Chapter 8: Introduction to Trigonometry

Exercise 8.1 (Page 181 of Grade 10 NCERT Textbook)

Q1. In ABC, right-angled at B, AB = 24 cm, BC = 7 cm, determine:

(i ) sin A, cos A
( ii ) sin C, cos C

Difficulty level: Easy

What is the known?

Two sides of a right-angled triangle ΔABC

What is the unknown?

Sine and cosine of angle A and C.

Reasoning:

Applying Pythagoras theorem for ABC, we can find hypotenuse (side AC). Once
hypotenuse is known, we can find sine and cosine angle using trigonometric ratios.

Solution:

In ABC, we obtain.
AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2
= (24cm) 2 + (7cm) 2
= (576 + 49) cm 2
= 625 cm 2
 Hypotenuse AC = 625 cm = 25 cm
(i)

side opposite to A BC
sin A = =
hypotenuse AC
7cm 7
sin A = =
25cm 25
7
sin A =
25
side adjacent to A AB
cos A = =
hypotenuse AC
24cm 24
= =
25cm 25
24
cos A =
25

(ii)
 side opposite to C AB
sin C= =
hypotenuse AC
24cm 24
sin C= =
25cm 25
24
sin C=
25
side adjacent to C BC
cos C= =
hypotenuse AC
7 cm 7
= =
25cm 25
7
cos C=
25

Q2. In the given figure, find tan P – cot R.

Difficulty level: Medium

What is the known/given?

PQ = 12 cm and PR = 13 cm.

What is the unknown?

One side of right-angled triangle PQR

Reasoning:

Using Pythagoras theorem, we can find the length of the third side. Then the required
trigonometric ratios.
Solution:

Apply Pythagoras theorem for PQR we obtain:

PR 2 = PQ 2 + QR 2
QR 2 = PR 2 − PQ 2
QR 2 = (13cm) 2 − (12cm) 2
QR 2 = 169 cm 2 − 144 cm 2
QR 2 = 25 cm 2
QR = 5 cm

side opposite to P QR 5cm

tan P = = =
side adjacent to P PQ 12cm
5
tan P =
12
 side adjacent to R QR 5cm
cot R = = =
side opposite to R PQ 12cm
5
cot R =
12

5 5
tan P − cot R= −
12 12
tan P − cot R = 0

3
sin A =
Q3. If 4 calculate cos A and tan A.

Difficulty level: Medium

What is the known/given?

Sine of A .

What is the unknown?

Cosine and tangent of A

Reasoning:

Using sin A, we can find the ratio of the length of two sides of the right-angled
triangle. Then by using Pythagoras theorem, the third side and required trigonometric
ratios.

Solution:

Let ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 be a right-angled triangle, right angled at point B.

Given that
3
sin A =
4
BC 3
 =
AC 4

Let BC be 3k. Therefore, AC will be 4k where k is a positive integer.

Applying Pythagoras theorem for  ABC, we obtain:

AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2
AB 2 = AC 2 − BC 2
AB 2 = (4 k ) 2 − (3 k ) 2
AB 2 = 16k 2 − 9 k 2
AB 2 = 7 k 2
AB = 7 k

side adjacent to A AB 7k
cosA = = =
hypotenuse AC 4k
7
=
4

side opposite to A BC 3k
tan A= = =
side adjacent to A AB 7k
3
=
7
7 3
Thus, cos A= and tan A=
4 7

Q4. Given 15 cot A = 8, find sin A and sec A.

Difficulty level: Medium

What is the known/given?

Cotangent of A

What is the unknown?

Sine and Secant of A .
Reasoning:
Using cot A, we can find the ratio of the length of two sides of the right-angled
triangle. Then by using Pythagoras theorem, the third side and required trigonometric
ratios.
Solution:
Let us consider a right-angled ABC, right angled at B.

side adjacent to A AB
cot A = =
side opposite to A BC
It is given that
8 AB 8
cotA =  =
15 BC 15

Let AB be 8 k. Therefore, BC will be 15 k where k is a positive integer.

Apply Pythagoras theorem in Δ ABC, we obtain.

AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2
AC 2 = (8k ) 2 + (15k ) 2
AC 2 = 64k 2 + 225k 2
AC 2 = 289k 2
AC =17k
side opposite to A BC 15 k
sin A= = =
hypotenuse AC 17 k
15
=
17
hypotenuse AC 17 k
sec A= = =
side adjacent to A AB 8 k
17
=
8
15 17
Thus, sin A = and sec A =
17 8
 13
sec  = ,
Q5. Given 12 calculate all other trigonometric ratios.

Difficulty level: Medium

What is the known/given?

Secant of 

What is the unknown?

Other trigonometric ratios.

Reasoning:
Using Sec θ , we can find the ratio of the length of two sides of the right-angled
triangle. Then by using Pythagoras theorem, the third side and required trigonometric
ratios.

Solution:
Let ABC be a right-angled triangle, right angled at point B.

It is given that:
hypotenuse AC 13
sec θ = = =
side adjacent to  AB 12

Let AC = 13 k and AB = 12 k where k is a positive integer.

Apply Pythagoras theorem in Δ ABC, we obtain:

 AC2 = AB2 + BC2
BC2 = AC2 − AB2
BC2 = (13k) 2 − (12 k) 2
BC2 = 169 k 2 − 144 k 2
BC2 = 25k 2
BC = 5k

side opposite to θ BC 5
sin θ = = =
hypotenuse AC 13

side adjacent to θ AB 12
cosθ = = =
hypotenuse AC 13

side opposite to θ BC 5
tanθ = = =
side adjacent to θ AB 12
side adjacent to θ AB 12
cot θ= = =
side opposite to θ BC 5
hypotenuse AC 13
cosecθ= = =
side opposite to θ BC 5

Q6. If A and B are acute angles such that cos A = cos B, then show that
A =  B.

