DAVID CHILDS Date: March 2009 Issue: 1003

B.Sc.,C.Eng.,MICE
Two Span Reinforced Concrete Bridge Deck Example to BS5400
Disclaimer: This example has been prepared to illustrate the design principles for a reinforced concrete bridge deck on
reinforced concrete abutments and pier to suit a hypothetical set of conditions. Users of this example should verify for
themselves the appropriateness of any parts of the example which they use for their own bridge designs and their own
particular conditions, and should check for themselves the correctness of any calculations that they copy. David Childs
has prepared this document to assist designers, but he takes no responsibility for how the example is used.

Geometry
2 No 19m spans centre to centre of bearings.
20o Skew.
7.3m wide carriageway with 2 No 2m wide footways.
125mm thick surfacing, which includes waterproofing.
Minimum headroom = 5.3m + S (See DMRB TD 27/05)
National speed limit 60mph (100kph) across deck.
The bridge will carry an Urban All-Purpose Single Carriageway
road and is located in York, North Yorkshire, England.

Note: It is important to be involved with the highway design at an early stage

to be able to influence the road alignments for the benefit of the bridge
geometry and aesthetics. An adequate longitudinal gradient is required to
ensure surface water is shed from the deck. Also changes in gradient
or horizontal alignment on the deck can result in the deck appearing to be
twisted and should be avoided. If the deck needs to accommodate a curved
horizontal road alignment then try to ensure that the radius and
superelevation are constant throughout the full length of the deck.

Soil Investigation Report

It is essential that a soil investigation is carried at the bridge site to obtain
details of the ground conditions and soil properties below the abutments
and pier foundations. Assume for the example that the following information
was obtained:
Abutments to be founded on dense sand and gravel with an allowable
bearing pressure of 500 kN/m2. Predicted settlement from a preliminary
estimate of foundation loads is 20 to 25mm.
Centre pier to be founded on lightly weathered mudstone with an allowable
bearing pressure of 800 kN/m2. Predicted settlement from a preliminary
estimate of foundation loads is 5 to 10mm.

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 DAVID CHILDS Date: March 2009 Issue: 1003
B.Sc.,C.Eng.,MICE
Two Span Reinforced Concrete Bridge Deck Example to BS5400
Materials
Concrete to BS 8500:2006 (See Tables A.1 and A.5)
Deck concrete : C40/50 for exposure condition XD1 fcu=50N/mm2
Note: condition XC3 is allowed under waterproofing but maintain XD1 for the deck.
Parapet cantilever conc. : C40/50 for exposure condition XD3 fcu=50N/mm2
Pier concrete : C40/50 for exposure condition XD3 fcu=50N/mm2
Abutment and wing wall conc. : C32/40 for exp. condition XD2 fcu=40N/mm2
Steel reinforcement : Grade B500B to BS 4449:2005 fy=500N/mm2

BS 5400 Pt 2 Loading
Cl. 5.1.1 Dead: Reinforced Concrete density = 25 kN/m3 γconc = 25 kN/m3
Cl.5.2.1 Mastic Asphalt Road Surfacing Density = 22 kN/m3 γsurf = 22 kN/m3
Footway infill say = 22 kN/m3 γinfill = 22 kN/m3
Cl. 4.3.1.2 Differential Settlement:
The soil investigation report estimates that there will be 20 to
25mm settlement at the abutments and 5 to 10mm settlement at
the pier. Therefore allow for 15mm differential settlement. Diff.Set. = 15mm
Cl.6.1 Live:
Cl. 3.2.9.1 Carriageway width = 7.3m
Cl. 3.2.9.3.1 Number of notional lanes = 2
Notional Lane width wl = 3.65m

Cl. 6.1.1 Consider: (i) HA loading to Cl. 6.4.1

(ii) HA + HB loading to Cl. 6.4.2

Cl. 6.2 HA Loading

0.67
Cl.6.2.1 UDL: W = 336(1/L)
For one span loaded L = 19m Hence W = 46.7 kN/m
For two spans loaded L = 38m Hence W = 29.4 kN/m

Cl.6.2.2 KEL: KEL = 120 kN per notional lane

Cl.6.4.1.1 HA Lane factors from Table 14:

β1 = β2 = α1 = 0.274 x 3.65 = 1.0

Cl. 6.3.1 HB Loading

The road carried by the bridge is not a Principal road (see DMRB
BD 37/01) therefore design for 30units of type HB loading

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 DAVID CHILDS Date: March 2009 Issue: 1003
B.Sc.,C.Eng.,MICE
Two Span Reinforced Concrete Bridge Deck Example to BS5400
Cl. 6.5 Footway Loading
Cl. 6.5.1.1 a) For one span loaded L = 19m Hence w = 5.0 kN/m2
b) For two spans loaded L = 38m
Hence w = 5.0 x [(29.4 x 10) / (38 + 270)] = 4.8 kN/m2

Cl. 6.5.1.2 Reduction for elements supporting carriageway and 2m footway:

2
a) For one span loaded w = 0.8 x 5.0 = 4.0 kN/m
2
b) For two spans loaded w = 0.8 x 4.8 = 3.8 kN/m

Cl. 6.6 Accidental Loading : Vehicle on Footways

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 DAVID CHILDS Date: March 2009 Issue: 1003
B.Sc.,C.Eng.,MICE
Two Span Reinforced Concrete Bridge Deck Example to BS5400
Influence Lines (Use spreadsheet "Infline.xls")

For maximum sagging moment in deck apply HA UDL in one span with KEL
at 8.2m from end of deck.

For maximum hogging moment in deck apply HA UDL in both spans with
KEL at 10.9m from end of deck,
The KEL needs to positioned adjacent to the supports to obtain the critical
loading cases for shear effects.

A simple line beam analysis will provide guidance for the HB loading.
For critical loading positions of HB vehicle use spreadsheet MovinLd.xls
For maximum sagging moment position leading axle of HB vehicle at 15.067m
from abutment; the maximum moment occurs under the third axle at 7.267m
from the abutment. The HB vehicle with the 6m inner axle spacing will give
the critical sagging moment.
For maximum hogging moment over the centre support position the leading
axle in span 2 at 9.804m from the centre support. The HB vehicle with the
16m inner axle spacing will give the critical hogging moment.

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 DAVID CHILDS Date: March 2009 Issue: 1003
B.Sc.,C.Eng.,MICE
Two Span Reinforced Concrete Bridge Deck Example to BS5400
Preliminary Design
Use span to depth ratio about 20:1.
D = 19000 / 20 = 950 mm
Check maximum moment over centre pier using a line beam analysis:
Permanent Loads
For 3.65m (notional lane width) width of deck:
Weight of concrete = 3.65 x 0.95 x 25 = 86.7 kN/m
Weight of surfacing = 3.65 x 0.125 x 22 = 10.0 kN/m
Apply load factors for ultimate limit state from Table 1 then
UDL = (86.7 x 1.15) + (10.0 x 1.75) = 117.2 kN/m
Moment = wL2/8 = 117.2 x 192 / 8 = 5290 kNm

Differential settlement:
BS 5400 Pt 4

Cl. 4.3.2.1 From Table 3 - Modulus of Elasticity = 34 kN/mm2

Long Term E = 34 / 2 = 17 kN/mm2
Ixx = 3.65 x 0.953 / 12 = 0.261m4
EIxx = 17 x 106 x 0.261 = 4.437 x 106 m4
Using spreadsheet LneBem.xls with -15mm settlement at centre support:
Moment over Pier = 553 kNm
At Ultimate Limit State Moment = 1.2 x 553 = 660 kNm

