estimates in the report seem correct. You note that the consultants used straight‐
line depreciation for the new equipment that will be purchased today (year 0), which is
what the accounting department recommended. The report concludes that because the
project will increase earnings by $4.875 million per year for 10 years, the project is worth
$48.75 million. You think back to your halcyon days in finance class and realize there is more
work to be done!
First, you note that the consultants have not factored in the fact that the project will require
$10 million in working capital upfront (year 0), which will be fully recovered in year 10. Next,
you see they have attributed $2 million of selling, general and administrative expenses to
the project, but you know that $1 million of this amount is overhead that will be incurred
even if the project is not accepted. Finally, you know that accounting earnings are not the
right thing to focus on!
a. Given the available information, what are the free cash flows in years 0 through 10 that
should be used to evaluate the proposed project?
b. If the cost of capital for this project is 14%, what is your estimate of the value of the new
project?
8‐11. Using the assumptions in part (a) of Problem 5 (assuming no cannibalization nor lost rent),
a. Calculate HomeNet’s net working capital requirements (that is, reproduce Table 8.4
under the assumptions in Problem 5(a)).
b. Calculate HomeNet’s FCF (that is, reproduce Table 8.3 under the same assumptions as in
(a)).
8‐13. Consider again the choice between outsourcing and in‐house assembly of HomeNet
discussed in Section 8.3 and analyzed in Table 8.6. Suppose, however, that the upfront cost
to set up for in‐house production is $6 million rather than $5 million, and the cost per unit
for in‐house production is expected to be $92 rather than $95.
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Hybrid MBA – Corporate Finance ‐ Exercises
b. Alternatively, suppose the cost for outsourcing remains $110/unit, but expected
demand increases above 100,000 units per year. At what level of annual sales, in terms
of units sold, would Cisco be indifferent between these two options?
8‐14. One year ago, your company purchased a machine used in manufacturing for $110,000. You
have learned that a new machine is available that offers many advantages; you can
purchase it for $150,000 today. It will be depreciated on a straight‐line basis over 10 years,
after which it has no salvage value. You expect that the new machine will produce EBITDA
(earning before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization) of $40,000 per year for the
next 10 years. The current machine is expected to produce EBITDA of $20,000 per year. The
current machine is being depreciated on a straight‐line basis over a useful life of 11 years,
after which it will have no salvage value, so depreciation expense for the current machine is
$10,000 per year. All other expenses of the two machines are identical. The market value
today of the current machine is $50,000. Your company’s tax rate is 45%, and the
opportunity cost of capital for this type of equipment is 10%. Is it profitable to replace the
year‐old machine?
8‐15. Beryl’s Iced Tea currently rents a bottling machine for $50,000 per year, including all
maintenance expenses. It is considering purchasing a machine instead, and is comparing two
options:
a. Purchase the machine it is currently renting for $150,000. This machine will require
$20,000 per year in ongoing maintenance expenses.
b. Purchase a new, more advanced machine for $250,000. This machine will require
$15,000 per year in ongoing maintenance expenses and will lower bottling costs by
$10,000 per year. Also, $35,000 will be spent upfront in training the new operators of
the machine.
Suppose the appropriate discount rate is 8% per year and the machine is purchased today.
Maintenance and bottling costs are paid at the end of each year, as is the rental of the
machine. Assume also that the machines will be depreciated via the straight‐line method
over seven years and that they have a 10‐year life with a negligible salvage value. The
marginal corporate tax rate is 35%. Should Beryl’s Iced Tea continue to rent, purchase its
current machine, or purchase the advanced machine?
8‐22. Using the FCF projections in part b of Problem 11, calculate the NPV of the HomeNet project
assuming a cost of capital of
a. 10%.
b. 12%.
c. 14%.
What is the IRR of the project in this case?
8‐24. Bauer Industries is an automobile manufacturer. Management is currently evaluating a
proposal to build a plant that will manufacture lightweight trucks. Bauer plans to use a cost
of capital of 12% to evaluate this project. Based on extensive research, it has prepared the
following incremental free cash flow projections (in millions of dollars):
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Hybrid MBA – Corporate Finance ‐ Exercises
a. For this base‐case scenario, what is the NPV of the plant to manufacture lightweight
trucks?
b. Based on input from the marketing department, Bauer is uncertain about its revenue
forecast. In particular, management would like to examine the sensitivity of the NPV to
the revenue assumptions. What is the NPV of this project if revenues are 10% higher
than forecast? What is the NPV if revenues are 10% lower than forecast?
c. Rather than assuming that cash flows for this project are constant, management would
like to explore the sensitivity of its analysis to possible growth in revenues and operating
expenses. Specifically, management would like to assume that revenues, manufacturing
expenses, and marketing expenses are as given in the table for year 1 and grow by 2%
per year every year starting in year 2. Management also plans to assume that the initial
capital expenditures (and therefore depreciation), additions to working capital, and
continuation value remain as initially specified in the table. What is the NPV of this
project under these alternative assumptions? How does the NPV change if the revenues
and operating expenses grow by 5% per year rather than by 2%?
d. To examine the sensitivity of this project to the discount rate, management would like
to compute the NPV for different discount rates. Create a graph, with the discount rate
on the x‐axis and the NPV on the y‐axis, for discount rates ranging from 5% to 30%. For
what ranges of discount rates does the project have a positive NPV?