Difficulty level: Medium

What is the known/given?

A and B are acute angles and cos A = cos B.

What is the unknown?

To show that A = B

Reasoning:

Using cos A and cos B, we can find the ratio of the length of two sides of the right-
angled triangle with respective angles. Then compare both the ratios.
Solution:

In the right-angled triangle ABC, ∠A and ∠B are acute angles and ∠C is right angle.

side adjacent to A AC
cos A = =
hypotenuse AB
side adjacent to B BC
cos B= =
hypotenuse AB

Given that cos A = cos B

Therefore,
AC BC
=
AB AB
AC = BC

Hence, A = B, (angles opposite to equal sides of triangle are equal.)

Alternatively,
Reasoning:
Using cos A and cos B, we can find the ratio of the length of two sides of the right-
angled triangle with respective angles. Then by using Pythagoras theorem, relation
between the sides.

Let us consider a triangle ABC in which CO ┴ AB.

It is given that

cos A = cos B
AO BO
=
AC BC
AO AC
=
BO BC
 AO AC
Let = =k
BO BC
AO = k.BO (i )
AC = k.BC ( ii )
By applying Pythagoras theorem in CAO and CBO, we get.

AC2 = AO 2 +CO 2 from ΔCAO

CO 2 = AC2 − AO 2 ( iii )
BC2 = BD 2 +CO 2 from ΔCBO
CO 2 = BC2 − BO 2 ( iv )
From equation (iii) and equation (iv), we get
AC2 − AO 2 = BC 2 − BO 2
(kBC) 2 − (kBO) 2 = BC 2 − BO 2
k 2 BC2 − k 2 BO 2 = BC 2 − BO 2
k 2 (BC2 − BO 2 ) = BC 2 − BO 2
2 BC2 − BO 2
k = =1
BC2 − BO 2
k =1
Putting this value in equation (ii) we obtain
AC = BC

A = B (angles opposite to equal sides of triangle are equal.)

 7 (1 + sin  )(1 − sin  )
cot  = (i)
Q7. If 8 , evaluate: (1 + cos  )(1 − cos  ) , ( ii ) cot 2
Difficulty Level: Medium

What is the known/given?

7
cot  =
8

What is the unknown?

(1 + sin  )(1 − sin  )
(i)
Value of (1 + cos  )(1 − cos  ) , and ( ii ) cot 2

Reasoning:
7
cot  =
Using 8 , we can find the ratio of the length of two sides of the right-angled
triangle. Then by using Pythagoras theorem, the third side and required trigonometric
ratios.

Solution:
Let Δ ABC , in which angle B is right angle.

side adjacent to  AB 7
cot  = = =
side opposite to  BC 8

Let AB = 7k and BC = 8k , where k is a positive integer.

By applying Pythagoras theorem in Δ ABC, we get.

 C2 = 2 + C2
= (7k) 2 + (8k) 2
= 49k 2 + 64k 2
= 113k 2
AC = 113k 2
= 113k
Therefore,
side opposite to  BC 8k 8
sin = = = =
hypotenuse AC 113k 113
side adjacent to  AB 7k 7
cos  = = = =
hypotenuse AC 113k 113

(1 + sin  )(1 − sin  )

(i)
(1 + cos  )(1 − cos  )
(1 + sin )(1 − sin ) = 1 − sin 2
 ( a + b )( a − b ) = ( a 2 − b2 )
(1 + cos )(1 − cos ) 1 − cos  2 
2
 8 
1−  
= 
113 
2
 7 
1−  
 113 
64
1−
= 113
49
1−
113
49
= 113
64
113
49
=
64

( ii ) cot 2
2
7
cot  =  
2

8
49
=
64
 1 − tan 2 A
= cos2 A − sin 2 A
Q8. If 3 cot A = 4, check whether 1 + tan A
2
or not.

Difficulty Level: Medium

What is the known/given?

Cotangent of angle A

What is the unknown?

1 − tan 2 A
= cos2 A − sin 2 A
whether 1 + tan A
2

Reasoning:
Using 3cot A = 4 , we can find the ratio of the length of two sides of the right-angled
triangle. Then by using Pythagoras theorem, the third side and required trigonometric
ratios.

Solution:
3cot A = 4
4
cot A =
3

Let Δ ABC , in which angle B is right angle.

side adjacent to A AB 4
cot A = = =
side opposite to A BC 3

Let AB = 4k and BC = 3k where k is a positive integer.

By applying Pythagoras theorem in Δ ABC, we get.

 C2 = 2 + C2
= (4k) 2 + (3k) 2
= 16k 2 + 9k 2
= 25k 2
AC = 25k 2
=5k
Therefore,
side opposite to A BC 3k 3
tan A = = = =
side adjacent to A AB 4k 4
side opposite to A BC 3k 3
sin A= = = =
hypotenuse AC 5k 5
side adjacent to A AB 4k 4
cos A = = = =
hypotenuse AC 5k 5

1 − tan 2 A
L.H.S =
1 + tan 2 A
2
3
1−  
= 4
2
3
1+  
4
9
1−
= 16
9
1+
16
16 − 9
=
16 + 9
7
=
25

R.H.S = cos 2 A − sin 2 A

2 2
 4 3
=  − 
 5 5
16 9
= −
25 25
16 − 9
=
25
7
=
25
 1 − tan 2 A
Therefore, = cos 2 A − sin 2 A
1 + tan A
2

1
tan A=
Q9. In the triangle ABC right-angled at B, if 3 find the value of:
( i ) sin A cos C + cos A sin C
( ii ) cos A cos C – sin A sin C

Difficulty level: Medium

Reasoning:
1
Using tan A = , we can find the ratio of the length of two sides of the right-angled
3
triangle. Then by using Pythagoras theorem, the third side and required trigonometric
ratios.