HA UDL for 2 spans loaded = 29.4 kN/m KEL = 120 kN

At Ultimate Limit State UDL = 29.4 x 1.5 = 44.1 kN/m
At Ultimate Limit State KEL: = 120 x 1.5 = 180 kN
Using spreadsheet LneBem.xls with KEL at 8.2m from left hand end:
Moment over Pier = 2290 kNm

Using spreadsheet MovinLd.xls to analyse 30 units of HB loading

Moment over Pier = 2153 kNm
At Ultimate Limit State Moment = 1.3 x 2153 = 2800 kNm

HB moment > HA moment hence:

Ultimate Design Moment = γf3 x (Mdead + MHB)
Ultimate Design Moment MD = 1.1 x (5290 + 660 + 2800) = 9625 kNm

BS 8500 Pt 1
Table A5 Deck concrete is grade C40/50 with Class designation XD1 requires a
cover to reinforcement of 35 + ∆c = 35 + 15 = 50mm
BS 5400 Pt 4
Cl. 5.3.2.3 Assume 40mm dia. reinforcement then d = 950 - 50 - 20 = 880mm
Bars at 125 to 150mm c/c will generally meet crack control requirements so
try 40mm bars at 150 c/c then
As = (π x 402 / 4) x (3.65 x 1000 / 150) = 30580mm2
fcu = 50 N/mm2
fy = 500N/mm2
z = [1 - (1.1 x 500 x 30580) / (50 x 3650 x 880)]d = 0.895d
Mu = 0.87 x 500 x 30580 x 0.895 x 880 x 10-6 = 10480 kNm

10480 > 9625 kNm therefore continue with 950mm deck depth D = 950mm
Check for the additional load effects caused by the skew by using a
grillage analysis.
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 DAVID CHILDS Date: March 2009 Issue: 1003
B.Sc.,C.Eng.,MICE
Two Span Reinforced Concrete Bridge Deck Example to BS5400
Grillage Analysis
As the skew angle is relatively small (20o < 35o) then a skew mesh will give
sufficient accuracy. The maximum length to breadth ratio of the mesh
should be limited to about 2:1. Dividing the deck into suitable members to
coincide with critical positions we get:

Member Properties: (Use proforma "Secprop.xls")

i) Longitudinal Members:
Area Ixx Jxx
A 5.07E+05 1.76E+10 1.79E+10
B 8.04E+05 5.50E+10 2.20E+10
C 8.67E+05 6.52E+10 5.27E+10
(mm2) (mm4) (mm4)
ii) Transverse Members: Area Ixx Jxx
Cantilever 8.30E+05 1.32E+10 2.26E+10
Deck 1.81E+06 1.36E+11 1.86E+11
(mm2) (mm4) (mm4)
Note : The torsional Inertia Jxx estimates the torsional stiffness of the
deck slab. This results in a torsional moment being induced in the grillage
members. An analysis will be required to convert this twisting moment into
the reinforcement directions, usually carried out using the Wood and Armer
equations.
Providing the skew angle is not large (<35o) then it is usually more economical
to position the transverse reinforcement in the skew direction, i.e. in the
same direction as the grillage members. In this case an approximation of the
Wood and Armer effects on the main reinforcement can be obtained by
using Jxx = 0 (set to 10-6mm4) in the grillage analysis.
Supports:
Provide bearings to allow rotational movement hence all 'free' supports to
resist vertical loads only.
Provide 'fixed' bearing at abutment with lowest carriageway level hence
central support at right hand end to resist vertical and horizontal loads.
Provide 'sliding-guided' bearing at centre of left hand end abutment to resist
vertical and transverse forces but allow expansion and contraction movement
of deck.

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 DAVID CHILDS Date: March 2009 Issue: 1003
B.Sc.,C.Eng.,MICE
Two Span Reinforced Concrete Bridge Deck Example to BS5400
Load Cases:
Dead Load - Apply as UDL to longitudinal members
Concrete:
UDL on A = 5.07E+05 x 25 x 10E-06 = 12.68 kN/m
UDL on B = 8.04E+05 x 25 x 10E-06 = 20.10 kN/m
UDL on C = 8.67E+05 x 25 x 10E-06 = 21.68 kN/m
Surfacing:
UDL on C1 = 0.5 x 0.913 x 0.125 x 22 = 1.26 kN/m
UDL on C2 = 0.913 x 0.125 x 22 = 2.51 kN/m
Footway:
UDL on A = 0.375 x 0.25 x 22 = 2.06 kN/m
UDL on B = 1.125 x 0.25 x 22 = 6.19 kN/m
UDL on C1 = 0.50 x 0.25 x 22 = 2.75 kN/m
Parapet:
UDL on A = say 1kN/m (steel parapet with infill mesh)
Live Load

Some grillage models allow patch loads to be applied for uniform distributed
loads otherwise the UDL may be divided as for the Dead Load cases above.
The Knife Edge Loads may be applied as uniformly distributed loads on the
transverse members. The loads should be applied along the grillage
transverse member closest to the critical position determined from the
influence line diagram.
The KEL needs to positioned adjacent to the supports to obtain the critical
loading cases for shear effects.
The KEL should also be positioned on transverse members adjacent to the
estimated critical positions to ensure the skew effects are included.

The loads in a slab deck will tend to take the shortest path to the supports,
the shortest path between the pier and abutment being at right angles to
the centre-line of the bearings. The obtuse corner of a skewed deck will
therefore attract more load so the HB vehicle needs to be positioned in the
lane as shown above to check for the worst sagging moment.
A few positions adjacent to the critical line beam result should again be
checked to cover the effects of skew.

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 DAVID CHILDS Date: March 2009 Issue: 1003
B.Sc.,C.Eng.,MICE
Two Span Reinforced Concrete Bridge Deck Example to BS5400

The footway UDL is included with the HA and HB load cases, although if the
accidental wheel load can load the footway then this load case will
generally govern the design of the cantilever members.
No other live loads are considered on the deck with the accidental wheel
load unless the parapet is required to be high containment (see Cl. 6.7.2.2)

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 DAVID CHILDS Date: March 2009 Issue: 1003
B.Sc.,C.Eng.,MICE
Two Span Reinforced Concrete Bridge Deck Example to BS5400
Grillage Analysis Results
The program 'SuperSTRESS was used to obtain the following results from a
grillage analysis of the permanent and live load cases described above.

Results from RCGrillage950.pdf (With torsional member stiffness).

COMBINATION 1 LOADING SLS ULS
(Bending Effects) (kNm) (kNm)
Longitudinal Mid Span Effects
Dead Load + HA + Footway 1188 1447 Member 105 (C5&C6)
Dead Load + HB + Footway 1226 1461 Member 145 (C7&C8)

Longitudinal Effects at Pier

Dead Load + HA + Ftwy + Settl. 2032 2446 Member 50 (C9&C10)
Dead Load + HB + Ftwy + Settl. 2089 2491 Member 211 (C11&C12)

We can compare these results with the analysis using no torsional stiffness
in the grillage members.

Results from RCGrillageZeroJ950.pdf (With no torsional member stiffness).

