Physical Science

Quarter 1 – Module 5:
General Types of Intermolecular
Forces

CO_Q1_Physical Science SHS

Module 5
Personal Development
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 5: General Types of Intermolecular Forces
First Edition, 2020

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 Physical Science
Quarter 1 – Module 5:
General Types of Intermolecular
Forces
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions,
directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand
each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module
or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better
understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer
the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity
and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they
can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any
part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises
and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering
the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you master the General Types of Intermolecular Forces. The scope of this module
permits it to be used in different learning situations. The language used recognizes
the varied vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow
the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be
changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is divided into two lessons, namely:

 Lesson 1 – Intermolecular forces in Substances
 Lesson 2 – Intermolecular forces present between and among substances

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. describe the types of intermolecular forces present in substances, and
2. identify the types of intermolecular forces existing between and among
substances.

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 What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet
of paper.

1. Which forces of attraction or repulsion are responsible for the bulk properties
of different substances?
a. covalent
b. intermolecular
c. intramolecular
d. ionic

2. Ion-dipole forces exist among certain species of substances. Which among

the pairs of substances exhibit this type of interaction?
a. bromide (Br-) and benzene (C6H6)
b. chloride (Cl-) and methane (CH4)
c. potassium ion (K+) and water (H2O)
d. sodium ion (Na+) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)

3. Why do larger atoms experience increased polarizability than smaller

atoms?
a. The electrons are loosely held in smaller atoms so electron
distribution is easier to distort.
b. The electrons are tightly held in smaller atoms so electron
distribution is easier to distort.
c. The electrons are loosely held in larger atoms so electron
distribution is easier to distort.
d. The electrons are tightly held in larger atoms so electron
distribution is easier to distort.

4. How is instantaneous dipole best described?

a. It arises from the high polarization of the atoms or molecules.
b. It is a permanent dipole induced by polar molecules to ions.
c. It is the strongest attractive force between and among molecules.
d. It results to the formation of temporary dipoles induced to
atoms or molecules.

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5. The figure below shows H-bonding among polar water molecules.
What is unique about this type of interaction?
H
H

O H
H
O
O
O
H
H

O
O
a. H-bonding arises from the interaction between hydrogen (H) and the
transition metals.
b. It exists when the less electronegative O binds with the more
electronegative H.
c. It occurs when a H-atom in a polar bond interacts with a more
electronegative atom such as O, N, or F of another polar molecule.
d. It happens when a H-atom in a nonpolar bond interacts with a
more electronegative atom such as O, N, or F.

6. Which among the following is the reason why ion-dipole interaction is

the strongest among the intermolecular forces?
a. The net charge of the dipole is balanced by the charge of the ion.
b. The oppositely charged end of the dipole is oriented closest to the ion.
c. The magnitude of the ion is equal to the dipole moment of the polar
molecule.
d. The dipole moment of the polar molecule is directed towards the more
electronegative end.

7. Which is true about the interaction of substances that exhibit dipole-

dipole attractive forces?
a. The dipoles form crystal lattice that makes the interaction strong.
b. The positive (+) end of one dipole aligns to the negative (-) end of another
dipole.
c. The positive (+) end of one dipole orients itself to the positive (+) end
of another dipole.
d. The dipole moment of one dipole is directed towards the more
electronegative part of the molecules.

8. Why are dispersion forces always present among all kinds of substances?
a. Polarization is high when charged ends are present in molecules.
b. The electron distributions present in nonpolar molecules are polarized
by nearby atoms or ions.
c. There are ions which cause the distortion of electron distributions present
in polar molecules.
d. There are electron distributions that are distorted by the force exerted
by an ion or polar molecule that is placed near an atom or a nonpolar
molecule.

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9. London dispersion forces are a function of the molar mass of substances.
What happens to the dispersion forces of the molecules as the molar mass
increases?
a. They are increased.
b. They are decreased.
c. They remain the same.
d. They cannot be measured.