Solution:
1
(i) Let Δ ABC be a right-angled triangle tan A=
3

side opposite to A BC 1
tan A = = =
side adjacent to A AB 3

Let BC = k and AB = 3 k where k is a positive real number.

By applying Pythagoras theorem for Δ ABC

 AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2
= ( )
3 k + (k )
2

= 3k 2 + k 2
= 4k 2
AC = 4k 2
= 2k
Therefore,
side opposite to A BC 1
sin A = = =
hypotenuse AC 2
side adjacent to A AB 3
cos A = = =
hypotenuse AC 2
side opposite to C AB 3
sin C = = =
hypotenuse AC 2
side adjacent to C BC 1
cosC = = =
hypotenuse AC 2

(i) sin A cos C + cos A sin C

By substituting the values of the trigonometric functions in the above equation.

11  3 3
sin A cos C + cos A sin C ==     +   
22  2  2 
1 3
= +
4 4
1+ 3
=
4
4
=
4
=1

(ii) cos AcosC − sin Asin C

By substituting the values of the trigonometric functions in the above equation.

 31 1 3
cos A cosC − sin Asin C =   −  
 2 2 2 2 
3 3
= −
4 4
=0
Q10. In PQR, right-angled at Q, PR + QR = 25 cm and PQ = 5 cm. Determine
the values of sin P, cos P and tan P.

Difficulty level: Medium

Reasoning:
Using Pythagoras theorem, we can find the length of the all three sides. Then the
required trigonometric ratios

Solution:
Given, ∆ PQR is right-angled at Q.

PQ = 5 cm
PR + QR = 25cm

Let PR = x cm

Therefore,

QR = 25cm − PR
= ( 25 − x ) cm

By applying Pythagoras theorem for ∆ PQR, we obtain.

PR 2 = PQ 2 + QR 2
x 2 = (5) 2 + (25 − x) 2
x 2 = 25 + 625 − 50 x + x 2
50 x = 650
650
x=
50
= 13
Therefore,
PR = 13 cm
QR = ( 25 − 13) cm
= 12 cm
By substituting the values obtained above in the trigonometric functions below.

side opposite to P QR 12
sin P = = =
hypotenuse PR 13
side adjacent to P PQ 5
cos P = = =
hypotenuse PR 13
side opposite to P QR 12
tan P = = =
side adjacent to P PQ 5

Q11. State whether the following are true or false. Justify your answer.
(i) The value of tan A is always less than 1.
12
(ii) sec A= for some value of angle A.
5
(iii) cos A is the abbreviation used for the cosecant of angle A.
(iv) cot A is the product of cot and A.
4
(v) sin  = , for some angle θ.
3
Difficulty level: Medium

Solution:

(i) False, because sides of a right-angled triangle may have any length. So tan A may
have any value.

(ii)
hypotenuse
secA=
side adjacent to Α

As hypotenuse is the largest side, the ratio on RHS will be greater than 1. Hence
sec A  1. Thus, the given statement is true.

(iii) Abbreviation used for cosecant of A is cosec A and cos A is the abbreviation
used for cosine of A . Hence the given statement is false.

(iv) cot A is not the product of cot and A. It is the cotangent of A . Hence, the given
statement is false.
 4
(v) Sin  =
3

We know that in a right-angled triangle,

side adjacent to 
Sin  =
hypotenuse

In a right-angled triangle, hypotenuse is always greater than the remaining two sides.
Also, the value of Sine should be less than 1. Therefore, such value of Sin  is not
possible. Hence the given statement is false.
 Chapter 8: Introduction to Trigonometry
Exercise 8.2 (Page 187 of Grade 10 NCERT Textbook)
Q1. Evaluate the following:
(i) sin 600 cos300 + sin 300 cos600 (ii) 2 tan 2 450 + cos 2 300 − sin 2 600
cos 450 sin 300 + tan 450 − cosec600
(iii) (i v)
sec300 + cosec300 sec300 + cos600 − cot 450
5cos 2 600 + 4sec2 300 − tan 2 450
(v)
sec2 300 + cos 2 300

Difficulty level: Medium

Reasoning:
We know that,

Exact Values of Trigonometric Functions

Angle (θ)
sin (θ) cos (θ) tan (θ)
Degrees Radians
0° 0 0 1 0
 1 3 1
30°
6 2 2 3
 1 1
45° 1
4 2 2
 3 1
60° 3
3 2 2

90° 1 0 Not Defined
2

Solution:

(i)
 3 3 11
sin 600 cos300 + sin 300 cos600 =   +  
 2  2  22
3 1
= +
4 4
3 +1
=
4
4
=
4
=1
(ii)
2 tan 2 45 + cos 2 30 − sin 2 60 = 2 ( tan 45 ) + ( cos30 ) − ( sin 60 )
2 2 2

2 2
 3  3
= 2(1) 2 +   − 
 2   2 
3 3
=2+ −
4 4
=2

(iii)
 1 
 
 2
0
cos 45
=
sec300 + cosec300  2   2 
 + 
 3 1
1
= 2
2+2 3
3
1 3
=
(
2 2+2 3 )
3
=
2 2 ( 3 +1 )
Multiplying numerator and denominator by 2 ( )
3 − 1 , we get
3 2( 3 − 1)
= 
2 2 ( 3 +1 ) 2( 3 − 1)

3 2− 6
= .
4 ( 3 − 1)
3 2− 6
=
8
(iv)
1 2
+1−
sin 30 + tan 45 − cosec60
0 0 0
2 3
=
sec30 + cos60 + cot 45
0 0 0
2 1
+ +1
3 2
3 2
−
2 3
=
2 3
+
3 2
3 3−4
= 2 3
4+3 3
2 3
3 3−4
=
3 3+4
( )
Multiplying numerator and denominator by 3 3 − 4 , we get

