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    Plagiarism Checker X Originality Report: Similarity Found: 28%

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    The document discusses the use of seashells and other waste materials as partial replacements for cement in concrete and mortar. Several studies found that mixtures containing clamshell ash, snail shells, or pulverized oyster and mussel shells achieved comparable compressive strength and workability to traditional concrete and mortar. Additionally, using these waste materials provides environmental benefits by reducing construction waste. The optimal replacement level varies by material but is typically around 6% of the cement weight.

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    Plagiarism Checker X Originality Report: Similarity Found: 28%

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    The document discusses the use of seashells and other waste materials as partial replacements for cement in concrete and mortar. Several studies found that mixtures containing clamshell ash, snail shells, or pulverized oyster and mussel shells achieved comparable compressive strength and workability to traditional concrete and mortar. Additionally, using these waste materials provides environmental benefits by reducing construction waste. The optimal replacement level varies by material but is typically around 6% of the cement weight.

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    The document discusses the use of seashells and other waste materials as partial replacements for cement in concrete and mortar. Several studies found that mixtures containing clamshell ash, snail shells, or pulverized oyster and mussel shells achieved comparable compressive strength and workability to traditional concrete and mortar. Additionally, using these waste materials provides environmental benefits by reducing construction waste. The optimal replacement level varies by material but is typically around 6% of the cement weight.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    48 views4 pages

    Plagiarism Checker X Originality Report: Similarity Found: 28%

    Uploaded by

    Abigail
    The document discusses the use of seashells and other waste materials as partial replacements for cement in concrete and mortar. Several studies found that mixtures containing clamshell ash, snail shells, or pulverized oyster and mussel shells achieved comparable compressive strength and workability to traditional concrete and mortar. Additionally, using these waste materials provides environmental benefits by reducing construction waste. The optimal replacement level varies by material but is typically around 6% of the cement weight.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    Plagiarism Checker X Originality Report

    Similarity Found: 28%

    Date: Wednesday, November 17, 2021


    Statistics: 265 words Plagiarized / 942 Total words
    Remarks: Medium Plagiarism Detected - Your Document needs Selective Improvement.
    -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    CLAMSHELLS Concrete and its precursor, Ordinary Portland cement (OPC), is the most
    used building material in the construction industry. Clamshell concrete has properties
    such as density, water absorption, compressive strength, and splitting tensile strength. In
    this experiment, they have concluded that seashell concrete with 6% of clamshell ash as
    replacement of OPC is known as the optimum replacement percentage.

    (Ong, B.P., et. al., 2019) Snail and clamshells are waste materials from Snail and Clam
    after removing the edible part. They are often dumped as waste to the environment and
    cause environmental pollution. Snail shell, Clamshell, and Snail/Clamshell mixtures
    became a partial replacement for cement in this work because of their pozzolan nature.

    The results revealed that the Snail-Clam mix mortar mold had higher comprehensive
    strength than the snail or clamshell molds at partial replacements by weight. (Ketebu, O.,
    et. al., 2017) Marine shell wastes have been popular as recycled material for many types
    of construction. If processed into shell ash cement, it can be substituted or blended with
    Portland cement for concrete works. Binag, N.

    (2017) observed there is a need for frequent quality monitoring of the products. Other
    local government units and their constituents, or communities with an abundant supply
    of shells, should establish a collection of shell wastes that can be negotiated with the
    cement industry.

    They should develop their local production of shell wastes whose ash can be blended
    with cement for consumption or start-up business. (Binag, N., 2017) When the shells of
    aquatic animals (oyster, mussel, and mollusk) undergo pulverization, they can be a
    partial substitute for Portland cement. Pulverized shells can also be usable in masonry
    cement mortar due to their similar physical, chemical, and mechanical properties,
    particularly their workability, specific gravity, and compressive strength.

    For recommendations, the cement industry and local government entities with a surplus
    of shells establish innovative recycling processes through laws. (Binag, N., 2016)
    MASONRY CEMENT MORTARS & MORTAR ADDITIVES An article was published by
    Deboucha, W., et. al. (2021), on the tensile and bonding properties of a novel
    mortar-based composite made up of mineral additives, blended cement mortar, and a
    stainless-steel grid with three mineral additives (silica fume, fly ash, and blast furnace
    slag).

    The developed mortar presents mechanical performances equivalent to traditional


    mortars without additives. They have found that for mortar formulations containing
    mineral additives such as fly ash or blast furnaces slag, adequate adherence between
    constituents was obtained. (Deboucha, W., et. al., 2021) In the experiment conducted by
    Hamdy, G., et. al.

    (2019), they employed lime, silica fume (SF), and polypropylene fibers (PPF) as an
    addition to mortar mix and constructed ten samples to study their impact on the
    mechanical qualities of brickwork subjected to severe environmental conditions. The
    bond strength for mortar with polypropylene fibers (PPF) additives showed much higher
    values after six months for all percentages compared to the 28 days bond strength,
    indicating better long-term bond strength by using PPF as an additive.

    They concluded that for all the studied mortar types, the brick-mortar tensile bond
    strength after six months was 2–4 times higher than the values after 28 days depending
    on mortar composition and exposure conditions, demonstrating the development of
    bond with age. (Hamdy, G., et. al., 2019) RELATED STUDIES CLAMSHELLS The seashells
    are high potential materials to become partial cement replacements and filler in
    concrete.

    The calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in them is more than 90% and is similar to that found in
    the limestone dust used in Portland cement production. Seashell ash could be produced
    as a cement-like material where the particle size will be the same or finer than cement. It
    could also reduce environmental impact by using different types of a seashell to
    eliminate environmental waste. (Mohammad, W.A.S.B.W., et. al.,

    2017) The experimental study of Tayeh, B., et. al. (2019) shows that incorporating
    seashell ash resulted in reduced early compressive strength of concrete. The
    compressive strength increased with age due to hydration of calcium oxide, but it
    remained less than control samples, especially at high percentages of replacement. They
    determined that concrete containing seashell ash had acceptable strengths for a variety
    of structural and plastering purposes.

    Moreover, using shells in concrete is beneficial in terms of waste reduction and


    environmental sustainability. (Tayeh, B., et. al.,2019) MASONRY CEMENT MORTARS &
    MORTAR ADDITIVES The experimental study of Gupta, S., et. al. (2018) used biochar as
    an additive in cement mortar as it is considered an efficient method of carbon dioxide
    sequestration.

    Their research sought to improve the mechanical strength and decrease the
    permeability of cement mortar. The use of saturated biochar causes carbonation, which
    impacts the development of porosity and mortar strength. (Gupta, S., et. al., 2018)
    Calcium-rich additions can be employed, but additional study is needed to determine
    the optimal amount.

    In the future, the use of nanoparticles will broaden the range of geopolymer materials
    used in general buildings. Mineral admixtures can be used in combinations as hybrid
    admixtures to enhance the properties of geopolymer paste, mortar, and concrete. The
    study focused primarily on the effects of mineral admixtures on the properties of fly
    ash-based geopolymer mortar and concrete. (Jindal, B.,

    2019) In construction, mortars are building materials that fill the gaps between blocks of
    a structure; these materials typically comprise fine aggregates, a binder, and water.
    Wood ash was used as a partial replacement for lime and experimented with by Arcenal,
    K., et. al. (2019) to eliminate waste in the environment and help become more practical
    building material.

    The study found that the air content, initial and final setting times, 7- and 28-day
    compressive strengths of the mixed mortars had been considerably affected by the
    presence of wood ash. (Arcenal, K., et. al.,2019)

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