10. Heat of hydration is the result of favourable interaction between the

cations and anions of an ionic compound with water. What is the nature
of this attraction?
a. H-bonding
b. ion-dipole forces
c. dispersion forces
d. dipole-dipole interaction

11. Which is true about dipole moment?

I. It arises from the similarities in the electronegativity values of
elements.
II. It is the shift of electron density from one atom to a more
electronegative atom.
III. It occurs between two ions in an ionic bond or between atoms in
a covalent bond.
IV. The larger the difference in electronegativity between elements,
the smaller the dipole moment is.
a. I & II b. III & IV c. II & III d. I & IV

12. The strength of ion-dipole interaction depends on the ions present.

Which is true about this interaction with ions of the same magnitude?
a. Cations interact more strongly than anions because their charges are
less concentrated.
b. Cations interact more strongly than anions because their charges are
less concentrated.
c. Cations interact more strongly than anions because their charges are
more concentrated.
d. Anions interact more strongly than cations because their charges are
more concentrated.

13. At any certain time the shift in the position of the electrons in an atom
will likely create temporary positive and negative poles. Which among the
following is this kind of dipole?
a. dipole forces
b. dipole moment
c. dispersion forces
d. instantaneous dipole

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 -
14. Which forces of attraction are present between the substances I and NO3 ?
2
a. London dispersion forces
b. H-bonding and ion-induced dipole interaction
c. Van der Waals interaction and dipole-dipole interaction
d. London dispersion forces and ion-induced dipole interaction

15. Which of the following species is capable of hydrogen-bonding among

themselves?
a. ethane (C2H6)
b. acetic acid (CH3COOH)
c. beryllium hydride (BeH2)
d. potassium fluoride (KF)

Lesson
Types of Intermolecular
1 Forces

Atoms in molecules and ionic substances are attracted to each other either
by sharing or complete transfer of electrons. These attractions keep the molecules
and their identities intact.

But, say, how do molecules or substances stay together and exhibit properties
that are unique to them? This is known as bulk properties.

These are properties due to many atoms, ions or molecules acting together.
The properties of matter are observed when the atoms or molecules behave as one.

These properties are specific for different materials at the macroscopic level as seen
by the naked eye.In this lesson, you will learn how the different forces of attraction
known as intermolecular forces keep substances together. You will also be able
to identify the intermolecular forces present between and among substances,
thus their bulk properties can be predicted.

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 What’s In

This simple activity will help you recall what you understood about Lewis electron
dot structure (LEDS) and polarity of molecules. The polarity of substances will
guide you in identifying the intermolecular forces present between and among
molecules.

Notes to the Teacher

1. This module will help the students understand the
concepts of intermolecular forces (IMF).
2. Allow the students to answer each part thoroughly, either
individually or in pairs.
3. Let the students check the answers to each part. Have a
short discussion of the concepts involved after checking.
4. The students will then move to the next part of the
module. They will have the feedback and discussion after
every part.
5. Inputs can be given in addition to the discussion in this
module.
6. Kindly entertain questions for further discussions.

Directions:
1. Use a clean sheet of paper to answer this part.
2. Copy the table and fill it up with the correct information.
3. Show the direction of the dipole moment for each molecule.
4. An example is given to guide you in this activity.
Substance LEDS Shape Polarity

1. CCl2F2 Tetrahedral Polar

2. N2
3. CH4
4. H2 O
5. CO

Polarity of molecules based on the LEDS

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 What’s New

Activity 1: Description of Intermolecular Forces

The following activity introduces you to various types of intermolecular forces

(IMF) existing between and among different kinds of substances. By analyzing
the presented diagrams, you can deduce what IMF are involved in each set.