(3 3 − 4) (3 3 − 4)
=
(3 3 + 4) (3 3 − 4)
27 + 16 − 24 3
=
27 − 16
43 − 24 3
=
11
(v)
2 2
1  2 
5  + 4   − (−1)
2

5cos 60 + 4sec 30 − tan 45

2 0 2 0 2 0
2  3
=
sin 30 + cos 30
2 0 2 0
1 
2
3
2

  + 
2  2 
 5 16 
 + − 1
= 
4 3
1 3
 + 
4 4
 15 + 64 − 12 
 
=  12 
 3 +1
 
 4 
 67 
 
= 
12
4
 
4
67
=
12

Q2. Choose the correct option and justify your choice:

2 tan 300
(i)
1 + tan 2 300

( A ) sin 60 0
( B) cos 60 0
( C ) tan 60 0
( D ) sin 60 0

1 − tan 2 450
(ii)
1 + tan 2 450

( A ) tan 90 ( B) 1 ( C ) sin 45
0 0
( D) 0 0

(iii) sin 2A = 2sin A is true when A =

(A) 00 ( B) 300 ( C ) 450 ( D ) 600

 2 tan 300
(iv)
1 − tan 2 300
( A ) cos 600 ( B ) sin 60 0
( C ) tan 60 0
( D ) sin 30 0

Difficulty level: Medium

Reasoning:
We know that,

Exact Values of Trigonometric Functions

Angle (θ)
sin (θ) cos (θ) tan (θ)
Degrees Radians
0° 0 0 1 0
 1 3 1
30°
6 2 2 3
 1 1
45° 1
4 2 2
 3 1
60° 3
3 2 2

90° 1 0 Not Defined
2

Solution:
2 tan 300
(i)
1 + tan 2 300
By substituting the values of given trigonometric ratios in the above equation, we get.
 1 
2 
=  3
2
 1 
1+  
 3
1
2
= 3
1
1+
3
2
= 3
4
3
2 3
= 
3 4
3
=
2
 3
Out of the given options only sin 60 =
0
. Hence, option (A) is correct.
2

(ii)
1 − tan 2 450
1 + tan 2 450
0
By substituting the values of given trigonometric ratios for tan 45 .
1 − (1) 2
=
1 + (1) 2
1−1
=
1+1
0
=
2
=0
Hence, option (D) is correct.

(iii)
sin 2A = 2sin A

By substituting A = 00 , 300 , 450 and 600 ,we get

For A = 00
sin 2A = sin 2  00
= sin 00
=0
2sin A = 2  sin 00
= 2  00
=0
sin 2A = 2sin A (When A = 00 )

For A = 300
sin 2A = sin 2  300
= sin 600
3
=
2
2sin A = 2  sin 300
1
= 2
2
=1
sin 2A  2sin A (When A = 300 )
For A = 450
sin 2A = sin 2  450
= sin 900
=1
2sin A = 2  sin 450
1
= 2
2
= 2
sin 2A  2sin A (When A = 450 )

For A = 600
sin 2A = sin 2  600
= sin1200
3
=
2
2sin A = 2  sin 600
3
= 2 = 3
2
sin 2A  2sin A (When A = 600 )
Hence Option (A) is correct

(iv)
2 tan 300
1 − tan 2 300
By substituting the values of given trigonometric ratios for tan 300 , we get
 1 
2 
=  3
2
 1 
1−  
 3
 2 
 
= 
3
 1
1 − 
 3
 2 
 
=
3
2
 
3
2 3
= 
3 2
= 3
Out of the given option only tan 60 = 3.
0

Hence option (C) is correct.

1
tan ( A − B) = ; 00  ( A + B)  0 , A  B,
tan ( A + B) = 3 3
Q3. If and find A and B.

Difficulty level: Medium

Solution:
Given that
1
tan (A + B) = 3 and, tan (A − B) =
3
1
Since, tan 600 = 3 and tan 300 =
3
Therefore,
tan (A + B) = tan 600
(A + B) = 600 (i)
tan (A − B) = tan 30 0

(A − B) = 300 (ii)

On adding both equations (i) and (ii), we obtain:

A + B + A − B = 600 + 300
2A = 900
A = 450

By substituting the value of A in equation (i) we obtain

A + B = 600
450 + B = 600
B = 600 − 450 = 150

Therefore, A = 450 and  = 150 ( A  B)

Q4. State whether the following are true or false. Justify your answer.
(i) sin ( A + B ) = sin A + sin B.
(ii) The value of sin θ increases as θ increases.
(iii) The value of cos θ increases as θ increases.
(iv) sin θ = cosθ for all values of θ.
(v) cot A is not defined for A = 0°.

Difficulty level: Medium

Solution:
sin ( A + B ) = sin A + sin B.
For the purpose of verification, Let A = 300 and B = 600
L.H.S = sin ( A + B )
= sin ( 300 + 600 )
= sin 900
=1

R.H.S = sin A + sin B

= sin 300 + sin 600
1 3
= +
2 2
1+ 3
=
2
Since, sin ( A + B )  sin A + sin B.
Hence, the given statement is not true

(ii) The value of sin  increases from 0 to 1 as θ increases from 00 to 900

sin 00 = 0
1
sin 300 = = 0.5
2
1
sin 450 = = 0.707
2
3
sin 600 = = 0.866
2
sin 900 = 1
Hence, the given statement is true.

(iii) The value of cos  decreases from 1 to 0 as θ increases from 00 to 900

cos00 = 1
3
cos300 = = 0.866
2
1
cos 450 = = 0.707
2
1
cos600 = = 0.5
2
cos90 = 0
0

Hence, the given statement is false.

