SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY

School of Engineering and Architecture

Department of Mechanical Engineering

3524 ME 2251L - #01

ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND COMPONENTS

Submitted By: Submitted To:

Engr. IREENE P. VALENCIA, Ph.D

REYES, MARC GABRIEL G. SEA-ECE Faculty

Date of Submission: 2/3/2021

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 Saint Louis University
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LABORATORY MANUAL

Experiment No: 1
ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND COMPONENTS

TLO 1: Become familiar with various electronic devices and components and describe the
use/function of each.

I. INTRODUCTION:
Electronic Components are intended to be connected together, usually by soldering to a printed
circuit board (PCB), to create an electronic circuit with a particular function (for example an
amplifier, radio receiver, oscillator, wireless). Some of the main Electronic Components are: resistor,
capacitor, transistor, diode, operational amplifier, resistor array, logic gate etc. Passive electronic
components are those that do not have gain or directionality. They are also called Electrical
elements or electrical components.
e.g. resistors, capacitors, diodes, Inductors. Active components are those that have gain or
directionality. e.g. transistors, integrated circuits or ICs, logic gates.

II. EQUIPMENT/ MATERIALS NEEDED:

Resistors Transformers
Capacitors Switches
Inductors Microphones
Diodes Speakers
Transistors Antenna

III. PROCEDURES:

1. Research on the enlisted various electronic devices and components.

Classify them accordingly. (For example, Resistors: FIXED and VARIABLE. Under each
classification, include the different types of resistors. Do the same for the other
electronic components and devices, as appropriate.)

2. For each component/device, attach a photo of it and label.

3. Draw the schematic symbol for each of these electronic devices and
components.
4. List the functions/uses of each of these electronic devices and components.
5. Organize as follows:
RESISTORS:
I. FIXED:

Schematic Symbol:

Types:

A. Carbon type resistors

- Insert photo

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- Include description
- Include applications/functions/uses
B. Film-type resistors
- Insert photo

C. ….
D. …
E. (Continue)
II. VARIABLE

Schematic Symbol: Types:

A. Rheostat

- Insert photo

B. (continue)

IV. DATA AND RESULTS

RESISTORS:
I. FIXED: supplies a constant, factory-determined resistance. You use it when you want to restrict
current to within a certain range or divide voltage in a particular way.

Schematic Symbol:
Types:
A. Wire wound resistor

is a type of passive component, which is made by winding the metal

wire around a metal core. The metal wire acts as the resistive element
to the electric current. Hence, the metal wire restricts the electric
current to certain level. The metal core acts as the non-conductive
material. Hence, it does not allow electric current through it.

B. Carbon composition resistor

is a type of passive component, which restricts the flow of electric

current to a certain level. They are made from a cylindrical resistive
element with embedded metal end caps. The cylindrical resistive
element of the carbon composition resistor is made from the mixture of
carbon powder and ceramic. The carbon powder acts as the good
conductor of electric current. It is the most frequently used resistors in
the 1960’s and earlier. However, now a days these resistors are rarely
used because of its high cost and low stability.

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C. Carbon film resistor

are the most widely used resistors in the electronic circuits. The carbon film
resistors are made by placing the carbon film on a ceramic substrate. The
carbon film acts as the resistive element to the electric current and the
ceramic substrate acts as the insulating material to the electric current. The
metallic end caps are fitted at both ends of the resistive element. The leads
made of copper are joined at two ends of these end caps. The carbon film
resistors produce less noise than carbon composition resistor.

D. Metal film resistor

is a type of passive component in which metal film is used to restrict the flow of electric current
to certain level. The construction of metal film resistor is almost like the carbon film resistor. The
only difference is the material used for constructing the film. In carbon film resistors, the film is
constructed by using carbon whereas in metal film resistors the film is constructed by using nickel
chromium or tin and antimony. Metal film resistors have low TCR (Temperature Co-efficient of
Resistance). The rate at which the resistance of the material changes with increase in
temperature is called TCR.

