CS-114

Fundamentals of Computer
Programming

Lecture 7
Control Statements – III

Course Instructor: NUST Institute of Civil

Aisha Shabbir Institute of Geographical Information Systems
Engineering (NICE)
 Road Map for Today
• Control Statements
 Selection
• if
• switch
 Iteration
• while
• do…while
• for
 Jump
C++ Iteration/Repetition
Statements
OVERVIEW
 We often need to do repetitive calculations in order to
solve complex problems

 To perform repetitive calculations in a program we need

iterative statements that let us execute the same block of
code multiple times

Programming Foundations I
4
OVERVIEW
 C++ has three kinds of iterative statements
 The while loop
 The for loop
 The do-while loop

Programming Foundations I
5
ITERATIVE
STATEMENTS

PART 1
WHILE LOOPS
WHILE LOOPS
 A while loop iteratively executes a block of code
 We need to specify the following:
 The initialization code to execute before the loop
 The logical expression for continuing iteration
 The block of code to be repeated inside the loop

 The program will execute block of code repeatedly as long

as the while condition remains true
 The program will not execute block of code when the while
condition becomes false

Programming Foundations I
7
WHILE LOOPS
 The C++ syntax of the while loop is:

// initialization statement
while ( logical expression )
{
// block of statements to be repeated
// update variables in logical expression
}

Programming Foundations I
8
 The while statement
• A repetition statement specifies that a program
should repeat an action while some condition
remains true.
 The while statement
A while loop is a “pre test” loop - the condition is
tested before the loop body is executed

while(condition)
statement;

while(condition)
{
statement(s);
}
 The while statement - Example

// Local variable declaration:

int a = 10;
Output:
Value of a: 10
// while loop execution Value of a: 11
while( a < 15 )
{ Value of a: 12
cout << “Value of a: " << a << endl;Value of a: 13
a++;
} Value of a: 14
The while statement - Example

// Local variable declaration:

int product = 10;

// while loop execution

while( product <= 100 )
product *= 3;
Flowchart Representation of “while”

Part of program
before iteration

Logical expression FALSE

(loop condition)

TRUE

Part of program
Loop Body after iteration

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COUNTING LOOPS
 Often need to perform an operation fixed number of times
 We can use a counting loops to do this operation

 We need to do the following:

 Initialize the loop counter
 While counter has NOT reached desired value
• Perform desired operations
• Increment loop counter
• Check loop counter again

Programming Foundations I
14
COUNTING LOOPS
// Counting loop example
int Count = 0; con-var
while (Count < 10) // conditional variable
{
cout << Count << " squared=" << Count*Count << endl;//
independent
Count = Count + 1; // con-var
}

 This while loop will execute the block of code 10 times

 Count values will go from 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, 10
 When Count equals 10 we do not execute block of code

CSCE 2004 - Programming Foundations I

15
COUNTING LOOPS
// Another counting loop example
int Number = 1;
while (Number <=10)
{
cout << Number << " halved=" << Number /2 << endl;
Number = Number + 1;
}

 This while loop will execute the block of code 10 times

 Number values will go from 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10, 11
 When Number equals 11 we do not execute block of code

CSCE 2004 - Programming Foundations I

16
COUNTING LOOPS
// Zero iterations loop
int Value = 101;
while (Value < 17)
{
cout << Value << " doubled=" << Value*2 << endl;
Value = Value + 1;
}

 This while loop will execute the block of code 0 times

 The initial value of the Value variable is too large to enter
the loop, so the block of code is skipped over

CSCE 2004 - Programming Foundations I

17
CONDITIONAL LOOPS
 We often need to vary the number of iterations based on
the data values
 Conditional loops allow us to process data until given
situation arises

 We need to do the following:

 Perform initialization code
 While the condition remains TRUE
• Perform desired operations
• Check terminating condition again

CSCE 2004 - Programming Foundations I

18
CONDITIONAL LOOPS
// Another conditional loop example
int Val = 54;
int Cnt = 0;
while ((Val % 3) == 0)
{
cout << Val << " " << Cnt << endl;
Val = Val / 3;
Cnt = Cnt + 1;
}