COMBINATION 1 LOADING SLS ULS
(Bending Effects) (kNm) (kNm)
Longitudinal Mid Span Effects
Dead Load + HA + Footway 1198 1460 Member 124 (C5&C6) Sagging Moment
Dead Load + HB + Footway 1256 1497 Member 205,185 (C7&C8)SLS = 1256 kNm
ULS = 1497 kNm
Longitudinal Effects at Pier
Dead Load + HA + Ftwy + Settl. 2034 2448 Member 210 (C9&C10) Hogging Moment
Dead Load + HB + Ftwy + Settl. 2117 2524 Member 210 (C11&C12) SLS = 2117 kNm
ULS = 2524 kNm
It can be seen that there is only about a 1% to 3% increase in the design
moments using no torsional member stiffness so we shall continue the design
using these slightly higher results to avoid designing for torsional effects.
Flexural shear effects are considered at sections away from the supports.
Concrete slabs on isolated bearings will usually fail by punching shear rather
than flexural shear. Punching shear is considered at 1.5d away from the
support consequently flexural shear will not usually dominate within this
boundary. Grillage results for shear effects are therefore considered on grid
lines at d away from the support.

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 DAVID CHILDS Date: March 2009 Issue: 1003
B.Sc.,C.Eng.,MICE
Two Span Reinforced Concrete Bridge Deck Example to BS5400

COMBINATION 1 LOADING ULS

(Shear Effects) (kN)
Adjacent to Abutments
Dead Load + HA + Footway 250 Member 102 (C13)
Dead Load + HB + Footway 247 Member 82 (C14)

Adjacent to Pier
Dead Load + Settlement + HA + Footway 445 Member 89 (C19)
Dead Load + Settlement + HB + Footway 449 Member 92 (C20)

Combination 2 loading considers the effects of wind on the structure. The

large mass and shape of the concrete deck will generally ensure that this
load combination will not be critical for the design of the deck. The wind
load will however be considered later in the lateral forces acting on the
bearings.

Combination 3 loading:
Restraint to expansion and contraction will induce axial loads in the deck.
The restraint will be provided by friction or shear stiffness of the bearings
and/or the flexure of the substructure, both of which are insignificant
compared with the axial stiffness of the deck. This effect may be generally
ignored in the design of the deck but will be considered later in the bearing
BS 5400 Pt 2 and substructure design.
Cl. 5.4.1(b) Temperature differences between the top and bottom of the deck will
cause the deck to deflect and these effects need to be considered.

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 DAVID CHILDS Date: March 2009 Issue: 1003
B.Sc.,C.Eng.,MICE
Two Span Reinforced Concrete Bridge Deck Example to BS5400
Differential Temperature (Use spreadsheet "TempDiff5400.xls" contained in "105.zip")
Vertical Temperature Differences Using Non-Linear Effects
BS 5400-2:2006 Clause 5.4.5

Construction Depth h = 950 mm

Depth of Surfacing ds = 125 mm
Positive Type 4 Reverse
Idealised Section
h1 = 150 h1 = 190
h2 = 250 h2 = 200
T1 = h3 = 225 h3 = 200
h4 = 190
T1 = 11.75 T1 = -7.1
T2 = 2.75 Temperature T2 = -1.35
T3 = 2.25 Differences T3 = -1.6
Section Details: T4 = -6.213
Top Bottom Top Bottom Coeff.
Positive Width Width Depth Temp. Temp. Modulus of E. αT x 10-6
Section 1 912.5 912.5 150 11.75 2.75 34000 12
912.5 912.5 250 2.75 0 34000 12
912.5 912.5 325 0 0 34000 12
912.5 912.5 225 0 2.25 34000 12
Reverse
Section 1 912.5 912.5 190 -7 -1.35 34000 12
912.5 912.5 200 -1.35 0 34000 12
912.5 912.5 170 0.00 0 34000 12
912.5 912.5 200 0.00 -1.6 34000 12
912.5 912.5 190 -1.60 -6.2125 34000 12
Using the strain method described in 'Concrete Bridge Design to BS 5400'

h
For force equilibrium σbzdz = 0
0
h
For moment equilibriuσbzzdz = 0
0

The stress σ at level σ = Ez(ε0+ψz-αztz)

The axial strain ε0 and curvature ψ can be obtained by substituting the equation for
stress σ into the equations for force and moment equilibrium.

Positive Reverse
Axial strain ε0 = -1.3E-05 Axial strain ε0 = -2E-05
Curvature y = 7.3E-08 Curvature y = -3E-09
Centroid of Section = 475 mm Centroid of Section = 475 mm
2
EI about centroid = 2216672 kNm EI about centroid = 2216672 kNm2
EA for Section = 2.9E+07 kN EA for Section = 2.9E+07 kN
Releasing Moment M = -161.466 kNm Releasing Moment M = 6.35388 kNm
Releasing Force F = 627.093 kN Releasing Force F = -681.47 kN
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 DAVID CHILDS Date: March 2009 Issue: 1003
B.Sc.,C.Eng.,MICE
Two Span Reinforced Concrete Bridge Deck Example to BS5400
The stresses due to a releasing force and releasing moment can now be calculated using
the values for ε0 and ψ.

Stresses due to Positive Temperature Differences

Depth from RestrainedReleasing Releasing Self-equilibrating
2
top Stress Force Moment stresses (N/mm )
0 -4.794 0.72339 1.17639 -2.8942
150 -1.122 0.72339 0.8049 0.40629
400 0 0.72339 0.18575 0.90914
725 0 0.72339 -0.6192 0.10424
950 -0.918 0.72339 -1.1764 -1.371
Stresses due to Reverse Temperature Differences
Depth from RestrainedReleasing Releasing Self-equilibrating
2
top Stress Force Moment stresses (N/mm )
0 2.856 -0.7861 -0.0463 2.02358
190 0.5508 -0.7861 -0.0278 -0.2631
390 0 -0.7861 -0.0083 -0.7944
560 0 -0.7861 0.00828 -0.7778
760 0.6528 -0.7861 0.02778 -0.1055
950 2.5347 -0.7861 0.04629 1.79487
Notation: Tensile stresses are positive.

The releasing moments need to be distributed on the continuous deck slab.

This is most conveniently carried out using the spreadsheet
"LbeamDTRelMom.xls"
Positive temperature release moment = -161.5 kNm
-161.5 is entered in both spans on the spread sheet. The distribution
results in a sagging moment of 242 kNm over the pier with an uplift reaction Mid Span Moment
of 25.5 kN at the pier. Sagging moment at mid span = 121 kNm 121 kNm
The width of the longitudinal grillage member is 0.913m which has been used
for the width of the deck section in the temperature analysis. The uplift
reaction at the bearing will therefore be 2x25.5 = 51 kN. The minimum
dead load reaction is about 400 kN > 51 kN therefore uplift will not occur. Shear at Abut.
Shear at Abutment = 12.75 kN 13 kN

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 DAVID CHILDS Date: March 2009 Issue: 1003
B.Sc.,C.Eng.,MICE
Two Span Reinforced Concrete Bridge Deck Example to BS5400
Reverse temperature release moment = 6.35kNm
When this is distributed then the reaction at the pier is 1 kN and the hogging Moment at Pier
moment = 9.5 kNm. 10 kNm
The reverse temperature effect will increase the dead and live load moments
and reactions at the pier and will therefore need to be considered in this
combination. Shear at Pier
Shear at Pier = 0.5 kN 1 kN

COMBINATION 3 LOADING SLS ULS

(Bending Effects) (kNm) (kNm)
Longitudinal Mid Span Effects
Dead Load + HA + Footway 1198 1460 Member 125
Dead Load 696 819
Hence HA + Footway 502 641
Adjust Live Ld γfL from combination 1 to 3 502 534 (1.25/1.5)
Factored Moment due to Diff. Temp. 97 121 Positive Temp.
Dead Load + HA + Footway + Diff. Temp. 1295 1474