E. Metal oxide film resistor

is a type of passive component in which metal oxide film is used as the
resistive element to restrict the flow of electric current to certain level. The
construction of metal oxide film resistor is almost the same with the metal
film resistor. The only difference is the material used for constructing the film.
In metal film resistor, the film is constructed by using the metals such as nickel
chromium whereas in metal oxide film resistors, the film is constructed by
using the metal oxide such as tin oxide. The cost of metal oxide film resistor
is low compared to the carbon composition resistor. These resistors operate
at high temperatures.

F. Metal glaze resistor

is a type of passive component in which glass powder and metal
particles mixture is used to restrict the flow of electric current to certain
level. Metal glaze resistors have low TCR (Temperature Co-efficient of
Resistance). The rate at which the resistance of the material changes
with increase in temperature is called TCR.

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G. Foil resistor
are the most accurate and stable components used to
restrict the flow of electric current to certain level. Foil
resistors produce low noise compared to the other types of
resistors. These resistors are also called high precision resistors.
Foil resistors have low TCR.

II. VARIABLE: allows you to adjust the resistance from virtually zero ohms to a factory-determined
maximum value. You use a variable resistor, when you want to vary the amount of current or
voltage you are supplying to part of your circuit.

Schematic Symbol:
Types:
A. Rheostat
are similar in construction to potentiometers, but are not used as a potential
divider, but as a variable resistance. They use only 2 terminals instead of the
3 terminals potentiometers use. One connection is made at one end of the
resistive element, the other at the wiper of the variable resistor. In the past
rheostats were used as power control devices in series with the load, such
as a light bulb. Nowadays rheostats are not used as power control anymore
as this is an inefficient method. For power control, rheostats are replaced
by more efficient switching electronics.

B. Potentiometer

is the most common variable resistor. It functions as a potential divider and

is used to generate a voltage signal depending on the position of the
potentiometer. This signal can be used for a very wide variety of
applications including: Amplifier gain control (audio volume), measurement
of distance or angles, tuning of circuits and much more.

C. Digital Resistor

is a type of variable resistor where the change of resistance is not performed by

mechanical movement but by electronic signals. They can change resistance
in discrete steps and are often controlled by digital protocols such as I2C or by
simple up/down signals.

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CAPACITORS:
I. FIXED: is one where the conducting surfaces are not adjustable.

Schematic Symbol:
Types:
A. Paper Capacitors

Paper capacitors have paper as their dielectric material. Paper, covered in wax, is alternately
layered between aluminum sheets, and rolled into a cylinder. Two wires are added, one to each
end of the capacitor to connect to the voltage source. The advantages of paper capacitors are
that they can be used in high voltage, and high amperage applications.

B. Plastic Capacitors

Various forms of plastic are used as dielectrics in plastic capacitors. There

are two types of plastic capacitors: film foil, and metalized film. These
capacitors are advantageous in situations where high insulation and high
efficiency is required.

C. Ceramic Capacitors

have a large charge to size ratio. A lot of charge in a small capacitor is

advantageous where space is limited, and ceramic material is a good
insulator.

D. Mica capacitors

are stable, reliable and can handle low to high voltages.

There are two types of mica capacitors: stacked mica
capacitors, and silver-mica capacitors. Layers of plain
mica, or silver coated mica are sandwiched between thin
sheets of aluminum or copper.

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E. Electrolytic Capacitors

Electrolytic capacitors are advantageous because of their large capacitance capability.

Between their conducting sheets, they have aluminum oxide sheets acting as a dielectric, and
paper soaked with electrolytic fluid that acts as a conductor.

II. VARIABLE: are pretty much just as they are named, their capacitance can change by physically
or electronically moving the plates.
Schematic Symbol:
Types:

A. Tuning

Tuning capacitors are commonly used in radios where you tune into a
radio station. Originally, radios had a knob that could be turned changing the
distance between the capacitor's plates.

B. Trimmer

Trimmer capacitors are used in the calibration of equipment after it has

been manufactured. They are commonly located on printed circuit boards,
and if there is any variation in their capacitance over time, they can be
adjusted, but they are only designed to be able to handle a few
adjustments. They commonly hold 100 volts, but some can go up to 300
volts.