(iv)
This is true when  = 450
1 1
As sin 450 = and cos 450 =
2 2
It is not true for other values of θ
As,
1 3
sin 300 = and cos300 =
2 2
3 1
sin 600 = and cos600 =
2 2
sin 900 = 1 and cos900 = 0
Hence, the given statement is false.

(v)
cos A
cot A =
sin A
cos00 1
 cot 0 =
0
= = undefined
sin 00 0
Hence the given statement is true.
 Chapter 8: Introduction to Trigonometry
Exercise 8.3 (Page 189 of Grade 10 NCERT Textbook)

Q1. Evaluate:

sin180 tan 260

(i) (ii) (iii) cos 480 − sin 420 (iv) cosec310 − sec590
cos720 cot 640

Difficulty level: Medium

Reasoning:
sin ( 900 − θ ) = cos θ
tan(900 − ) = cot 
sec(900 − ) = cosec 

Solution:
(i)
sin180
cos 720

Since,
sin ( 900 −  ) = cos 

Here θ = 720

sin(900 − 720 )
=
cos 720
cos 720
=
cos 720
=1

(ii)
tan 260
cot 640

Since
tan(900 − ) = cot 

Here  = 640
 tan(900 − 640 )
=
cot 640
cot 640
=
cot 640
=1

(iii)
cos 480 − sin 420

Since,
sin(900 − θ) = cosθ

Here θ = 480
= cos 480 − sin ( 900 − 480 )
= cos 480 − cos 480
=0
(iv)
cosec310 − sec590

Since,
sec(900 − ) = cosec 

Here  = 31
0

= cosec310 − sec ( 900 − 310 )

= cosec310 − cosec310
=0

Q2. Show that:

(i) tan 48 tan 23 tan 42 tan 67 = 1

(ii) cos 38 cos 52 − sin 38 sin 52 = 0

Difficulty level: Medium

Reasoning:
sin ( 900 − θ ) = cos θ
tan(900 − ) = cot 
Solution:
(i)Taking L.H.S
= tan 48 tan 23 tan 42 tan 67

Since tan (90 − θ) = cot θ

0

= tan (900 − 420 ) tan(900 − 670 ) tan 420 tan 67 0

= cot 420 cot 67 0 tan 420 tan 67 0
= (cot 420 tan 420 )(cot 67 0 tan 67 0 )
 1  1 
=  tan 420    tan 67 0 
 tan 42   tan 67 
0 0

= 1 1
=1
= R.H.S
Hence, tan 48 tan 23 tan 42 tan 67 = 1

(ii) Taking L.H.S

= cos38 cos52 − sin 38 sin 52

Since, sin(90 − θ) = cosθ

0

= cos380 cos520 − sin (900 − 570 ) sin (900 − 380 )

= cos380 cos520 − cos520 cos380
=0
= R.H.S

Hence, cos380 cos520 − sin380 sin520 = 0

Q3. If tan2A = cot ( A –18 ) , where 2A is an acute angle, find the value of A.

Difficulty level: Medium

Reasoning:
tan(900 − ) = cot 

Solution:

Given that: tan2A = cot ( A –18 ) ….(i)

But tan 2A = cot (90 − 2A)

0
By substituting this in equation (i) we get:

cot ( 900 − 2A ) = cot ( A − 180 )

900 − 2A = A − 180
3A = 1080
1080
A= =
3
A = 360

Q4. If tan A = cot B, prove that A + B = 900.

Difficulty level: Easy

Reasoning:
tan(900 − ) = cot 

Solution:
Given that: tan A = cot B (i)

We know that tan A = cot ( 900 − A )

By substituting this in equation (i) we get:

cot (900 − A) = cot B

900 − A = B
A + B = 900

sec4A = cosec ( A – 20 ) ,

Q5. If where 4A is an acute angle, find the value of A.

Difficulty level: Easy

Reasoning:
secA = cosec ( 900 − A )

Solution:

sec4A = cosec ( A – 20° )

Given that: ….(i)
(
Since, secA = cosec 90 − A
0
)
By using property in equation (i) we get:

cosec ( 900 − 4A ) = cosec ( A − 200 )

900 − 4A = A − 200
5A = 1100
1100
A=
5
A = 220

Q6. If A, B and C are interior angles of a triangle ABC, then show that
 B+C A
sin   = cos
 2  2

Difficulty level: Medium

Reasoning:
sin (900 − θ ) = cosθ

Solution:
We know that for  ABC,

 A +  B +  C = 1800
 B +  C = 1800 −  A

On dividing both sides by 2, we get:

 B +  C 1800 −  A
=
2 2
B + C A
= 900 −
2 2

Applying sine angles on both the sides:

 B+C  0 A
sin   = sin  90 − 
 2   2

Since
sin (900 − ) = cos 
B+C A
 sin   = cos  
 2  2
Q7. Express sin 670 + cos 750 in terms of trigonometric ratios of angles between
00 and 450 .

Difficulty level: Medium

Reasoning:
cos ( 900 − θ ) = sin θ

Solution:

Given that: sin 670 + cos 750 ….(i)

( )
Since cos 90 − θ = sin θ
0

By using property in equation (i) we get:

= sin ( 900 − 230 ) + cos ( 900 − 150 )

= cos 230 + sin150

Hence, the expression cos 230 + sin150 has trigonometric ratios of angles between 00
and 450 .
 Chapter 8: Introduction to Trigonometry
Exercise 8.4 (Page 193 of Grade 10 NCERT Textbook)

Q1. Express the trigonometric ratios sin A, sec A and tan A in terms of cot A.