8‐25. Billingham Packaging is considering expanding its production capacity by purchasing a new
machine, the XC‐750. The cost of the XC‐750 is $2.75 million. Unfortunately, installing this
machine will take several months and will partially disrupt production. The firm has just
completed a $50,000 feasibility study to analyze the decision to buy the XC‐750, resulting in
the following estimates:
■ Marketing: Once the XC‐750 is operating next year, the extra capacity is expected to
generate $10 million per year in additional sales, which will continue for the 10‐year life
of the machine.
■ Operations: The disruption caused by the installation will decrease sales by $5 million
this year. Once the machine is operating next year, the cost of goods for the products
produced by the XC‐750 is expected to be 70% of their sale price. The increased
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Hybrid MBA – Corporate Finance ‐ Exercises
production will require additional inventory on hand of $1 million to be added in year 0
and depleted in year 10.
■ Human Resources: The expansion will require additional sales and administrative
personnel at a cost of $2 million per year.
■ Accounting: The XC‐750 will be depreciated via the straight‐line method over the 10‐
year life of the machine. The firm expects receivables from the new sales to be 15% of
revenues and payables to be 10% of the cost of goods sold. Billingham’s marginal
corporate tax rate is 35%.
a. Determine the incremental earnings from the purchase of the XC‐750.
b. Determine the free cash flow from the purchase of the XC‐750.
c. If the appropriate cost of capital for the expansion is 10%, compute the NPV of the
purchase.
d. While the expected new sales will be $10 million per year from the expansion, estimates
range from $8 million to $12 million. What is the NPV in the worst case? In the best
case?
e. What is the break‐even level of new sales from the expansion? What is the break‐even
level for the cost of goods sold?
f. Billingham could instead purchase the XC‐900, which offers even greater capacity. The
cost of the XC‐900 is $4 million. The extra capacity would not be useful in the first two
years of operation, but would allow for additional sales in years 3–10. What level of
additional sales (above the $10 million expected for the XC‐750) per year in those years
would justify purchasing the larger machine?
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Hybrid MBA – Corporate Finance ‐ Exercises
Chapter 9
Valuing Stocks
9‐19. Heavy Metal Corporation is expected to generate the following free cash flows over the next
five years:
After then, the free cash flows are expected to grow at the industry average of 4% per year.
Using the discounted free cash flow model and a weighted average cost of capital of 14%:
a. Estimate the enterprise value of Heavy Metal.
b. If Heavy Metal has no excess cash, debt of $300 million, and 40 million shares
outstanding, estimate its share price.
9‐21. Sora Industries has 60 million outstanding shares, $120 million in debt, $40 million in cash,
and the following projected free cash flow for the next four years:
a. Suppose Sora’s revenue and free cash flow are expected to grow at a 5% rate beyond
year 4. If Sora’s weighted average cost of capital is 10%, what is the value of Sora’s stock
based on this information?
b. Sora’s cost of goods sold was assumed to be 67% of sales. If its cost of goods sold is
actually 70% of sales, how would the estimate of the stock’s value change?
c. Let’s return to the assumptions of part (a) and suppose Sora can maintain its cost of
goods sold at 67% of sales. However, now suppose Sora reduces its selling, general, and
administrative expenses from 20% of sales to 16% of sales. What stock price would you
estimate now? (Assume no other expenses, except taxes, are affected.)
d. Sora’s net working capital needs were estimated to be 18% of sales (which is their
current level in year 0). If Sora can reduce this requirement to 12% of sales starting in
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Hybrid MBA – Corporate Finance ‐ Exercises
year 1, but all other assumptions remain as in part (a), what stock price do you estimate
for Sora? (Hint: This change will have the largest impact on Sora’s free cash flow in year
1.)
9‐22. Consider the valuation of Kenneth Cole Productions in Example 9.7.
a. Suppose you believe KCP’s initial revenue growth rate will be between 4% and 11%
(with growth slowing in equal steps to 4% by year 2011). What range of share prices for
KCP is consistent with these forecasts?
b. Suppose you believe KCP’s EBIT margin will be between 7% and 10% of sales. What
range of share prices for KCP is consistent with these forecasts (keeping KCP’s initial
revenue growth at 9%)?
c. Suppose you believe KCP’s weighted average cost of capital is between 10% and 12%.