 This while loop will count how many times Val can be
divided evenly by 3 (in this case Cnt=3 since 54=3*3*3*2)

CSCE 2004 - Programming Foundations I

19
INFINITE LOOPS
 It is possible to create while loops which execute forever
 These infinite loops are often unplanned and unwanted

 Occasionally infinite loops are used on purpose

 This is not recommended, but you may see it in other
programmer's code

CSCE 2004 - Programming Foundations I

20
INFINITE LOOPS
// Infinite loop example
while (true)
cout << "Hello Mam\n";

 This while loop will print “Hello Mam” on the screen in an

infinite loop until you get bored and kill the program

CSCE 2004 - Programming Foundations I

21
INFINITE LOOPS
// Accidental infinite loop
int Total = 0;
int Count = 0;
while (Count < 10)
{
Total = Total + Count;
Cout << "total=" << Total << endl;
}

 We forgot to increment the variable Count inside the loop

so it will always be equal to 0, giving us an infinite loop

CSCE 2004 - Programming Foundations I

22
INFINITE LOOPS
// Potential infinite loop
int Height = 0;
while (Height < 42)
{
cout << "Enter height: ";
cin >> Height;
}

 This loop will execute over and over until the user enters a
Height value >= 42
 This code could go in an infinite loop if the user types a
string like “height” instead an integer value

CSCE 2004 - Programming Foundations I

23
 The while statement – Example
• Calculate the sum of first 10 natural numbers.
Common Mistakes in while-extra semicolon

while (num < minimum);

{
cout << “Enter a number”;
cin >> num;
}
 “do…while” loop

In addition to the while loop, C++ also offers the

do-while and for loops.

A do-while loop is similar to a while loop, but it is

in “post-test” format.
 “do…while” loop

do {
statement(s);
} while(condition);

Note the Semicolon

here. It is part of the
syntax & missing it will
give an error.
Flowchart Representation of “do…while”

Part of program
before iteration
Loop Body

Logical expression FALSE

(loop condition)

TRUE

Part of program
Loop Body after iteration

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 “do…while” - Example

A program that averages 3 test scores

and it repeats as many times as the
user wishes.
 “do…while” - Example
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
int score1, score2, score3;
float average;
char again;

do {
cout << "Enter 3 scores and I will average them: ";
cin >> score1 >> score2 >> score3;
average = (score1 + score2 + score3) / 3.0;
cout << "The average is " << average << ".\n";
cout << "Do you want to average another set? (Y/N) ";
cin >> again;
} while (again == 'Y' || again == 'y');
} while ( ? );
return 0;
}
 “do…while” - Example
#include <iostream>Output with a Sample Input
using namespace std;
Enter 3 scores and I will average them: 80 90 70 [Enter]
int main() The average is 80.
{ Do you want to average another set? (Y/N) y [Enter]
int score1, score2, score3;
float average;
Enter 3 scores and I will average them: 60 75 88 [Enter]
char again; The average is 74.333336.
Do you want to average another set? (Y/N) n [Enter]
do {
cout << "Enter 3 scores and I will average them: ";
cin >> score1 >> score2 >> score3;
average = (score1 + score2 + score3) / 3.0;
cout << "The average is " << average << ".\n";
cout << "Do you want to average another set? (Y/N) ";
cin >> again;
} while (again == 'Y' || again == 'y');

return 0;
}
 “do…while” - Example
#include <iostream>
using namespace std; Output
int main ()
value of a: 10
{ value of a: 11
// Local variable declaration value of a: 12
int a = 10;

// do loop execution
do {
cout << "value of a: " << a
<< endl;
a = a + 1;
} while( a < 13 );

return 0;
}
 “do … while …” vs “while …”
• Almost the same
• Prefer “do … while …” when we are
guaranteed to execute loop body at least once
• Prefer “while …” if loop body may not be
executed at all
• Programmer’s choice

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