ISO9001:2015

ISO 9001:2015
TÜV-R 01 100 1934918
TÜV-R 01 100
1934918

Scalar and Vector

ESCI 101 (Physics for Engineers)

Lhizel L. Claveria, ABE
Part-Time Instructor, Department of Agricultural Engineering
Central Bicol State University of Agriculture
 ISO 9001:2015
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SCALAR VS VECTOR
• Scalar quantities –are physical quantities that can be describe by single number with
appropriate unit of measurement or magnitude and has no direction.
Example:
1 kg of rice
6.7 km of bridge

• Vector quantities –are physical quantities such as displacement, velocity, force and
acceleration that requires both magnitude and direction to describe them.
Example:
90 km/hr North
15 km eastward
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PROBLEM:
Determine whether scalar or vector quantities or neither would be appropriate to
describe each of the following situations.
1. The outside temperature is 15 degree Celsius

2. A truck is traveling at 60km/hr

3. The water is flowing due north at 5km/hr

4. The rock has a mass of 2kilograms

5. The box has a volume of 0.25 cu.m.

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GEOMETRICAL REPRESENTATION OF VECTORS

Vectors are represented geometrically by 2 and
3 dimensional space as directed line segment
or arrows.
Length of arrows = magnitude of vector
Direction of arrow = direction of vector
Tail of arrow = initial point
Tip of arrow = terminal point

Resultant force is the third force which has the

same or equivalent effect as the two forces acting
on the object
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OPERATION OF VECTORS
• MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION OF A VECTOR BY SCALAR
• If a vector is multiplied by a positive scalar, its magnitude is increased by that amount.
• When multiplied by a negative scalar it will also change the directional sense of the vector.

2A

-A
A
-0.5 A
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OPERATION OF VECTORS
• ADDITION OF VECTORS
• GEOMETRICAL
• Place the vector “v” so that its initial point coincides with the terminal point of vector “u”
• The vector “u+v” is then defined as the vector from the initial point “v” to the endpoint of “u”.

u+v
u

v
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OPERATION OF VECTORS
• ADDITION OF VECTORS
• ANALYTICAL
• Employs the rule of trigonometry. B
C
• Right triangle
• Pythagorean Theorem
𝑂𝐶 2 = 𝑂𝐴2 + 𝑂𝐵2 O A
• Not Right triangle
• Law of Cosine
𝑂𝐵2 = 𝐴𝐵2 + 𝑂𝐴2 − 2 𝐴𝐵 𝑂𝐴 cos 𝛼 B
β
• Law of Sine
𝑂𝐵 𝐴𝐵 𝑂𝐴
= = α
sin 𝛼 sin ∅ sin 𝛽 φ
O A
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COMPONENTS OF A VECTOR
• Any two vectors whose vector sum equals a given vector are called the components
of that vector.
𝐴𝑥 = 𝐴 cos 𝜃
𝐴𝑦 = 𝐴 sin 𝜃
A
𝐴𝑦

𝐴𝑥
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SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 1

Solve the force F2 into components acting along the u and v axes and determine the
magnitudes of components.
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SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 2

The screw eye is subjected to two forces F1 and F2. determine the magnitude and
direction of the resultant force.
 ISO 9001:2015
TÜV-R 01 100 1934918

SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 3

Determine the magnitude of the component force F and magnitude of the resultant for
Fr, if Fr is directed along the positive y-axis.
 ISO 9001:2015
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COMPONENT METHOD OF ADDING VECTORS

𝑅𝑥 = ෍ 𝐹𝑥
F4
F3 𝑅𝑦 = ෍ 𝐹𝑦
β
Ry R 2
𝑅= 𝑅𝑥 2 + 𝑅𝑦
θ
F2 𝑅𝑦
φ 𝜃= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
α 𝑅𝑥

F1 Rx
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SAMPLE PROBLEM NO.4

To add a number of vectors A, B, C, and D, where A = 10N, 70° S of E; B = 5N, E; C = 15N
45° N of E; and D = 15N 60° N of W.
D
C

A
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SAMPLE PROBLEM NO.5

The end of the boom O is subjected to three concurrent and coplanar forces.
Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant force.
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SAMPLE PROBLEM NO.6

Resolve each force acting on the post into its x and y components
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OPERATION OF VECTORS
• DIFFERENCE OF TWO VECTORS
• By adding one vector to the negative of the other.
• The vector difference A – B = C as A + (-B) = C

A
C B

• Example:
• Two cars start from the same point but one travels north at 50 km/hr and the other east at 30 km/hr.
What is the vector difference of these two velocities?
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THANK YOU!!!