Dead Load + HB + Footway 1256 1497 Member 205

Dead Load 696 819
Hence HB + Footway 560 678
Adjust Live Ld γfL from combination 1 to 3 560 574 (K 1.1/1.3)
Factored Moment due to Diff. Temp. 97 121 Positive Temp.
Dead Load + HB + Footway + Diff. Temp. 1353 1514 HB critical

Longitudinal Effects at Pier

Dead Load + Settlement + HA + Footway 2034 2448 Member 210
Dead Load + Settlement 1622 1915
Hence HA + Footway 412 533
Adjust Live Ld γfL from combination 1 to 3 412 444 (1.25/1.5)
Factored Moment due to Diff. Temp. 8 10 Reverse Temp.
Dead Load + HA + Footway + Diff. Temp. 2042 2369

Dead Load + Settlement + HB + Footway 2117 2524 Member 210 Combination 1

Hence HA + Footway 495 609 critical
Adjust Live Ld γfL from combination 1 to 3 495 515 (K 1.1/1.3)
Factored Moment due to Diff. Temp. 8 10 Reverse Temp.
Dead Load + HA + Footway + Diff. Temp. 2125 2440

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 DAVID CHILDS Date: March 2009 Issue: 1003
B.Sc.,C.Eng.,MICE
Two Span Reinforced Concrete Bridge Deck Example to BS5400

COMBINATION 3 LOADING ULS

(Shear Effects) (kN)
Adjacent to Abutments
Dead Load + HA + Footway 250 Member 102
Dead Load 171
Hence HA + Footway 79
Adjust Live Ld γfL from combination 1 to 3 66 (1.25/1.5)
Factored shear due to Diff. Temp. 13 Combination 1
Dead Load + HA + Footway + Diff. Temp. 250 and 3 critical

Dead Load + HB + Footway 247 Member 82

Dead Load 171
Hence HB + Footway 76
Adjust Live Ld γfL from combination 1 to 3 64 (K 1.1/1.3)
Factored shear due to Diff. Temp. 13
Dead Load + HA + Footway + Diff. Temp. 248

Adjacent to Pier
Dead Load + Settlement + HA + Footway 445 Member 89
Dead Load + Settlement 351
Hence HA + Footway 94
Adjust Live Ld γfL from combination 1 to 3 78 (1.25/1.5)
Factored shear due to Diff. Temp. 1
Dead Load + HA + Footway + Diff. Temp. 430

Dead Load + Settlement + HB + Footway 449 Member 92 Combination 1

Dead Load + Settlement 351 critical
Hence HB + Footway 98
Adjust Live Ld γfL from combination 1 to 3 83 (K 1.1/1.3)
Factored shear due to Diff. Temp. 1
Dead Load + HB + Footway + Diff. Temp. 435

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 DAVID CHILDS Date: March 2009 Issue: 1003
B.Sc.,C.Eng.,MICE
Two Span Reinforced Concrete Bridge Deck Example to BS5400
BS 5400 Pt 2
Cl. 4.1.3 Load Effects to be used for design = γf3 x effects of design loads
BS 5400 Pt 4
Cl. 4.2.2 Serviceability Limit State : γf3 = 1.0
Cl. 4.2.3 Ultimate Limit State : γf3 = 1.1

Load Effects Summary

i) Bending at mid span

SLS = 1353 kNm (sag) (dead = 696kNm, live = 657kNm)
Additional stress in concrete due to Positive Temperature Difference:
SLS Compressive stress due to Diff. Temp = 0.8 x 2.894 at top = 2.315N/mm2
ULS = 1.1 x 1514 = 1665 kNm (sag)

ii) Bending at pier

SLS = 2125 kNm (hog) (dead = 1622kNm, live = 503kNm)
Additional stress in reinforcement due to Reverse Temperature Difference:
Tensile self-equilibrating stress at reinforcement level (at top):
Using 40mm φ bars with 50mm cover then
σ = 2.024 - [(2.024 - {-0.263}) x 70 / 190] = 1.181 N/mm2
Es = 200000 N/mm2 Ec = 34000 N/mm2
Tensile stress in reinforcement = 1.181 x 200000 / 34000 = 6.95 N/mm2
SLS Tensile stress due to Diff. Temp = 0.8 x 6.95 = 5.56N/mm2
ULS = 1.1 x 2524 = 2776 kNm (hog)

iii) Shear at Abutment

ULS = 1.1 x 250 = 275 kN

iv) Shear at Pier

ULS = 1.1 x 449 = 494 kN

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 DAVID CHILDS Date: March 2009 Issue: 1003
B.Sc.,C.Eng.,MICE
Two Span Reinforced Concrete Bridge Deck Example to BS5400
BS 5400 Pt 4 Reinforced Concrete Slab Design
Cl. 5.1.2.1 Design the slab for Ultimate Limit State and Check for Serviceability
Limit State.

Section over Pier

Cl. 5.4.2 Cl. 5.3.2.3 Mu = (0.87fy)Asz
Deck concrete : C40/50 for exposure condition XD1
Steel reinforcement : Grade B500B to BS 4449:2005
fcu = 50 N/mm2 fy = 500 N/mm2
Width of grillage member = b = 0.913m
BS 8500 Pt 1
Table A5 Deck concrete is grade C40/50 with Class designation XD1 requires a
cover to reinforcement of 35 + ∆c = 35 + 15 = 50mm
try 40mm bars at 150 c/c then
d = 950 - 50 - 20 = 880mm
As = (π x 402 / 4) x (0.913 x 1000 / 150) = 7649mm2
z = [1 - (1.1 x 500 x 7649) / (50 x 913 x 880)]d = 0.895d
Mu = 0.87 x 500 x 7649 x 0.895 x 880 x 10-6 = 2620 kNm < 2776 kNm Fail

Use 40mm bars at 125 c/c then

As = (π x 402 / 4) x (0.913 x 1000 / 125) = 9178mm2
z = [1 - (1.1 x 500 x 9178) / (50 x 913 x 880)]d = 0.874d
Mu = 0.87 x 500 x 9178 x 0.874 x 880 x 10-6 = 3070 kNm > 2776 kNm OK

Check capacity based on limiting concrete strength:

Mu = 0.15 fcu b d2
Mu = 0.15 x 50 x 913 x 8802 x 10-6 = 5303 kNm > 3070 kNm
Hence steel strength governs

Cl. 5.8.8.1 Use 25mm aggregate then minimum distance between bars = 25 + 5 = 30mm
In practice this should be an absolute minimum as vibrating pokers will often
become jammed; spacings in excess of 50mm should be aimed at.
40mm bars at 125 c/c gives a spacing of 85mm which is satisfactory.