C. Mechanical

Mechanical capacitors have a series of semi-circular plates inside of

them attached to a knob. The advantage of this is that the
capacitance can be changed quickly if needed, and since they are
mechanical, they are reliable because there are not overly
complicated.

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INDUCTORS: are used as the energy storage device in many switched-mode power supplies to
produce DC current.

Schematic Symbol:

Types:

I. Ferrite Core

Ferrite is a powder of oxides of iron. This powder is mixed with an

epoxy resin and molded to form cores around which wires can be
wound. Ferrite core inductors are easily the most recognizable
because of their dull grey-black color. They also are very brittle
and break easily. They are the most widely used kinds of inductors
since the permeability can be finely controlled by controlling the
ratio of ferrite to epoxy in the mix.

II. Toroidal Inductors

These Inductors have a magnetic material as the core substance to which

the wire is wound. These are in circular ring shape, just as shown in the
following figure. The main advantage of this type of inductors is that, due
to the circular shape, symmetry is achieved in the whole shape of the
inductor, due to which there are minimum losses in the magnetic flux.
These inductors are mostly used in AC circuit applications.

III. Iron core

As the name implies, the core of these inductors has magnetic materials
with some air gaps in it. But this kind of construction provides an advantage
to the core, to store high level of energy compared with the other types.
These inductors provide very low eddy current losses and hysteresis losses.
These are available at lowest prices and have particularly good
inductance stability.

IV. Air core

Like the name suggests, this kind of inductor has no core – the core material
is air! Since air has a relatively low permeability, the inductance of air core
inductors is quite low – rarely above 5uH. Since they have a low inductance,
the rate of current rise is quite fast for an applied voltage and that makes
them capable of handling high frequencies. They are mostly used in RF
circuits.

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V. Laminated core
These are the inductors that have laminated thin steel sheets, such as
stacks, as the core materials. Usually for an inductor, if the loop area is
increased for the current to travel, the energy losses will be more.
Whereas, in these laminated core Inductors, thin steel sheets of stacks
are helpful in blocking the eddy currents, which minimize the loop
action. The main advantage of these inductors is minimizing the energy
loss with its construction. These laminated core inductors are mostly used
in the manufacture of transformers.

DIODES: is a two-terminal electronic component that only conducts current in one direction (so
long as it is operated within a specified voltage level). An ideal diode will have zero resistance in
one direction, and infinite resistance in the reverse direction.
Schematic Symbol:
Types:
I. Schottky

is a semiconductor diode formed by the junction of a semiconductor with a metal. Schottky

diodes have a low forward voltage drop (0.15 to 0.45 V) and a very fast switching action. In this
type of diode, the junction is formed by contacting the semiconductor material with metal. Due
to this the forward voltage drop is decreased to min. The semiconductor material is N-type silicon
which acts as an anode and the metal acts as a cathode whose materials are chromium,
platinum, tungsten etc.

II. Zener diode

It is a passive element works under the principle of Zener breakdown. First

produced by Clarence Zener in 1934. It is similar to normal diode in
forward direction, it also allows current in reverse direction when the
applied voltage reaches the breakdown voltage. It is designed to
prevent the other semiconductor devices from momentary voltage
pulses. It acts as voltage regulator.

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III. LED

These diodes convert the electrical energy into light energy. First production
started in 1968. It undergoes electroluminescence process in which holes
and electrons are recombined to produce energy in the form of light in
forward bias condition.

Earlier they used in inductor lamps but now in recent applications they are
using in environmental and task handling. Mostly used in applications like
aviation lighting, traffic signals, camera flashes.

IV. Vacuum Tube

Vacuum diodes consist of two electrodes which will acts as an anode and the cathode. Cathode
is made up of tungsten which emits the electrons in the direction of anode. Always electron flow
will be from cathode to anode only. So, it acts like a switch.

If the cathode is coated with oxide material, then the electrons emission capability is high. Anode
is a bit long in size and in some cases their surface is rough to reduce the temperatures developing
in the diode. The diode will conduct in only one case that is when the anode is positive regarding
to cathode terminal.

