APPORTIONMENT AND

VOTING
Voting
 Is a powerful tool in decision making.
 Is a method that uses votes to determine the winner.
Preference Schedule
 It is the matrix of summary of votes casted by the
voters.
Preference Ballot
 Is a ballot in which the voters ranks the choices in
order of preference.
How to Make a Preference Schedule?
How to Make a Preference Schedule?

Preference schedule:
Voting Methods
Methods of Voting
1. Majority Voting
2. Plurality Method of Voting
3. Borda Count Method
4. Plurality by Elimination
5. Pairwise comparison Voting Method
Plurality Method
 Each voter votes for one candidates, and the
candidate with the most votes wins. The winning
candidate does not have to have a majority of the
votes.
Plurality Method
 Each voter votes for one candidates, and the
candidate with the most votes wins. The winning
candidate does not have to have a majority of the
votes.
 Majority Vote: over 50 % of the people voting must
vote for the candidate
Plurality Method
 Each voter votes for one candidates, and the
candidate with the most votes wins. The winning
candidate does not have to have a majority of the
votes.
 Majority Vote: over 50 % of the people voting must
vote for the candidate
 Limitation of Plurality Method: Alternative choices
are not considered.
 In-case of ties, voting should be done using the run-
off election.
Example:
Fifty People were asked to rank their preferences of five
varieties of chocolate candy, using 1 for their favorite and 5
for their least. Using the Plurality method which variety of
candy would win the taste of the 50 people.
Variety RANKINGS
CARAMEL 5 4 4 4 2 4
VANILLA 1 5 5 5 5 5
ALMOND 2 3 2 1 3 3
TOFFEE 4 1 1 3 4 2
SOLID 3 2 3 2 1 1
NUMBER 17 11 9 8 3 2
OF VOTERS
Example:

NUMBER 17 11 9 8 3 2
OF
VOTERS
1ST V T T A S S
2ND A S A S C T
3RD S A S T A A
4TH T C C C T C
5TH C V V V V V
Answer:
TOFFE is the most preferred candy

Solution:
Caramel = not included because it does not received
the least any highest preference rating.
Vanilla = 17 highest preference votes
Almond = 8 highest preference votes
Toffee = 20 highest preference votes
Solid = 5 highest preference votes
Borda Count Method of Voting
If there are n candidates or issues in an election,
each voter ranks the candidates or issues by giving
n points to the voter’s first choice, n-1 points to the
voter’s second choice and so on, with the voter’s
least favorite choice receiving 1 points. The
candidate or issue that receives the most total points
is the winner.
Example:
Fifty People were asked to rank their preferences of five
varieties of chocolate candy, using 1 for their favorite and 5
for their least. Using the Plurality method which variety of
candy would win the taste of the 50 people.
Variety RANKINGS
CARAMEL 5 4 4 4 2 4
VANILLA 1 5 5 5 5 5
ALMOND 2 3 2 1 3 3
TOFFEE 4 1 1 3 4 2
SOLID 3 2 3 2 1 1
NUMBER 17 11 9 8 3 2
OF VOTERS
Example:

NUMBER 17 11 9 8 3 2
OF
VOTERS
1ST V T T A S S
2ND A S A S C T
3RD S A S T A A
4TH T C C C T C
5TH C V V V V V
NUMBE 17 11 9 8 3 2
R OF
VOTERSExample:
1ST V T T A S S
2ND A S A S C T
3RD S A S T A A
4TH T C C C T C
5TH C V V V V V
Answer:
 Almond is the most preferred candy by Borda Count ( 192 scores of
votes)
Plurality with Elimination Method
 First, eliminate the candidate with the fewest
number of first-place votes
 If two or more of these alternative have the same
number of first-place votes, all are eliminated unless
that would eliminate all alternatives. In that case, a
different method of voting will be used.
 Adjust the voter’s ranking at the remaining
candidates.
 Repeat the same process of elimination and
adjustment until two candidates are left.
Example:
Fifty People were asked to rank their preferences of five
varieties of chocolate candy, using 1 for their favorite and 5
for their least. Using the Plurality method which variety of
candy would win the taste of the 50 people.
Variety RANKINGS
CARAMEL 5 4 4 4 2 4
VANILLA 1 5 5 5 5 5
ALMOND 2 3 2 1 3 3
TOFFEE 4 1 1 3 4 2
SOLID 3 2 3 2 1 1
NUMBER 17 11 9 8 3 2
OF VOTERS
Example:
NUMBER 17 11 9 8 3 2
OF
VOTERS
1ST V T T A S S
2ND A S A S C T
3RD S A S T A A
4TH T C C C T C
5TH C V V V V V
Example:
NUMBER 17 11 9 8 3 2
OF
VOTERS
1ST V T T A S S
2ND A S A S A T
3RD S A S T T A
4TH T V V V V V
Example:
NUMBER 17 11 9 8 3 2
OF
VOTERS
1ST V T T A A T
2ND A A A T T A
3RD T V V V V V
Example:
NUMBER 17 11 9 8 3 2
OF
VOTERS
1ST V T T T T T
2ND T V V V V V
Answer:
 Toffee is the most preferred candy by Plurality with Elimination.
Pairwise Comparison Voting Method