Directions: Using the illustrations below, describe what happens in each

of the attractions between substances by completing each sentence with the
correct words from the box. Tell what kind of attractive forces keep the substances
together.

partially negative positive negative

cation dipole temporary
attracted

Kind of interaction: H-bonding dipole-dipole

ion-induced dipole ion-dipole
dipole-induced dipole

1. This attraction happens between polar molecules. The charges align so that the
________________ pole of one molecule is attracted to the ____________ end of the
other molecule. Kind of interaction: __________________

Figure 1.1

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2. The ____________ sodium ion is attracted to the partially ___________ end of water
molecules. Kind of attraction: ____________________

Figure 1.2

3. A __________ ion or __________ approaches a neutral nonpolar substance.

This results to a distortion of the substance and leads to the development
of positive and negative poles. Kind of attraction: _______________

Figure 1.3

4. A permanent _____________ approaches a neutral nonpolar substance resulting

to a __________________ dipole. Kind of attraction: __________________

Figure 1.4

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5. The partially- __________ oxygen of one water molecule is ___________ to the
partially- __________ hydrogen of the other water molecule.
Kind of attraction: ___________________

Figure 1.5

Activity 2. Intermolecular Forces Among Substances

Directions: Use the words inside the box to identify the intermolecular forces (IMF)
present among the following species. You can use the choices more than once
if applicable.

H-bonding dipole-dipole
ion-induced dipole ion-dipole
dipole-induced dipole

a. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and another SO2

b. Sodium ion (Na+) and Formaldehyde (CH2O)

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 c. Carbon dioxide (CO2) with another CO2

d. Ammonia (NH3 and H2O)

e. Fe2+ and O2

What is It

This section gives a brief and thorough discussion of the concepts of

intermolecular forces. The different types of attractions are described in Activity 1
such that they can be easily identified between and among substances in Activity
2.

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Description of Intermolecular Forces
Atoms are held together in molecules by strong intramolecular forces, like covalent
and ionic bonds. Below are figures that show these types of intramolecular forces.

Covalent Bond Ionic Bond

Unpaired valence Sharing of available Transfer of

electrons valence electrons electrons

-
+

A B A B
A B A B
+

Atom Atom Covalent Atom Atom 2 Ionic

1(nonmetal) 2(nonmetal or molecule 1(metal) (nonmetal) molecule
metalloid)

On the other hand, other forms of attractive forces are present to keep these
molecules together giving rise to the different states of matter, which, then exhibit
their own bulk properties such as boiling, melting, and freezing points,
and viscosity among others.

There are three general types of intermolecular forces (IMF), namely, van der Waals
forces, ion-dipole interaction, and H-bonding.

Van der Waals forces, after the Dutch chemist Johannes van der Waals (1837-
1923) consist of dipole-dipole interaction, dipole-induced dipole interaction,
and dispersion forces. Dipole-dipole attraction is present among polar molecules.
Through constant movement, the charges of the molecules align in such a way
that the positive (+) end of one molecule is attracted to the negative (-) end of the
other molecule. This happens due to the shift of electron density towards the more
electronegative element in the molecule resulting in (+) and (-) ends. The measure
of this electron shift is known as dipole moment, represented by a crossed arrow,

Dipole-induced dipole interaction, just like the dipole-dipole forces, depends

on the presence of polar molecules. The other molecule needs not to be a polar one.

The partial charges present in the dipole cause the polarization or distortion
of the electron distribution of the other molecule. This gives rise to regions
of partial (+) and (-) poles. This induced dipole will then be attracted to the original
polar molecules, resulting to dipole-induced dipole attraction.

Dispersion forces (London dispersion forces), were named after the German
physicist Fritz London (1900-1954). The electron cloud of a neutral substance
can be normally distributed around the nucleus. At any given time, the electron
distribution may be uneven resulting in an instantaneous dipole. This temporary

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dipole will then influence the neighbouring atoms through attractive and repulsive
forces.

Eventually, the substances will gain instantaneous dipoles, too. The attraction
between opposite charges will happen among the species present. These are true
for ion-induced dipole and induced dipole-induced dipole interactions.

Ion-dipole interaction results from the attraction between either a cation (+) or an
anion (-) with permanent polar molecules. The ions will be attracted to the opposite
charges present in the dipole resulting to this type of attraction.