Difficulty level: Medium

Reasoning:
cosec2 A = 1 + cot 2 A
sec2A = 1 + tan 2A

Solution:
Consider a ABC with B = 90

Using the Trigonometric Identity,

cosec2 A = 1 + cot 2 A
1 1
= (By taking reciprocal both the sides)
cosec A 1+cot 2A
2

1  1 
sin 2 A =  As = sin 2 A 
1 + cot 2 A 
2
cosec A 

Therefore,
1
sin A = 
1 + cot 2 A
For any sine value with respect to an angle in a triangle, sine value will never be
negative. Since, sine value will be negative for all angles greater than 180°.
1
Therefore, sin A =
1+cot 2 A
sin A
We know that, tan A=
cos A
cos A
However, Trigonometric Function, cot A=
Sin A
1
Therefore, Trigonometric Function, tan A=
cot A
2 2
Also, sec A = 1 + tan A ( Trigonometric Identity )
 1
=1+
cot 2 A
cot 2 A+1
=
cot 2 A
cot 2 A+1
secA =
cot A

Q2. Write all the other trigonometric ratios of A in terms of sec A.

Difficulty level: Medium

Reasoning:
sin 2 A + cos2 A = 1
cosec2 A = 1 + cot 2 A
sec2A = 1 + tan 2A

Solution:
We know that,
1
Trigonometric Function, cos A = Equation (1)
sec A
Also,

sin 2A + cos2A = 1 ( Trigonometric identity )

sin 2A = 1 − cos2A ( By transposing )

Using value of cos A from Equation (1) and simplifying further,

2
 1 
sin A = 1 −  
 secA 
sec2 A − 1
=
sec2 A
sec2 A − 1
= Equation (2)
sec A

tan 2A + 1 = sec2 A ( Trigonometric identity )

tan 2A = sec2A – 1 ( By transposing )

Trigonometric Function,
 tan A = sec2A − 1 ... Equation ( 3)
cosA
cot A =
sinA
1
=
sec A
( By substituting Equations (1) and ( 2 ) )
sec A − 1
2

sec A
1
=
sec 2 A − 1

1
cosecA=
sin A
=
secA
( By substituting Equation ( 2 ) and simplifying )
sec2 A − 1

Q3. Evaluate

sin 2 63 + sin 2 27

(i)
cos 2 17 + cos 2 73
(ii) sin25 cos65 + cos25 sin 65

Difficulty level: Medium

Reasoning:
sin 2 A + cos2 A = 1
sin(90 − θ) = cosθ
cos(90 − θ) = sin θ

Solution:
sin 2 63 + sin 2 27
(i)
cos 2 17 + cos 2 73
sin ( 90 − 27 )  + sin 2 27
2

=  
cos ( 90 − 73 )  + cos 2 73
2

 
cos 2 27 + sin 2 27
=
sin 2 73 + cos 2 73
( sin(90 
− θ) = cosθ & cos(90 − θ) = sin θ )

=
1
1
( By Identity sin A+cos A =1)
2 2

=1
(ii) sin 25 cos65 + cos25 sin 65
= sin 25 cos ( 90 − 25 )  + cos 25 sin ( 90 − 25 )
= sin 25.sin 25 + cos 25.cos 25  sin ( 90 − θ ) = cos θ & cos ( 90 − θ ) = sin θ 
= sin 2 25 + cos 2 25
=1 ( By Identity sin 2
A +cos 2A = 1)

Q4. Choose the correct option. Justify your choice.

( i ) 9 sec 2A − 9 tan 2A = _________

(A) 1
( B) 9
( C) 8
( D) 0
( ii ) (1 + tan θ + sec θ ) (1 + cot θ − cosec θ )
(A) 0
( B) 1
(C) 2
( D) − 1
( iii ) ( sec A + tan A ) (1 – sin A ) = _________
( A ) sec A
( B) sin A
( C ) cosec A
( D ) cos A
1+tan 2 A
( iv )
1 + cot 2 A
( A ) sec2A
( B) − 1
( C ) cot2A
( D ) tan2A
Difficulty level: Medium

Reasoning:
sin 2 A + cos2 A = 1
cosec2 A = 1 + cot 2 A
sec2A = 1 + tan 2A
Solution:
( i ) 9 sec2A − 9 tan 2A
= 9 (sec2 A − tan 2 A)
= 9  1 [By the identity, 1+ sec2 A = tan 2 A, Hence sec2 A − tan 2 A = 1]
=9

(ii ) (1 + tan θ + sec θ ) (1 + cot θ − cosec θ ) Equation (1)

We know that the trigonometric functions,

sin( x)
tan( x) =
cos( x)
cos( x) 1
cot( x) = =
sin( x) tan( x)

And
1
sec( x) =
cos( x)
1
cosec( x) =
sin( x)
By substituting the above function in Equation (1),
 sinθ 1  cosθ 1 
 1+ +  1+ − 
 cosθ cosθ  sinθ sinθ 
 cosθ+sinθ+1  sinθ+cosθ − 1 
=   ( By taking LCM and multiplying )
 cosθ  sinθ 
(sinθ+cosθ) 2 − (1)2
=
sinθ cosθ
( Using a -b =(a+b)(a-b) )
2 2

sin 2θ+cos 2θ+2sinθcosθ − 1

=
sinθcosθ
1+2sinθcosθ − 1
=
sinθcosθ
( Using identifysin 2θ + cos 2θ=1)

2sinθcosθ
= =2
sinθcosθ
Hence, option(C)iscorrect.
(iii ) (sec A + tan A ) (1 – sin A ) (1)
We know that the trigonometric functions,

sin( x)
tan( x) =
cos( x)
And
1
sec( x) =
cos( x)

By substituting the above function in Equation (1),

 1 sinA 
= +  (1 − sinA)
 cosA cosA 
 1+sinA 
=  (1 − sinA)
 cosA 
1 − sin 2 A
=
cosA
cos 2 A
= (Byidentifysin 2θ+cos 2θ=1,Hence1 − sin 2θ = cos 2θ)
cosA
= cos A
Hence, option (D)iscorrect.