Cl. 5.8.8.2 Maximum distance between bars for crack control:

Results obtained using spreadsheet 'CrackControl.xls' contained in '302.zip'

2
Concrete Strength fcu = 50 N/mm Concrete Section
2
Steel Strength fy = 500 N/mm Breadth Depth
2
Cl. 4.3.2.2 Young's Modulus for Steel Es = 200000 N/mm 913 950
Table 13 Environment Conditions for nominal cover: Moderate
Reinforcement controlling crack width : Steel Reinforcement
Cover from notional surface = 25 mm Area Depth
Bar diameter (φ)= 40 Comp. 0 0
Spacing (s) = 125 Ten. 9178 880

Factored Dead Load Moment(Mg) = 1622 kNm

Factored Live Load Moment(Mq) = 503 kNm

______________________________________________________________________________________
16
 DAVID CHILDS Date: March 2009 Issue: 1003
B.Sc.,C.Eng.,MICE
Two Span Reinforced Concrete Bridge Deck Example to BS5400
2
Table 3 Young's Modulus for Concrete Ec = 34 kN/mm
2
Cl. 4.3.2.1b) Modified Ec = Ec(1-0.5Mg/(Mg+Mq)) = 21.02 kN/mm
Modular ratio αe = Es/Ec = 9.574
x/dt = αe(Ast/(bdt)+Asc/(bdt)+[(αe2{Ast/(bdt)+Asc/(bdt)}2+2αe{Ast/(bdt)+Ascdc/(bdt2)]0.5
x/dt = 0.370
x = 0.370 x 880 = 325.622 mm

3 2 2
Second Mom of Area of Cracked Section = Ixx = bx /3+αeAsc(x-dc) +αeAst(dt-x)
4
Ixx = 3.734E+10 mm
2
Steel stress = σs = αe(Mg+Mq)(dt-x)/Ixx = 300.122 N/mm
Steel strain = εs = σs/Es = 0.00150

Distance from Comp Face to notional surface = dns = 925 mm

Strain at notional surface = ε1 = εs(dns-x)/(dt-x) = 0.0016
equation 25 Stiffening Effect of Conc in Tension = 0.00016
Modified Strain at notional surface = εm = 0.00146
2 2 0.5
Distance from crack to bar = [(25+40/2) +(125/2) ] -40/2
Distance from crack to bar = 57.015 mm

Cl 5.8.8.2 Design Crack Width = 0.2271 mm

equation 24 Maximum Crack Width from Table 1 : 0.25 mm Hence OK

Stress Limitations
2
Cl 4.1.1.3 Compressive stress in concrete = 18.53 N/mm
2
Compressive stress due to Temperature Difference = 0 N/mm
2
Total Compressive stress in concrete = 18.53 N/mm
2
Table 2 Allowable compressive stress = 0.5fcu = 25 N/mm Hence OK
2
Tensile stress in steel = 300.122 N/mm
2
Tensile stress due to Temperature Difference = 5.56 N/mm
2
Total Tensile stress in steel = 305.68 N/mm Section
2
Table 2 Allowable tensile stress = 0.75fy = 375 N/mm Hence OK over pier
B40@125c/c

Transverse Reinforcement
Maximum ULS moment in deck at pier = 1236 kNm (Combination 12)
Cl. 5.4.2 Cl. 5.3.2.3 Mu = (0.87fy)Asz
Deck concrete : C40/50 for exposure condition XD1
Steel reinforcement : Grade B500B to BS 4449:2005
fcu = 50 N/mm2 fy = 500 N/mm2
Width of grillage member = b = 1.9m
try 25mm bars at 200 c/c then
d = 950 - 50 - 40 - 13 = 847mm
As = (π x 252 / 4) x (1.9 x 1000 / 200) = 4663mm2
z = [1 - (1.1 x 500 x 4663) / (50 x 1900 x 847)]d = 0.97d > 0.95d hence use 0.95d
Mu = 0.87 x 500 x 4663 x 0.95 x 847 x 10-6 = 1632 kNm > 1236 kNm Hence OK
Use B25 @ 200
over the Pier
______________________________________________________________________________________
17
 DAVID CHILDS Date: March 2009 Issue: 1003
B.Sc.,C.Eng.,MICE
Two Span Reinforced Concrete Bridge Deck Example to BS5400
Cl 5.8.9 Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement.
This clause provides a method of determining the reinforcement required
which is considered unreliable and the method detailed in BD 28/87 should
be used.
BD 28/87 Results obtained using spreadsheet 'EarlyThermal.xls' contained in '302.zip'
Cl.6.3 Although the deck is only 950mm thick (less than 1m) there will still be a
large mass of concrete which will generate heat when the deck is poured
and it is worth considering the internal restraint.
Restrained Section Length L = 38000 mm
Restrained Section Thickness T = 950 mm
Reinforcement Strength fy = 500 N/mm2
Concrete Strength fcu = 50 N/mm2
BS 8500-1 Deck concrete : C40/50 for exposure condition XD1
Table A.5 Cement content = 360 kg/m3
BD 28/87 Assume 18mm ply formwork is used and deck is poured in Summer
Cl.5.8 Short term fall in temperature T1 = 35 +10 = 45o
Ac for outer 250mm of section for 1m length of section = 500000 mm2
Tensile strength of immature concrete fct = 0.12*fcu0.7= 1.8555 N/mm2

Using the prediction method (Section 5.1)

Minimum area of reinforcement = fct*Ac/fy = 1855.5 mm2/m……..(2)
For crack control:
BS 5400-Pt4 fct/fb = 0.67 for type 2 deformed bars
Table 1 Crack width = 0.25 mm
Ultimate tensile strain of concrete εult= 200 microstrains
Shrinkage strain of concrete εsh= 0.5*εult = 100 microstrains
Clause 5.7 Thermal Strain:

Coefficient of thermal expansion = α = 12 x 10-6

Long-term fall in temperature T2 = 0 (restraint exposed to same climatic exposure)
Thermal strain of concrete εth= 0.8*α*(T1+T2) = 0.00043
Restraint Factor = 0.5 (Internal)
Try 16 mm φ bars then:
2
As = (fct/fb)*Ac*φ*[R*(εsh+εth)-0.5*εult]/(2*w) = 1779.52 mm /m ………(3)

Hence minimum area from equation (2) governs = 1855.5 mm2/m Transverse
2
Minimum area As in each face = 927.75 mm /m distribution
B16 @ 200 c/c = 1005 > 928 mm2/m Hence OK B16 @ 200c/c

______________________________________________________________________________________
18
 DAVID CHILDS Date: March 2009 Issue: 1003
B.Sc.,C.Eng.,MICE
Two Span Reinforced Concrete Bridge Deck Example to BS5400
Cl. 5.4.4 Shear Resistance
3 2
Cl. 5.4.4.1 Shear stress = v = V/bd = 494 x 10 / (913 x 880) = 0.61 N/mm
Table 9 ξs = (500/d)1/4 = (500 / 880)1/4 = 0.89
vc = (0.27/γm)(100As/bwd)1/3(fcu)1/3
vc = (0.27/1.25)(100x9178/913/880)1/3(40)1/3
0.77 N/mm2
1/2 2
Cl. 5.3.3.1 Max. allowable shear stress = 0.75(fcu) or 4.75 N/mm
1/2
= 0.75(50) = 5.3 or 4.75 i.e. = 4.75 N/mm2
0.61 < 4.75 N/mm2 Hence OK

Cl. 5.4.4.1 Max. allowable shear stress without shear reinforcement = 0.89x0.77 = 0.69
0.61 < 0.69 Hence shear links not required.

Additional longitudinal reinforcement to enable truss action to develop:

Ase > V/2(0.87fy)
V/2(0.87fy) = 494 x 103 / (2 x 0.87 x 500)
2
= 568 mm
Ast provided = 9178 mm2
Ast req'd for Design Moment = 9178 x (2911 / 3070) = 8703 mm2
Ast available for truss action = 9178 - 8073 = 475 mm2 < 568 Hence Fail
Option 1: increase main bar size or reduce spacing.
Option 2: provide additional steel in second layer.

Option 1 is undesirable as 50mm φ bars are a non-preferred size and

reducing the spacing to 100mm will only leave a 60mm gap; this could be
further reduced by 15mm to 45mm by the fixing tolerance ∆c.