H-bonding is a special type of dipole-dipole interaction between the H-atoms in a

polar bond. It requires that the H-atoms in the molecules be bonded with more
electronegative atoms such as O, N, or F to form H-bonds with other molecules.

All interacting substances exhibit the presence of London dispersion forces

in addition to other forces of attraction among them.

These can be summarized in the following table.

Intermolecular Forces (IMF) Description

1. van der Waals Forces Happens when electron density shifts
toward the more electronegative atom

a. dipole-dipole Present among polar molecules; the

positive (+) end of one molecule aligns to
the negative (-) end of the other molecule
b. dipole-induced dipole Between polar and nonpolar molecules;
the partial charges of the dipole cause
the polarization or distortion of the
electron distribution of the nonpolar
molecule
c. dispersion forces The electron distribution of the
molecules is distorted by continuous
movement of electrons in the atoms
resulting to instantaneous dipole
2. Ion-dipole interaction Attraction between either a cation or an
anion with permanent polar molecules
3. H-bonding Attraction between H-atoms bonded to
more electronegative atoms such as O,
N, or F in a polar molecule and the
atoms O, N, or F

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Intermolecular forces (IMF) existing among species

Polar substances exhibit dipole-dipole interaction due to the presence of (+) and (-)
ends of the molecules. In the exercise above, sulphur dioxide (SO 2) has polar ends
that will participate in the dipole-dipole forces of attraction.

With the presence of an ion (cation or anion), the charged ends of polar molecules
will be attracted to the dipole. This is true in the case of Na+ and formaldehyde.
The positive (+) sodium ion will be attracted to the partially-negative
oxygen in formaldehyde, resulting to an ion-dipole interaction.

For the third example, CO2 is a nonpolar substance. It is a linear molecule

and the electron shift at the right of C is balanced by the electron shift to the
left. This produces no net shift in electron density so no net charged is produced.
For nonpolar molecules, only dispersion forces are present.

In both NH3 and H2O, the hydrogen atoms are bonded to more electronegative
atoms, nitrogen and oxygen, respectively. This permits them to form H-bonds with
other molecules with the same condition. Thus, H-bond is present between
NH3 and H2O.

Ion-induced dipole forces of attraction are present among Fe2+ ions together
with oxygen molecules. The charge in iron will distort the electron distribution in
O2 resulting in temporary poles in oxygen. The oppositely-charged particles, Fe2+
and partially-negative end of O2 will then be attracted to form the above-mentioned
force of attraction.

In all of the examples above, London dispersion forces are also present.

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 What’s More

Activity 1.1 Match Me Up

Match Column A with column B. Choose the letters of the correct answer and
write it on your answer sheet.

Column A Column B

1. Attractive forces between polar molecule a. hydration

2. Electrostatic attraction between an ion b. ion-induced dipole

and a polar molecule

3. Favorable interaction between the ions c. H-bonding

of an ionic compound and water

4. Distortion of the electron distribution d. polarizability

of an atom or molecule brought about
by an ion or a polar molecule

5. Dispersion of charges when an ion e. dipole-dipole

approaches a molecule

6. Happens when a H-atom bonded to f. dipole-induced dipole

electronegative atoms, such as O, N, F
approaches a nearby electronegative atom

7. Dispersion of charges when a dipole g. ion-dipole

approaches a nonpolar molecule

8. The ease with which electron distribution h. dipole

is distorted

9. Substance with positive and negative ends i. cations

10. Positively-charged ions j. dispersion forces

k. anions

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Activity 2.1 Which I Am?
Identify the intermolecular forces present in the following species.

1. Chlorine gas (Cl2)

2. Carbon monoxide (CO)

3. Sulfur dioxide (SO2)

4. Dichloromethane (CH2Cl2)

5. Dimethyl ether (CH3-O-CH3)

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 What I Have Learned

1. What remarkable learning experiences did you get after going through
the different activities in this module?

2. What common observations about various substances do you have

at home and around you that can be explained by intermolecular forces?