What range of share prices for KCP is consistent with these forecasts (keeping KCP’s
initial revenue growth and EBIT margin at 9%)?
d. What range of share prices is consistent if you vary the estimates as in parts (a), (b), and
(c) simultaneously?
9‐25. Suppose that in January 2006, Kenneth Cole Productions had EPS of $1.65 and a book value
of equity of $12.05 per share.
a. Using the average P/E multiple in Table 9.1, estimate KCP’s share price.
b. What range of share prices do you estimate based on the highest and lowest P/E
multiples in Table 9.1?
c. Using the average price to book value multiple in Table 9.1, estimate KCP’s share price.
d. What range of share prices do you estimate based on the highest and lowest price to
book value multiples in Table 9.1?
9‐26. Suppose that in January 2006, Kenneth Cole Productions had sales of $518 million, EBITDA
of $55.6 million, excess cash of $100 million, $3 million of debt, and 21 million shares
outstanding.
a. Using the average enterprise value to sales multiple in Table 9.1, estimate KCP’s share
price.
b. What range of share prices do you estimate based on the highest and lowest enterprise
value to sales multiples in Table 9.1?
c. Using the average enterprise value to EBITDA multiple in Table 9.1, estimate KCP’s share
price.
d. What range of share prices do you estimate based on the highest and lowest enterprise
value to EBITDA multiples in Table 9.1?
9‐27. In addition to footwear, Kenneth Cole Productions designs and sells handbags, apparel, and
other accessories. You decide, therefore, to consider comparables for KCP outside the
footwear industry.
a. Suppose that Fossil, Inc., has an enterprise value to EBITDA multiple of 9.73 and a P/E
multiple of 18.4. What share price would you estimate for KCP using each of these
multiples, based on the data for KCP in Problems 25 and 26?
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Hybrid MBA – Corporate Finance ‐ Exercises
b. Suppose that Tommy Hilfiger Corporation has an enterprise value to EBITDA multiple of
7.19 and a P/E multiple of 17.2. What share price would you estimate for KCP using each
of these multiples, based on the data for KCP in Problems 25 and 26?
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Hybrid MBA – Corporate Finance ‐ Exercises
Chapter 10
Capital Markets and the Pricing of Risk
10‐1. The figure on page 357 shows the one‐year return distribution for RCS stock. Calculate
a. The expected return.
b. The standard deviation of the return.
10‐2. The following table shows the one‐year return distribution of Startup, Inc. Calculate
a. The expected return.
b. The standard deviation of the return.
10‐6. Using the data in the following table, calculate the return for investing in Boeing stock (BA)
from January 2, 2008, to January 2, 2009, and also from January 3, 2011, to January 3, 2012,
assuming all dividends are reinvested in the stock immediately.
Historical Stock and Dividend Data for Boeing
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Hybrid MBA – Corporate Finance ‐ Exercises
10‐8. Assume that historical returns and future returns are independently and identically
distributed, and drawn from the same distribution.
a. Calculate the 95% confidence intervals for the expected annual return of four different
investments included in Tables 10.3 and 10.4 (the dates are inclusive, so the time period
spans 92 years).
b. Assume that the values in Tables 10.3 and 10.4 are the true expected return and
volatility (i.e., estimated without error) and that these returns are normally distributed.
For each investment, calculate the probability that an investor will not lose more than
5% in the next year. (Hint: you can use the function normdist (x,mean,volatility,1) in
Excel to compute the probability that a normally distributed variable with a given mean
and volatility will fall below x.)
c. Do all the probabilities you calculated in part (b) make sense? If so, explain. If not, can
you identify the reason?
10‐12. Use the spreadsheet “Ford Data.xls” that contains historical monthly prices and dividends
(paid at the end of the month) for Ford Motor Company stock (Ticker: F) from August 1994
to August 1998. Calculate the realized return over this period, expressing your answer in
percent per month (i.e., what monthly return would have led to the same cumulative
performance as an investment in Ford stock over this period).
10‐13. Using the same data as in Problem 12, compute the
a. Average monthly return over this period.
b. Monthly volatility (or standard deviation) over this period.
10‐15. Compute the 95% confidence interval of the estimate of the average monthly return you
calculated in Problem 13(a).
10‐17. Use the spreadsheet “Data for Figure10_1.xls”.
a. Compute the average return for each of the assets from 1929 to 1940 (The Great
Depression).
b. Compute the variance and standard deviation for each of the assets from 1929 to 1940.
c. Which asset was riskiest during the Great Depression? How does that fit with your
intuition?