1 + tan 2 A
(iv)
1 + cot 2 A

We know that the trigonometric functions,

sin( x)
tan( x) =
cos( x)
cos( x)
cot( x) =
sin( x)
1
=
tan( x)
By substituting the above function in Equation (1),
 sin 2 A
1+
1+tan 2 A cos 2 A
=
1+cot 2 A cos 2 A
1+ 2
sin A
cos 2 A + sin 2 A
= cos 2 A
sin 2 A + cos 2 A
sin 2 A
1
2
= cos A
1
sin 2 A
sin 2 A
=
cos 2 A
=tan 2 A
Hence, option (D)is correct.

Q5. Prove the following identities, where the angles involved are acute angles
for which the expressions are defined.
1 − cosθ
(i) (cosecθ − cot θ) 2 =
1+cosθ
cos A 1+sin A
(ii) + =2secA
1+sin A cos A
tan θ cot θ
(iii) + =1+secθcosecθ
1 − cot θ 1 − tan θ
1+sec A sin 2 A
(iv) =
sec A 1 − cos A
cos A − sin A+1
(v) =cosec A +cotA
cos A+sin A+1
1+sinA
(vi) =sec A + tan A
1-sinA
sin θ − 2sin 3θ
(vii) = tan θ
2cosθ − cosθ
(viii) (sinA +cosec A) 2 +(cos A +sec A) 2 = 7+tan 2A +cot 2 A
1
(ix) (cosecA − sinA)(secA − cosA) =
tan A+cot A
 1 + tan 2 A   1 − tan A 
2

=  = tan A
2
(x) 
 1 + cot A   1 − cot A 
2
Difficulty level: Medium

Reasoning:
sin 2 A + cos2 A = 1
cosec2 A = 1 + cot 2 A
sec2A = 1 + tan 2A

Solution:
1 − cosθ
(i) (cosecθ − cot θ) 2 =
1 + cosθ
L.H.S=(cosecθ − cot θ)2 (1)

We know that the trigonometric functions,

cos( x) 1
cot ( x) = =
sin ( x) tan ( x)
1
cosec( x) =
sin ( x)
By substituting the above function in Equation (1)

2
 1 cosθ 
(cosecθ − cot θ) = 
2
− 
 sinθ sin θ 
(1 − cosθ) 2
=
(sin θ) 2
(1 − cosθ) 2
=
sin 2 θ
(1 − cosθ) 2
=
1 − cos θ
2 ( By Identity sin 2 A +cos 2 A = 1Hence, 1− cos 2 A =sin 2 A )

(1 − cosθ) 2
=  Using a 2 − b 2 = ( a + b )( a − b ) 
(1 − cosθ)(1+cosθ)
1 − cosθ
=
1+cosθ
= RHS
 cosA 1+sinA
(ii) + = 2secA
1+sinA cosA

cosA 1+sinA
L.H.S= +
1+sinA cosA
cos 2 A+(1+sinA) 2
=
(1+sinA)(cosA)
cos 2 A+1+sin 2 A+2sinA
=
(1+sinA)(cosA)
sin 2 A+cos 2 A+1+2sinA
=
(1+sinA)(cosA)

=
1+1+2sinA
(1+sinA)(cosA)
( By identify sin 2 A +cos 2A=1)

2+2sinA
=
(1+sinA)(cosA)
2(1+sinA)
=
(1+sinA)(cosA)
2
=
cosA
=2secA
=R.H.S

tan θ cot θ
(iii) + =1+ secθ cosecθ
1 − cot θ 1 − tan θ

tan θ cot θ
LHS = + (1)
1 − co t θ 1 − tan θ

We know that the trigonometric functions,

sin( x)
tan ( x) =
cos( x)
cos( x) 1
cot ( x) = =
sin( x) tan( x)
By substituting the above relations in Equation (1),
 sin θ cosθ
= cosθ + sin θ
cosθ cosθ
1− 1−
sinθ sinθ
sinθ cosθ
= cosθ + sinθ
sin θ − cosθ cosθ − sin θ
sin θ cosθ
sin θ
2
cos 2 θ
= +
cosθ(sinθ − cosθ) sin θ(sinθ − cosθ)
1  sin 2θ cos 2θ 
−
(sinθ − cosθ)  cosθ sinθ 
=

1  sin 3θ − cos3θ 
(sinθ − cosθ)  sin θcosθ 
=

Using a 3 − b3 = (a − b) ( a 2 + ab + b 2 )

1  (sin θ − cosθ) ( sin 2θ +cos 2θ + sin θ cosθ ) 

=  
(sin θ − cosθ)  sinθcosθ 

(1+sin θ cosθ)
= (By Identity sin 2A +cos 2A =1)
(sin θcosθ)
1 sin θ cosθ
= +
sin θcosθ sin θ cosθ
=1+secθ cosecθ
=R.H.S.