 The “head-to-head method”

 Each candidate is compared one-on-one with each
of the other candidates
 A candidate receives 1 point for a win, 0.5 points
for a tie and 0 points for a loss.
 The candidate with the greatest number of points
wins the election.
 The number of comparisons is n(n-1)/2.
Example:
Fifty People were asked to rank their preferences of five
varieties of chocolate candy, using 1 for their favorite and 5
for their least. Using the Plurality method which variety of
candy would win the taste of the 50 people.
Variety RANKINGS
CARAMEL 5 4 4 4 2 4
VANILLA 1 5 5 5 5 5
ALMOND 2 3 2 1 3 3
TOFFEE 4 1 1 3 4 2
SOLID 3 2 3 2 1 1
NUMBER 17 11 9 8 3 2
OF VOTERS
Example:

NUMBER 17 11 9 8 3 2
OF
VOTERS
1ST V T T A S S
2ND A S A S C T
3RD S A S T A A
4TH T C C C T C
5TH C V V V V V
NUMBE 17 11 9 8 3 2
R OF
VOTER
S
Example:
1ST V T T A S S
2ND A S A S C T
3RD S A S T A A
4TH T C C C T C
5TH C V V V V V
Answer:
 Almond is the most preferred candy by Pairwise Comparison.
Fairness of Voting Criteria
 Majority Criterion
 Monotonicity Criterion
 Condercet Criterion
 Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives
Majority Criterion
 The candidates who receive a majority of the 1st –
place votes is the winner.
Majority Criterion
 The candidates who receive a majority of the 1st –
place votes is the winner.

Violated by : Borda count and Pairwise

Monotonicity Criterion
 If candidate A wins an election, then candidate A
will also win the election if the only change in the
voters’ preference is that supporters of a different
candidate changes their votes to support candidate
A.
Monotonicity Criterion
 If candidate A wins an election, then candidate A
will also win the election if the only change in the
voters’ preference is that supporters of a different
candidate changes their votes to support candidate
A.
Monotonicity Criterion
 If candidate A wins an election, then candidate A
will also win the election if the only change in the
voters’ preference is that supporters of a different
candidate changes their votes to support candidate
A.

Violated by : Plurarity by Elimination (has the

greatest chance) and Pairwise
Condorcet Criterion
 A candidate who wins all possible head to head
matchups should win an election when all
candidates appear on the ballot.
Condorcet Criterion
 A candidate who wins all possible head to head
matchups should win an election when all
candidates appear on the ballot.

Violated by : Plurarity by Elimination and Borda

Count
Independence of Irrelevant
Criterion(IIR)
 If a candidates who wins an election, the winner
should remain winner in any recount in which the
losing candidates withdraw from the race.
Independence of Irrelevant
Criterion(IIR)
 If a candidates who wins an election, the winner
should remain winner in any recount in which the
losing candidates withdraw from the race.

Violated by : Borda Count

EXERCISE( USE THE FOUR VOTING
METHODS)
 A new college needs to pick a mascot for its basketball team.
The students were asked to rank four choices in order of
preference, the results are tallied as follows, Use Borda Count
as the voting method.
Mascot Rankings
Bulldog 3 4 4 1 4
Panther 2 1 2 4 3
Hornet 4 2 1 2 2
Bobcat 1 3 3 3 1
Total 18 32 17 25 8
Voters
Mascot Rankings
Bulldog 3 4 4 1 4
Panther 2 1 2 4 3
Hornet 4 2 1 2 2
Bobcat 1 3 3 3 1
Total Voters 18 32 17 25 8
EXERCISE
 Sixty people were asked on whether to they prefer
to live in CAMANAVA. Use the Pairwise Comparison
as the voting technique.
Mascot Rankings
Valenzuela 2 1 3 1 4
Caloocan 1 3 2 4 2
Navotas 3 4 4 3 1
Malabon 4 2 1 2 3
Total Voters 18 12 17 11 2
Mascot Rankings
Valenzuela 2 1 3 1 4
Caloocan 1 3 2 4 2
Navotas 3 4 4 3 1
Malabon 4 2 1 2 3
Total 18 12 17 11 2
Voters