Cl. 5.8.8.1(a1) Bars in second row shall be in-line with the main steel and distance between
rows shall be greater than hagg. With 25mm aggregate then use 32mm φ bar
spacers.
Try B20 @ 250c/c Ast = π x 202 x 913 / (4 x 250) = 1147mm2
Effective depth = d = 880 - 20 - 32 - 10 = 818mm
Equivalent Ast at main steel level = 1147 x 818 / 880 = 1066 mm2 > 568mm2 Hence OK

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19
 DAVID CHILDS Date: March 2009 Issue: 1003
B.Sc.,C.Eng.,MICE
Two Span Reinforced Concrete Bridge Deck Example to BS5400
Cl. 5.4.4.2 Punching Shear
Maximum ULS reaction at pier bearing:
Combination 12, ULS reaction at node 221 = 1.1 x 3636 = 4000kN
The SLS reaction for this load combination = 3049kN (Combination 11)
Bearing dimensions are usually designed to achieve a bearing stress of about
20N/mm2 under nominal loading.
Say nominal reaction is about 3000kN then square bearing dimension is :
3 0.5
b = (3000 x 10 / 20) = 400mm
B40 @ 125 in longitudinal direction B25 @ 200 in transverse direction
Critical perimeter at 1.5d from loaded area:
Length in longitudinal direction = 2 x 1.5 x 880 + 400 = 3040 mm
Length in transverse direction = 2 x 1.5 x 847 + 400 = 2941 mm
As the spacing between the bearings = 1825 mm is less than 2941 mm then the
shear perimeter will not be formed around an isolated reaction and shear
will need to be considered across two failure lines either side of the pier.
Shear perimeter = 2 x 9.3 / cos20o = 19.8m
Maximum total reaction at pier (C 19) = 3550 + 1257 + 2371 + 1256 + 3551
= 11985 kN
Ultimate load = 1.1 x 11985 = 13184 kN
Dead load of deck between shear perimeters = Deck concrete + surfacing + fill
2
Cross sectional area of deck = (2x0.507+2x0.804+9x0.867) = 10.425 m
2
Cross sectional area of surfacing = 7.3 x 0.125 = 0.91 m
Cross sectional area of footway fill = 2 x 0.25 x 2.0 = 1.0 m2
Distance between shear perimeters = 3.040 m
Ultimate Dead load = 3.04x(1.15x10.425x25 + 1.75x0.91x22 + 1.2x1.0x22)
= 1098 kN
Live load on deck between shear perimeters = HA udl = 2 x 29.4 x 3.04 = 179 kN
Ultimate live load = 1.5x179 = 269 kN

Load on shear perimeters = 13184 - 1.1(1098+269) = 11680 kN

Vc is based on the reinforcement in the tension zone perpendicular to the

shear plane, i.e.
B40 @ 125 c/c (d = 880) As = 10053 mm2/m and
B20 @ 250 (d = 818) As = 1257 mm2/m
2
Total steel area = 10053 + 1257 = 11310 mm /m
Effective depth d = (10053 x 880 + 1257 x 818) / 11310 = 873 mm
Transform As perp. to shear plane = 11310 x cos220o = 9987 mm2/m
vc = (0.27/γm)(100As/bwd)1/3(fcu)1/3
vc = (0.27/1.25)(100x9987/1000/873)1/3(40)1/3
vc = 0.773 N/mm2
ξs = (500/d)1/4 = (500 / 873)1/4 = 0.87
Max. allowable shear stress ξsvc = 0.87x0.773 = 0.673 N/mm2
Vc = Σξsvcbd = 0.673 x 19800 x 873 x 10-3
= 11633 kN < 11680Hence Fail

Increase second layer of steel to B25 @ 125 (As = 3927mm2/m) then:

2
Total steel area = 10053 + 3927 = 13980 mm /m
Effective depth d = (10053 x 880 + 3927 x 815) / 13980
d = 862 mm
______________________________________________________________________________________
20
 DAVID CHILDS Date: March 2009 Issue: 1003
B.Sc.,C.Eng.,MICE
Two Span Reinforced Concrete Bridge Deck Example to BS5400

Transform As perp. to shear plane = 13980 x cos220o = 12345 mm2/m

vc = (0.27/γm)(100As/bwd)1/3(fcu)1/3
vc = (0.27/1.25)(100x12345/1000/862)1/3(40)1/3
vc = 0.833 N/mm2
ξs = (500/d)1/4 = (500 / 862)1/4 = 0.873
Max. allowable shear stress ξsvc = 0.873x0.833 = 0.727 N/mm2 Increase 2nd
-3
Vc = Σξsvcbd = 0.727 x 19800 x 862 x 10 layer over pier
= 12408 kN > 11680 Hence OK to B25@125c/c
Check shear on perimeters at 0.75d from critical perimeter:
0.75d = 0.75 x 862 = 647mm
@ (1.5 + 0.75)d either side of bearings:
distance between shear perimeters = 2 x 2.25 x 862 + 400 = 4279mm
Load on shear perimeters = 13184 - 1.1(1098+269)(4.279/3.040)
= 11067 kN < 11633 kN
Hence second layer can be reduced to B20@250c/c

______________________________________________________________________________________
21
 DAVID CHILDS Date: March 2009 Issue: 1003
B.Sc.,C.Eng.,MICE
Two Span Reinforced Concrete Bridge Deck Example to BS5400

Section at mid span

Maximum ULS Moment = 1665 kNm
Cl. 5.4.2 Cl. 5.3.2.3 Mu = (0.87fy)Asz
Deck concrete : C40/50 for exposure condition XD1
Steel reinforcement : Grade B500B to BS 4449:2005
fcu = 50 N/mm2 fy = 500 N/mm2
Width of grillage member = b = 0.913m
BS 8500 Pt 1
Table A5 Deck concrete is grade C40/50 with Class designation XD1 requires a
cover to reinforcement of 35 + ∆c = 35 + 15 = 50mm
try 32mm bars at 125 c/c then
d = 950 - 50 - 16 = 884mm
As = (π x 322 / 4) x (0.913 x 1000 / 125) = 5874mm2
z = [1 - (1.1 x 500 x 5874) / (50 x 913 x 884)]d = 0.92d
Mu = 0.87 x 500 x 5874 x 0.92 x 884 x 10-6 = 2078 kNm > 1665 kNm Hence OK

Cl. 5.8.8.2 Maximum distance between bars for crack control:

Results obtained using spreadsheet 'CrackControl.xls' contained in '302.zip'
2
Concrete Strength fcu = 50 N/mm Concrete Section
2
Steel Strength fy = 500 N/mm Breadth Depth
2
Cl. 4.3.2.2 Young's Modulus for Steel Es = 200000 N/mm 913 950
Table 13 Environment Conditions for nominal cover: Moderate
Reinforcement controlling crack width : Steel Reinforcement
Cover from notional surface = 30 mm Area Depth
Bar diameter (φ)= 32 Comp. 0 0
Spacing (s) = 125 Ten. 5874 884

Factored Dead Load Moment(Mg) = 696 kNm

Factored Live Load Moment(Mq) = 657 kNm

2
Table 3 Young's Modulus for Concrete Ec = 34 kN/mm
2
Cl. 4.3.2.1b) Modified Ec = Ec(1-0.5Mg/(Mg+Mq)) = 25.25 kN/mm
Modular ratio αe = Es/Ec = 7.921
x/dt = αe(Ast/(bdt)+Asc/(bdt)+[(αe2{Ast/(bdt)+Asc/(bdt)}2+2αe{Ast/(bdt)+Ascdc/(bdt2)]0.5
x/dt = 0.287
x = 0.287 x 884 = 253.477 mm

3 2 2
Second Mom of Area of Cracked Section = Ixx = bx /3+αeAsc(x-dc) +αeAst(dt-x)
4
Ixx = 2.345E+10 mm
2
Steel stress = σs = αe(Mg+Mq)(dt-x)/Ixx = 288.099 N/mm
Steel strain = εs = σs/Es = 0.00144