10‐18. Using the data from Problem 17, repeat your analysis over the 1990s.
a. Which asset was riskiest?
b. Compare the standard deviations of the assets in the 1990s to their standard deviations
in the Great Depression. Which had the greatest difference between the two periods?
c. If you only had information about the 1990s, what would you conclude about the
relative risk of investing in small stocks?
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Hybrid MBA – Corporate Finance ‐ Exercises
a. Calculate the arithmetic average return on the S&P 500 from 1926 to 1989.
b. Assuming that the S&P 500 had simply continued to earn the average return from (a),
calculate the amount that $100 invested at the end of 1925 would have grown to by the
end of 2017.
Do the same for small stocks.
10‐27. Suppose the risk‐free interest rate is 5%, and the stock market will return either 40% or
−20% each year, with each outcome equally likely. Compare the following two investment
strategies: (1) invest for one year in the risk‐free investment, and one year in the market, or
(2) invest for both years in the market.
a. Which strategy has the highest expected final payoff?
b. Which strategy has the highest standard deviation for the final payoff?
c. Does holding stocks for a longer period decrease your risk?
10‐28. Use the data from Problem 17, start in 1929, and divide the sample into four periods of 20
years each. For each 20‐year period, calculate the final amount an investor would have
earned given a $1000 initial investment. Also express your answer as an annualized return. If
risk were eliminated by holding stocks for 20 years, what would you expect to find? What
can you conclude about long‐run diversification?
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Hybrid MBA – Corporate Finance ‐ Exercises
Chapter 11
Optimal Portfolio Choice and the Capital
Asset Pricing Model
11‐5. Using the data in the following table, estimate (a) the average return and volatility for each
stock, (b) the covariance between the stocks, and (c) the correlation between these two
stocks.
11‐6. Use the data in Problem 5, consider a portfolio that maintains a 50% weight on stock A and
a 50% weight on stock B.
a. What is the return each year of this portfolio?
b. Based on your results from part a, compute the average return and volatility of the
portfolio.
c. Show that (i) the average return of the portfolio is equal to the average of the average
returns of the two stocks, and (ii) the volatility of the portfolio equals the same result as
from the calculation in Eq. 11.9.
d. Explain why the portfolio has a lower volatility than the average volatility of the two
stocks.
11‐7. Using your estimates from Problem 5, calculate the volatility (standard deviation) of a
portfolio that is 70% invested in stock A and 30% invested in stock B.
11‐8. Using the data from Table 11.3, what is the covariance between the stocks of Alaska Air and
Southwest Airlines?
11‐13. Suppose Tex stock has a volatility of 40%, and Mex stock has a volatility of 20%. If Tex and
Mex are uncorrelated,
a. Construct a portfolio with positive weights in both stocks and that has the same
volatility as MEX alone.
b. What portfolio of the two stocks has the smallest possible volatility?
11‐15. Using the data from Table 11.3, what is the volatility of an equally weighted portfolio of
Microsoft, Alaska Air, and Ford Motor stock?
11‐26. Using the same data as for Problem 23, calculate the expected return and the volatility
(standard deviation) of a portfolio consisting of Johnson & Johnson’s and Walgreens’ stocks
using a wide range of portfolio weights. Plot the expected return as a function of the
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Hybrid MBA – Corporate Finance ‐ Exercises
portfolio volatility. Using your graph, identify the range of Johnson & Johnson’s portfolio
weights that yield efficient combinations of the two stocks, rounded to the nearest
percentage point.
11‐49. Consider a portfolio consisting of the following three stocks:
The volatility of the market portfolio is 10% and it has an expected return of 8%. The risk‐
free rate is 3%.
a. Compute the beta and expected return of each stock.
b. Using your answer from part a, calculate the expected return of the portfolio.
c. What is the beta of the portfolio?
d. Using your answer from part c, calculate the expected return of the portfolio and verify
that it matches your answer to part b.
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Hybrid MBA – Corporate Finance ‐ Exercises
Chapter 12
Estimating the Cost of Capital
12‐4. Suppose all possible investment opportunities in the world are limited to the five stocks
listed in the table below. What does the market portfolio consist of (what are the portfolio
weights)?
12‐11. Use the data in the spreadsheet “Nike and HPQ Stock Return.xls” to estimate the beta of
Nike (NKE) and HP (HPQ) stock based on their monthly returns from 2011–2017. (Hint: You
can use the slope( ) function in Excel.)
12‐12. Using the same data as in Problem 11, estimate the alpha of Nike and HP stock, expressed as
% per month. (Hint: You can use the intercept( ) function in Excel.)
12‐13. Using the same data as in Problem 11, estimate the 95% confidence interval for the alpha
and beta of Nike and HP stock using Excel’s regression tool (from the data analysis menu) or
the linest( ) function.
28