What I Can Do

Knowledge of concepts is not enough for a learning experience to be meaningful.

We should also understand how the concepts we learned on intermolecular forces
can be applied to real life situation to get the most out of what we learned. You can
try this task to help you realize the advantage of fully understanding
intermolecular concepts.
Create a poster on proper handling of substances like alcohol, acetone, and hair
sprays, even gasoline. Integrate the concepts of intermolecular forces (IMF) that you
learned in this module to explain why substances at home should be given careful
attention. Also indicate in the poster what macroscopic (bulk) properties are
observed with various substances.

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 Assessment

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet
of paper.

1. What is true about intermolecular forces?

a. They are strong bonds that form between atoms of molecules.
b. Substances can form more than one but one will predominate.
c. They are weaker than the intramolecular forces between atoms.
d. There is a vague relationship between intermolecular forces and bulk
properties.

2. When will ion-dipole interaction most likely to happen?

a. If repulsion between a dipole and another dipole exists
b. If there is an attraction between an ion and a polar molecule
c. When a repulsion between a polar with a nonpolar molecule
occurs
d. When there is an attraction between a polar with another polar
molecule

3. Why are dispersion forces high in molecules with a great number of

electrons?
a. The electron distribution of big molecules is easily polarized.
b. The nucleus in the molecules has greater effective shielding effect.
c. The electrons move freely around the nucleus resulting to a greater
energy
d. The electrons in the molecules can easily jump from one orbital
to another.

4. What are considered van der Waals forces of attraction?

a. dipole-dipole; dipole-induced dipole; London dispersion forces
b. dipole-induced dipole; ion-induced dipole; London dispersion
forces
c. ion-induced dipole; dipole-dipole; London dispersion forces
d. London dispersion forces; ion-induced dipole; dipole-induced
dipole

5. What is the distinguishing characteristic of London dispersion forces?

a. The electron cloud of the atoms is evenly distributed around
the nucleus.
b. There is permanent (-) and (+) ends that participate in electrostatic
attractions.
c. There is an instantaneous dipole that influences neighbouring
substances to gain dipoles.
d. The atoms of two neighbouring molecules participate in give and take
of electrons.

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6. How does dipole-dipole interaction happen?
a. Polar molecules shift electron density that gives rise to neutral
substances.
b. The electron distribution in the polar molecules is distorted that
results to (-) and (+) poles.
c. Polarization of big nonpolar molecules brings about the
formation of permanent (+) and (-) charges.
d. The (-) and (+) ends of one polar molecule align themselves to
the (+)and (-) ends of another polar molecule and attract each
other.

7. What is the role of cation during ion-dipole interactions?

a. It causes repulsion of charges among the molecules.
b. It distorts the electron distribution in the dipole.
c. It is attracted to the (-) ion of the permanent dipole.
d. It hastens formation of (+) ions that are attracted to the
permanent dipole.

8. Which condition permits H-bonding to form?

a. If there is an unshared pair of electrons in the central atom
b. If the interacting substances have central atoms with O, N, F as
attached atoms
c. When the substances involved are polar and have molecules
with H-atoms attached to O, N, F
d. When the substances involved are polar and have molecules
with C-atoms attached to O, N, F

9. Which ions will result to higher ion-dipole interactions?

a. anions
b. cations
c. divalent
d. monatomic

What Intermolecular forces are present in the following species?

10) CH4

11) CH3COOH

12) O3

13) N2

14) NH3

15) PCl5

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 Additional Activities

This part will test whether you fully understand what intermolecular forces are
present between and among species.
Optional: Watch Intermolecular Forces Magic Trick
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ODnqtf3aAvw

Write a short reflection (3-5 sentences) of what you see and understand about the
video.