Distance from Comp Face to notional surface = dns = 930 mm

Strain at notional surface = ε1 = εs(dns-x)/(dt-x) = 0.00155
equation 25 Stiffening Effect of Conc in Tension = 2.12E-05
Modified Strain at notional surface = εm = 0.00152
2 2 0.5
Distance from crack to bar = [(30+32/2) +(125/2) ] -32/2
Distance from crack to bar = 61.603 mm
______________________________________________________________________________________
22
 DAVID CHILDS Date: March 2009 Issue: 1003
B.Sc.,C.Eng.,MICE
Two Span Reinforced Concrete Bridge Deck Example to BS5400
Cl 5.8.8.2 Design Crack Width = 0.2583 mm
equation 24 Maximum Crack Width from Table 1 : 0.25 mm Hence Fail
Use B32@250c/c alternating with B40@250c/c
Increased steel area reduces crack width to 0.20mm
Stress Limitations (from analysis of B32@125c/c)
2
Cl 4.1.1.3 Compressive stress in concrete = 14.63 N/mm
2
Compressive stress due to Temperature Difference = 2.32 N/mm
2
Total Compressive stress in concrete = 16.95 N/mm
2
Table 2 Allowable compressive stress = 0.5fcu = 25 N/mm Hence OK

2
Tensile stress in steel = 288.099 N/mm
2
Tensile stress due to Temperature Difference = 0 N/mm Mid Span
2
Total Tensile stress in steel = 288.099 N/mm section
2
Table 2 Allowable tensile stress = 0.75fy = 375 N/mm Hence OK B40@250c/c +
B32@250c/c

______________________________________________________________________________________
23
 DAVID CHILDS Date: March 2009 Issue: 1003
B.Sc.,C.Eng.,MICE
Two Span Reinforced Concrete Bridge Deck Example to BS5400
Cl. 5.4.4 Shear adjacent to abutment
As there is only minimal bending in the longitudinal direction adjacent to the
abutment then the minimum steel area will be required.
Minimum steel required to prevent early thermal cracking = B16@200c/c
Steel in longitudinal direction is at 125c/c hence check shear capacity of
B16 @ 125 c/c As = π x 162/4 x 913/125 = 1469 mm2 d = 950 - 50 - 8 = 892mm
Max. ULS flexural shear = 275 kN
3 2
Cl. 5.4.4.1 Shear stress = v = V/bd = 275 x 10 / (913 x 892) = 0.34 N/mm
Table 9 ξs = (500/d)1/4 = (500 / 892)1/4 = 0.865
vc = (0.27/γm)(100As/bwd)1/3(fcu)1/3
vc = (0.27/1.25)(100x1469/913/892)1/3(40)1/3
0.42 N/mm2
1/2 2
Cl. 5.3.3.1 Max. allowable shear stress = 0.75(fcu) or 4.75 N/mm
1/2
= 0.75(50) = 5.3 or 4.75 i.e. = 4.75 N/mm2
0.42 < 4.75 N/mm2 Hence OK

Cl. 5.4.4.1 Max. allowable shear stress without shear reinforcement = 0.865x0.42 = 0.36 At Abutment
0.36 > 0.34 Hence shear links not required. B16@125c/c
Cl. 5.4.4.2 Punching Shear
Punching shear for wheel loads need only be checked for thin slabs, as in a
beam and slab deck. However the calculation will be carried out for
BS 5400 Pt. 2 completeness.
Cl.6.2.5 Nominal wheel load = 100 kN acting on a contact area 300x300mm.
Cl. 6.2.6 Dispersal through surfacing is 1:2 so area on top face of concrete = 425x425
Note: BS 5400 Pt 4 Clause 5.4.4.2 overwrites dispersal down to neutral axis.
BS 5400 Pt. 4 Using the minimum steel area provided near end of deck:
Longitudinal steel B16@125c/c (As = 1608mm2/m, d = 950 - 50 - 8 = 892mm)
Skew transverse steel B16@200c/c (As = 1005mm2/m, d = 892- 16 =876mm)
Transform skew steel into longitudinal and square transverse directions:
Longitudinal = 1005 x sin220o = 118mm2/m
Transverse = 1005 x cos220o = 887mm2/m (d = 876mm)
Σ Longitudinal steel = 1608 + 118 = 1726 mm2/m
d = [(1608x892)+(118x876)]/1726 = 891mm
Cl. 5.4.4.2 Critical perimeter at 1.5d from loaded area:
Length in longitudinal direction = 2 x 1.5 x 892 + 425 = 3101 mm
Length in transverse direction = 2 x 1.5 x 847 + 425 = 2966 mm
vc = (0.27/γm)(100As/bwd)1/3(fcu)1/3
Longitudinal steel: vc = (0.27/1.25)(100x1726/1000/891)1/3(40)1/3
vc = 0.427 N/mm2
ξs = (500/d) = (500 / 891)1/4 = 0.866
1/4

Allowable shear stress ξsvc = 0.866x0.427 = 0.37 N/mm2

Transverse steel: vc = (0.27/1.25)(100x887/1000/876)1/3(40)1/3
vc = 0.344 N/mm2
ξs = (500/d)1/4 = (500 / 876)1/4 = 0.869
Allowable shear stress ξsvc = 0.869x0.344 = 0.299 N/mm2
Vc = Σξsvcbd = 2[(0.37x2966x891)+(0.299x3101x876)]10-3
= 3580 kN
Ultimate shear force from wheel load = γf3 x γfL x 100 kN
= 1.1 x 1.5 x 100 = 165 kN < 3580 kN Hence OK
______________________________________________________________________________________
24
 DAVID CHILDS Date: March 2009 Issue: 1003
B.Sc.,C.Eng.,MICE
Two Span Reinforced Concrete Bridge Deck Example to BS5400
Curtailment
A line beam analysis of the dead load bending moment shows the point of
contraflexure to be at about 14m from the abutment bearing (5m from the
centre-line of the pier bearings.

An envelope of the bending moment results for all dead and live load cases
will show the extent that reinforcement is required. We can superimpose the
bending capacities for various bar sizes to determine where bars can be
reduced.
A useful spreadsheet for obtaining the moment and shear capacities for
various bar arrangements is 'reinfPt4.xls ' contained in '303.zip '.

Standard bar sizes in the UK are 12, 16, 25, 32 and 40mm diameter. It is
good practice when reducing bar sizes to not miss more than one bar size.
So the B25 bar is included in the layout above to avoid lapping a B40 bar to
a B16.
Also bar diameters less than 12mm are avoided as the reinforcement needs to
be robust to avoid being damaged on site.