V. Laser diode

Similar to LED in which active region is formed by p-n junction. Electrically

laser diode is p-i-n diode in which the active region is in intrinsic region. Used
in fiber optic communications, barcode readers, laser pointers, CD/DVD/Blu-
ray reading and recording, Laser printing.

VI. Gun diode

A Gunn diode is a semiconductor device formed by only N-type

material. It is also termed as a transferred electron device. As in
n-type material, electrons act as majority carriers and these are
transferred from one valley to another.

It is a two terminal device basically made up of semiconductor

material like GaAs, InP etc. As these materials exhibit the property
of producing microwave oscillations.

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VII. Photo diode

It is a form of light-weight sensor that converts light energy into electrical

voltage or current. Photodiode is a type of semi conducting device with PN
junction. Between the p (positive) and n (negative) layers, an intrinsic layer is
present. The photo diode accepts light energy as input to generate electric
current.

It is also called as Photodetector, photo sensor or light detector. Photo diode

operates in reverse bias condition i.e. the p – side of the photodiode is
connected with negative terminal of battery (or the power supply) and n –
side to the positive terminal of battery.

TRANSISTORS: is a semiconductor device which is used to amplify the signals as well as in switching
circuits. Generally, transistor is made of solid material which contains three terminals such as
emitter (E), Base (B) and Collector (C) for connections with other components in the circuit.

I. Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT): is a current controlled device and has two PN junctions for its
function. This BJT is nothing but a normal transistor.

Schematic Symbol:

Types:

A. NPN

NPN is one of the two types of Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT). The NPN transistor
consists of two n-type semiconductor materials and they are separated by a thin
layer of p-type semiconductor. Here the majority charge carriers are electrons
and holes are the minority charge carriers. The flowing of electrons from emitter
to collector forms the current flow in the transistor through the base terminal.

B. PNP

The PNP is another type of Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT). The PNP transistors contain two p-type
semiconductor materials and are separated by a thin layer of n-type semiconductor. The majority
charge carriers in the PNP transistors are holes and electrons are minority charge carriers. The
arrow in the emitter terminal of transistor indicates the flow of conventional current. In PNP
transistor the current flows from Emitter to Collector.

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II. Field Effect Transistors (FET)

A. JFET

The Junction-Field-Effect transistor (JFET) is an earliest and simple type of FET transistors. These JFETs
are used as switches, amplifiers, and resistors. This transistor is a voltage-controlled device. It does
not need any biasing current. The voltage applied between gate and source controls the flow of
electric current between source and drain of a transistor.

B. MOFSET

Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) is most useful type of among all
transistors. The name itself indicates that it contains metal gate terminal. The MOSFET has four
terminals drain, source, gate and body or substrate (B). MOSFET has many advantages over BJT
and JFET, mainly it offer high input impedance and low output impedance. It is used in low power
circuits mainly in chip designing technologies.

TRANSFORMERS:
Schematic Symbol:
Transformers are electrical devices consisting of two or more coils
of wire used to transfer electrical energy by means of a changing
magnetic field.

SWITCHES: a device which is designed to interrupt the current flow in a circuit.

Types: (Pictures with Schematic Symbol)
I. SPST (Single Pole Single Throw)

The SPST is a basic ON/OFF switch, that is used to connect or

break the connection between two terminals. The power
supply for the owl circuit is given by this switch. A simple PST
switch is shown above. The SPST switch is also called as a
toggle switch. This type of switch has one input and one
output. This light switch circuit controls one wire and makes
one connection.

II. SPDT (Single Pole Double Throw)

The SPDT switch is a three-terminal switch, one

terminal is used as input and remaining two terminals
are used as outputs. It joins a mutual terminal to one
or the other of two terminals. In the SPDT switch,
instead of other terminals, just use COM terminal. For
example, we can use COM & A or COM & B. The
application of SPDT switch is mainly involved in a

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three-way circuit to turn ON/OFF a light from two locations like from the top & bottom of a stairway.
Here two circuits will be controlled through one source or one way.

III. DPST (Double Pole, Single Throw)

The DPST switch consists of two poles that means it

includes two identical switches located on side by side.
This switch is operated by one single toggle, which
means that two discrete circuits are controlled at a time
through one push.