Grading Rubric: Poster Project on Handling Substances based on Existing

Intermolecular Forces

Criteria 0 1 2 3 4
Title is
Title is
correctly Title is
Partial/inco present but
No title on the written in correct, neat,
Title mplete capitalized
project neat, creative, and
project and spelled
attractive colorful
incorrectly
letters
Only 1 fact is
2-3 facts are
written on 4 facts are 5 facts are
No facts on written and
Facts the poster or written and written and
the poster are partially
facts are are correct are correct
incorrect
incorrect
4 neat, clear,
1 illustration 2 illustrations 3 neat, clear
creative
related to the related to the illustration
No illustration illustrations
Illustrations topic is topic are related to the
on the poster related to the
indicated on present on topic are
topic are
the poster the poster present
present
A very
Poster uses Poster uses
limited Poster has a
No vivid color neatly neat, clear,
Color amount of fair amount of
is presented colored creative
color is color
elements coloring
present
Poster is very
Poster lacks Poster lacks Poster is Poster is
organized
Appearance/ neatness and neatness and somewhat organized,
with neat,
Aesthetics is poorly is mostly organized and neat, and
clear, easy-to
organized disorganized neat clear
read lettering
Submitted 3
Submitted 1- Submitted 1- Submitted 3
or more days Submitted on
Timeliness 2 day late of 2 days ahead days ahead
late of the due due date
due date of time of time
date
TOTAL

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 Module 5
CO_Q1_Physical Science SHS 20
Substance LEDS Shape Polarity
1. CCl2F2
Tetrahedral Polar
(Freon-12)
2. N2
(Nitrogen Linear Nonpolar
gas)
3. CH4
Tetrahedral Nonpolar
(Methane)
Nonpolar
4. H2O (Water)
Bent
5. CO (Carbon
Linear Polar
monoxide)
Polarity of molecules based on the LEDS
What’s In
Assessment
1. C
What I Know What's More 2. B
3. A
1. B Act. 1.1 Act. 2.1 4. A
2. C Match Me Up Which I Am 5. C
3. C
6. D
4. D 1. E 1. LDF
7. C
5. C 2. G 2.LDF,
8. C
6. B 3. A dipole-dipole
9. B
7. B 4. J 3. LDF,
10. London Dispersion
8. D 5. B dipole-dipole
forces
9. A 6. C 4.LDF,
11. London dispersion
10. D 7. F dipole-dipole
forces; dipole-dipole;
11. C 8. D 5. LDF,
H-bonding
12. C 9. H dipole-dipole
12. London dispersion
13. D 10. I forces; dipole-dipole
14. D
13. London dispersion
15. B
forces
14. London dispersion
forces; dipole-dipole;
H-bonding
15. London dispersion
Answer Key
 Module 5
CO_Q1_Physical Science SHS 21
Answers will vary.
Additional Activities
1. The general types of intermolecular forces are van der Waals forces,
ion-dipole interaction, and H-bonding.
2a) van der Waals forces are interactions between molecules that can
be either repulsive or attractive depending on the distance of the
molecules.
a1) Dipole-dipole intraction depends on the presence of (+) and (-)
charges that align themselves so that the (+) will be attracted to
the (-) poles of the molecules.
a2) Dipole-induced dipole interaction depends on the presence of a
dipole that causes the polarization of the electron distribution
resulting to temporary dipoles.
a3) Dispersion forces result from the distortion of the electron
distribution or polarization of the molecules.
2. a. London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole
b. London dispersion forces
c. London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interaction, H-bonding
d. London dispersion forces
e. London dispersion forces
What Have I Learned
Act.1 Description of Intermolecular Forces
1. partially negative, positive ; Kind of interaction: dipole-dipole
2. positive, negative ; Kind of interaction : ion-dipole
3. positive, cation ; Kind of intersection; ion-induced dipole
4. dipole, temporary; Kind of interaction: dipole-induced dipole
5. negative, attracted, positive ; Kind of interaction: H-bonding
Act. 2 Intermolecular Forces Among Substances
1. London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole
2. London dispersion forces, ion-dipole
3. London dispersion forces
4. London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole, H-bonding
5. London dispersion forces, ion-induced dipole
What’s New
References
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22 CO_Q1_Physical Science SHS

Module 5
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