1+secA sin 2A
(iv) =
secA 1 − cos A

1+secA
L.H.S= (1)
secA

We know that the trigonometric functions,

1
sec( x) =
cos( x)
By substituting the above function in Equation (1),
 1
1+
1+sec A
= cosA
sec A 1
cosA
cosA+1
= cosA
1
cosA
cosA+1 cosA
= 
cosA 1
= (1+cosA)

By multiplying (1 − cos A ) , in both denominator and numerator

(1 − cos A)(1+cos A)

(1 − cos A)
1 − cos 2 A
=
1 − cosA
sin 2 A
=  By Identity sin 2A +cos 2A =1
1 − cosA
=R. H.S

cos A − sin A+1

(v) = cosecA +cotA
cosA +sinA − 1

cos A − sin A + 1
L.H.S =
cos A + sin A − 1

Diving both numerator and denominator by sin A

cos A sin A 1
− +
sin A sin A sinA

cos A sin A 1
+ −
sin A sin A sin A

We know that the trigonometric functions,

 cos( x) 1
cot ( x) = =
sin ( x) tan ( x)
1
cosec( x) =
sin ( x)
Weget
cot A − 1 + cosec A

cot A + 1 − cosec A
cot A − (1 − cosec A )

cot A + (1 − cosec A )

We know that, 1 + cot 2 A = Cosec 2A

Hence multiplying [cot A – (1 – cosec A)] in numerator and denominator


(cot A) − (1 − cosec A)(cot A) − (1 − cosec A)
(cot A) +(1 − cosec A)(cot A) − (1 − cosec A)
cot A − (1 − cosec A ) 
2

=
(cot A) 2 − (1 − cosecA) 2
cot 2 A + (1 − cosecA ) − 2cot A (1 − cosecA )
2

=
cot 2 A − (1+cosec 2 A − 2cosec A )
cot 2 A +1+cosec 2 A − 2cosec A − 2cot A + 2cot A cosecA
=
cot 2 A − (1+cosec 2 A − 2cosec A )
2cosec2 A + 2cot A cosecA − 2cot A − 2cosecA
=
cot 2 A − 1− cosec2 A + 2cosecA
2cosec A (cosec A +cot A) − 2(cot A+cosec A)
=
cot 2 A − cosec2 A − 1+ 2cosec A
(cosec A +cotA)(2cosecA − 2)
=
−1 − 1+ 2cosec A
(cosecA +cotA)(2cosecA − 2)
=
(2 cosec A − 2)
= cosec A + cot A
= R.H.S
 1+sin A
(vi) =sec A + tanA
1 − sin A

1+sin A
LHS= (1)
1 − sin A

Multiplying and dividing by (1+sin A )

(1+sin A)(1+sin A)

(1 − sin A)(1+sin A)
(1+sin A) 2
=  a 2 − b 2 = ( a – b )( a + b ) , 
(1 − sin 2 A)
(1+sinA)
=
1 − sin 2 A
1+sin A
=
cos 2 A
1+sin A
=
cos A
1 sin A
= +
cos A cos A
= sec A + tan A
=R.H.S

sin θ − 2sin 3 θ
( vii ) = tan θ
2cosθ − cosθ
sin θ − 2sin 3θ
L.H.S=
2cos3θ − cosθ
Taking Sin θ and Cos θ common in both numerator and denominator respectively.

sin θ (1 − 2sin 2 θ )

cosθ ( 2cos 2 θ − 1)
By Identity sin 2 A + cos 2 A = 1 hence, cos 2 A = 1 – sin 2A and substituting this in the
above equation,
 sin θ (1 − 2sin 2θ )


cosθ 2 (1 − sin 2θ ) − 1 
sin θ (1 − 2sin 2θ )
=
cosθ ( 2 − 2sin 2θ − 1)
sin θ (1 − 2sin 2θ )
=
cosθ (1 − 2sin 2θ )
sin θ
=
cosθ
= tan θ
=RHS

( viii ) (sin A+cosec A) 2 +(cos A +sec A) 2 = 7 + tan 2A +cot 2 A

L.H.S=(sin A+cosecA)2 + (cosA+secA)2

By using ( a + b ) = a 2 + 2ab + b2
2

 sin 2A+cosec2A+2sin A cosecA+cos 2A+sec 2A+2cosA secA

1 1
By rearranging and using sec A = and cosec A =
cos A sin A
 1   1 
 ( sin 2 A +cos 2 A ) + ( cosec 2A +sec 2A ) + 2sin A   + 2cos A  
 sin A   cos A 

( ) ( )
Hence sin 2 A +cos 2 A =1, cosec2 A = 1+cot 2 A and sec2A − tan 2A =1 ( )
 1+1 + cot 2 A + 1 + tan 2 A + 2 + 2
= 7 + tan 2 A + cot 2 A
= R.H.S

1
(ix) (cosec A − sin A)(sec A − cos A) =
tan A + cot A

L.H.S = (cosecA − sin A)(secA − cos A) (1)

We know that the trigonometric functions,

1
sec( x) =
cos( x)
1
cosec( x) =
sin ( x)

By substituting the above relations in Equation (1)

 1  1 
 − sin A  − cos A 
 sin A   cosA 
 1 − sin 2 A  1 − cos 2A 
=  
 sin A  cos A 
cos 2 A sin 2 A
=
sin A cos A
sin A cos A
=
1
= 2
sin A cos A  ( sin 2 A +cos 2A ) =1
sin A+cos A 2  
1
=  Dividing numerator and denominator by ( sin A cos A )
sin A+cos 2A
2

sin A cos A
1
= 2
sin A cos 2A
+
sin A cos A sin A cos A
1
=
sin A cos A
+
cos A sin A
1
=
tan A + cot A
= RHS
  1 + tan 2 A   1 − tan A 
2

=  = tan A
2
(x) 
 1 + cot A   1 − cot A 
2

 1+tan 2 A 
Taking LHS,  2 
 1+cot A 
sec2 A
=
cosec2 A
1
2
= cos A
1
sin 2 A
1 sin 2 A
= ×
cos 2 A 1
= tan 2 A
=RHS

 1 − tan A 
2

Taking,  
 1 − cot A 
2
 
 1 − tanA 
=
1 
1− 
 tanA 
2
 
 1 − tanA 
=
tanA − 1 
 
 tan A 
2
 tanA 
=  (1 − tanA )  
 tanA − 1 
= ( − tanA) 2
= tan 2 A
=RHS

Hence, L.H.S = R.H.S.