The main purpose of this switch is to regulate a 240V

appliance, where both supply voltages must be ON whereas the unbiased wire may be always
connected. When this switch is ON then the current starts flowing through two circuits and when
it is turned OFF then it is turned OFF.

IV. DPDT (Double Pole Double Throw)

This switch is equal to two SPDT switches, it means two

separate circuits, connecting two inputs of each circuit to
one of two outputs. The switch position controls the
number of ways and from the two contacts each contact
can be routed.

When it is in ON-ON mode or ON-OFF-ON mode they work like two discrete SPDT switches worked
by the similar actuator. At a time only two loads can be ON. A DPDT switch can be used in any
application that needs an open & closed wiring system.

MICROPHONES:

Types:

I. Moving coil / dynamic microphone

The dynamic or moving coil microphone relies on the fact that if a

wire held within a magnetic field is moved then an electric current
is induced. This is the same effect as seen in an electric generator
and many other items. The dynamic microphone consists of a
magnet, and a diaphragm to which a coil is attached. The
assembly is held in place by an outer casing and the coil can move
freely over the magnet.

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II. Condenser microphone

As the name implies the condenser or capacitor microphone relies on

changes in capacitance for its operation. The actual condenser
microphone element consists of a thin membrane in close proximity to a
solid metal plate. The membrane acts as the diaphragm and is electrically
conductive. Older microphones used a thin metal foil, but more modern
types may use a plastic coated with gold or aluminum.

III. Electret microphone

This type of microphone is effectively a derivative of the condenser

microphone type. It is electrostatic capacitor-based and this eliminates the
need for a polarizing power supply by using a permanently charged
material. Although the technology has been used for some higher end
microphones, it is normally associated with small microphones for use in
electronic equipment. Electret microphones need a high input impedance
buffer and preamplifier. This is normally contained within the electret
assembly and is often powered by a 1.5 volt source.

IV. Ribbon microphone

The ribbon microphone consists of a corrugated aluminium ribbon

suspended edgewise between the poles of a magnet. The ribbon
microphone is designed so that there are only very small gaps between the
edges of the ribbon and the magnet sides. This means that the ribbon is
moved by the velocity of the air rather then, the sound pressure acting upon
it. As a result of this feature the ribbon microphone is known as a velocity
microphone.

V. Crystal / ceramic

The crystal or ceramic microphone uses the piezo-electric effect

to generate voltages. It is found that certain substances create a
voltage across them when they are stressed. In a crystal or
ceramic microphone a diaphragm is attached to a slice of piezo-
electric material and the sound vibrations pass to the diaphragm
which in turn passes them to the piezo-electric crystal.

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VI. Boundary microphone / PZM

The bounadary microphone offers a number of advantages over other

types. It uses the boundary between the air and hard surfaces like a wall
or a floor to enhance the sensitivity and also provide other
enhancements to adding more naturalness to the sound etc.

VII. Carbon microphone

The carbon microphone was the first practicable form of microphone

and as a result it was used for many years was the main type of
microphone available. It was based on the fact that when carbon
crystals are compressed, their resistance reduces.

SPEAKERS:

Microphones convert sound signals into electrical signals. Speakers do the exact opposite:
they convert electrical signals into audible (sound) signals. Every speaker has a nominal
resistance—or, more accurately, an impedance—that represents the average resistance
between the speaker leads. Thus, speakers behave similarly to resistors when placed in series and
in parallel.

ANTENNA:

Types:

I. Wire Antennas

One of the most commonly used antennas are wire antennas. They can
be found in vehicles (automobiles), ships, aircrafts, buildings etc. Wire
Antennas come in different shapes and sizes like straight wire (Dipole),
Loop and Helix.

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II. Log Periodic Antennas

The log periodic antenna or aerial often called the LPDA is a wideband
directional antenna that provides gain and directivity combined over
a wide band of frequencies.

III. Microstrip Antennas

Microstrip antenna is a relatively modern invention. It was invented to

allow convenient integration of an antenna and other
driving circuitry of a communication system on a common printed-
circuit board or a semiconductor chip

IV. Reflector Antennas

The reflector antenna is the most popular in spacecraft antenna systems

because of its structural simplicity and light weight. It is also a matured
design. The main disadvantage is that the reflector needs to be offset to
avoid blockage of the feed point.

V. OBSERVATIONS
Electronic devices consists of a lot of electronic components, in which, they had a lot of
classification, types, and variations; each of them serves a different function.

VI. DISCUSSION OF THEORY

Electronic Circuit
Electronic gadgets have become an integral part of our lives. They have made our lives
more comfortable and convenient. From aviation to medical and healthcare industries,
electronic gadgets have a wide range of applications in the modern world. In fact, the electronics
revolution and the computer revolution go hand in hand. Most gadgets have tiny electronic
circuits that can control machines and process information. Simply put, electronic circuits are the
lifelines of various electrical appliances.

An electronic circuit is a structure that directs and controls electric current to perform
various functions including signal amplification, computation, and data transfer. It comprises
several different components such as resistors, transistors, capacitors, inductors, and diodes.

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Conductive wires or traces are used to connect the components to each other. However, a circuit
is complete only if it starts and ends at the same point, forming a loop.

Electronic Components
All Electronic components can be broadly classified into two classes, namely Active
Components and Passive components. These components are diametrically different from each
other based on their functional properties and operation.

Active components are devices that can amplify an electric signal and produce power.
Any characteristic active component will comprise an oscillator, transistor, or an integrated circuit.
An active component functions as an alternating current circuit in devices. This helps the device
to augment power and voltage. This component can execute its operations because it is
powered by a source of electricity. All active components necessitate some source of energy
which commonly is extracted from a DC circuit. Active components, by their characteristics, rely
on external sources for their operation. They have the power to augment and put more power
into the circuit.

Passive components cannot control electric current utilizing a second electrical signal.
Some important passive components are capacitors, resistors, inductors, and transformers.
Passive components do not require energy to operate barring the AC circuit. Unlike the Active
component, they are unable to augment the signal power and also cannot amplify it.

VII. CONCLUSION
There are a lot of Electronic components and each of which also has different
classifications and/or types. Knowing their description and functions is essential for us to know
when it is needed, to be used or when not to. Also, being familiar with the schematic symbols will
help us in creating circuits on software such as NI Multisim, or when just barely looking at schematic
symbols. By learning the specific functions of a component, it helped, or will help us in
understanding of how the whole electronic circuit works or how it functions. Moreover, it is a good
thing that in this activity the picture, description/definition, schematic symbol was asked because
in that way us, students, can be able to identify specific electrical components when it is already
hands-on. Lastly, knowing the different functions of certain electronic components can be greatly
beneficial in troubleshooting non-functional electronic devices.

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VIII. REFERENCES

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components/resistors/fixedresistor-typesoffixedresistor.html

Classification and Different Types of Transistors | BJT, FET, NPN, PNP. (2019, April 23). Retrieved from
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Introduction to inductors. (2018, November 25). Retrieved from

https://components101.com/articles/introduction-to-inductors

Basic electronics - types of inductors. (n.d.). Retrieved February 02, 2021, from
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/basic_electronics/basic_electronics_types_of_inductors.ht
m#

Difference between active components and passive components. (2019, December 20).
Retrieved from https://components101.com/articles/active-vs-passive-components#

Electrical4U. (2020, November 08). Diode: Definition, symbol, and types of diodes. Retrieved from
https://www.electrical4u.com/diode-working-principle-and-types-of-diode/

Transformer basics and Transformer principles of operation. (2021, January 27). Retrieved from
https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/transformer/transformer-basics.html

WatElectronics. (2019, July 18). Types of Switches – Special Applications by Touch Control.
Retrieved from https://www.watelectronics.com/types-of-switches-with-applications/

Electronicsnotes. (n.d.). Microphone types. Retrieved February 02, 2021, from

https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/audio-video/microphones/microphone-
types.php

Raghunandan, K., Says, S., S.sreevalli, Says, D., & Patel, D. (2019, April 02). What is an ANTENNA?
Different different types of ANTENNAS & characteristics of Antenna: Characteristics.
Retrieved from https://www.electronicshub.org/types-of-antennas/

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