______________________________________________________________________________________
25
 DAVID CHILDS Date: March 2009 Issue: 1003
B.Sc.,C.Eng.,MICE
Two Span Reinforced Concrete Bridge Deck Example to BS5400
Cl. 5.8.6.7 Lap Lengths
Lap lengths are usually stated on drawings as being so many bar diameters
which simplifies the fixing on site.
The minimum lap length = anchorage length to Cl. 5.8.6.3
Maximum design stress in the bar = 0.87 x fy = 0.87 x 500 = 435 N/mm2
Maximum design force in the bar = 435 (π x φ2 / 4) …………..…………………(1)
2 2
Cl. 5.8.6.3 Allowable bond stress for (fcu of 50 N/mm )= 3.3 N/mm (Table 15)
Maximum force to achieve bond stress = 3.3 (Anchorage length x π x φ) ……(2)

Equating (1) and (2) then Anchorage length = [435 / (4 x 3.3)] φ = 33 φ

The minimum lap length of 25 times the smaller bar φ + 150mm for a 12 mm
bar gives a lap length of (25 + 150 / 12) φ = 38 φ
Minimum lap
So generally a minimum lap length of 40 φ will be suitable for most instances. 40 φ
Care is needed in detailing to avoid the 1.4 or 2.0 enhancement factor
required for the conditions highlighted in (a), (b) and (c) of Cl. 5.8.6.7.
Condition (b) is avoided by staggering bar laps in adjacent bars.
Although condition (a) applies to the 40mm bars in the top of the slab over
the pier, the stress in the bar where a 25mm bar is lapped is only :
435 x (252 / 402) = 0.4 x 435 N/mm2
So 1.4 x 0.4 = 0.56 < 1.0 is still less than the lap required for the 25 mm bar

DECK REINFORCEMENT LAYOUT

______________________________________________________________________________________
26
 DAVID CHILDS Date: March 2009 Issue: 1003
B.Sc.,C.Eng.,MICE
Two Span Reinforced Concrete Bridge Deck Example to BS5400
Parapet Cantilever
The maximum hogging moment in the
cantilever, from the grillage analysis, occurs
at the pier section. This load effect can be
reduced by constructing the cantilever and
parapet edge beam after the main deck
concrete has been poured and dead load
deflections have been allowed by releasing
the soffit falsework. This also helps to
achieve a uniform alignment to the edge beam.

Determine load effects about root of cantilever:

Dead Load:
Parapet = say 1kN/m
Parapet edge beam = 8.6kN/m
Cantilever = 11.2kN/m
Footway fill & surfacing = 4.3kN/m
SLS Moment = (1x1.25)+(8.6x1.25)+(11.2x1.49)+(4.3x0.49)
= 1.25 + 10.75 + 16.69 + 2.1 = 30.8 kNm/m
ULS Moment = (1.2x1.25)+(1.15x10.75)+(1.15x16.69)+(1.2x2.1) = 35.6 kNm/m
ULS Shear = (1.2x1.25)+(1.15x8.6)+(1.15x11.2)+(1.2x4.3) = 29.4 kN/m
Live Load:
By inspection the accidental wheel load will be more onerous than the
pedestrian live load. No other live loads are to be considered.
BS 5400 Pt 2
Cl. 6.6

Section Plan
Assuming the load effects from the outer wheels are dispersed at 45o back
to the root of the cantilever then the length of cantilever supporting these
wheels is 3.25m (assuming a 300 x 300mm contact area).
SLS Moment = [1.2x0.85x(100+75)] / 3.25 = 54.9 kNm/m
ULS Moment = [1.5x0.85x(100+75)] / 3.25 = 68.7 kNm/m
ULS Shear = 1.5(100+75) / 3.25 = 80.8 kN/m
BS 8500 Pt 1 Depth of section = 500mm
Table A5 Deck concrete is grade C40/50 with Class designation XD1 requires a
cover to reinforcement of 35 + ∆c = 35 + 15 = 50mm
Transverse bars in main deck are at 200mm c/c and will align with the bars
in the cantilever. The maximum cover to these bars will therefore be:
cover = 50 + 40(main longt'l bar dia.) = 90mm
Total SLS Moment = 30.8 + 54.9 = 85.7 kNm/m SLS M=85.7kNm
Design ULS Moment = 1.1x(35.6 + 68.7) = 114.7 kNm/m ULS M=114.7kNm
BS 5400 Pt 4 Design ULS Shear = 1.1x(29.4 + 80.8) = 121.7 kN/m ULS V=121.7kN
Cl.5.8.8.2 Mq / Mg = 54.9 / 30.8 = 1.78
Using spreadsheet 'reinfPt4.xls' contained in '303.zip' B20@200 c/c looks
satisfactory:
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27
 DAVID CHILDS Date: March 2009 Issue: 1003
B.Sc.,C.Eng.,MICE
Two Span Reinforced Concrete Bridge Deck Example to BS5400
BS 8500 Pt 1 d = 500 - 50 - 40 - 10 = 400 (to align with main deck reinforcement)
Table A5 Cantilever concrete is grade C40/50 with Class designation XD3 requires a
cover to reinforcement of 45 + ∆c = 45 + 15 = 60mm
We will need to check later that this cover can be provided when the size of
the longitudinal and transverse steel has been determined.
As = (π x 202 / 4) x (1000 / 200) = 1571mm2
Cl. 5.3.2.3 z = [1 - (1.1 x 500 x 1571) / (50 x 1000 x 400)]d = 0.957d hence use 0.95d
Mu = (0.87fy)Asz = 0.87 x 500 x 1571 x 0.95 x 400 x 10-6 = 260 kNm > 114.7 kNm Hence OK
Note : With the wheel loads at the end of the deck the load distribution will
be truncated and the maximum length of cantilever supporting the wheel loads
ULS design moment = 114.7 x 3.25 / 2.25 = 166 < 260 Hence B20@200 c/c still OK
Max ULS M=166kNm
will be reduced from 3.25m to 2.25m.
Cl. 5.8.8.2 Maximum distance between bars for crack control:
Results obtained using spreadsheet 'CrackControl.xls' contained in '302.zip'
2
Concrete Strength fcu = 50 N/mm Concrete Section
2
Steel Strength fy = 500 N/mm Breadth Depth
2
Cl. 4.3.2.2 Young's Modulus for Steel Es = 200000 N/mm 1000 500
Table 13 Environment Conditions for nominal cover: Moderate
Reinforcement controlling crack width : Steel Reinforcement
Cover from notional surface = 25 mm Area Depth
Bar diameter (φ)= 20 Comp. 0 0
Spacing (s) = 200 Ten. 1571 400

Factored Dead Load Moment(Mg) = 30.8 kNm

Factored Live Load Moment(Mq) = 54.9 kNm

2
Table 3 Young's Modulus for Concrete Ec = 34 kN/mm
2
Cl. 4.3.2.1b) Modified Ec = Ec(1-0.5Mg/(Mg+Mq)) = 27.89 kN/mm

x/d = 0.211
x= 84.334 mm

4
Second Mom of Area of Cracked Section = 1.32E+09 mm
2
Steel Stress = 146.687 N/mm
Steel Strain = 0.00073

Distance from Comp Face to notional surface = 435 mm

Strain at notional surface = 0.00081
Stiffening Effect of Conc in Tension = 0 (from Equation 25)
Modified Strain at notional surface = 0.00081
Distance from crack to bar = 95.948 mm

Cl. 5.8.8.2 Design Crack Width = 0.1748 mm (eqn. 24)

Minimum Crack Width from Table 1: 0.25 mm Hence OK

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 DAVID CHILDS Date: March 2009 Issue: 1003
B.Sc.,C.Eng.,MICE
Two Span Reinforced Concrete Bridge Deck Example to BS5400
Stress Limitations
2
Cl. 4.1.1.3 Compressive stress in concrete = 5.47 N/mm
2
Compressive stress due to Temperature Difference = 0.00 N/mm
2
Total Compressive stress in concrete = 5.47 N/mm
2
Table 2 Allowable compressive stress = 0.5fcu = 25 N/mm Hence OK

2
Tensile stress in steel = 146.687 N/mm
2
Tensile stress due to Temperature Difference = 0.00 N/mm
2
Total Tensile stress in steel = 146.687 N/mm Main Cantilever
2
Table 2 Allowable tensile stress = 0.75fy = 375 N/mm Hence OK bar B20@200c/c

Use spreadsheet 'EarlyThermal.xls' contained in '302.zip' to assess the

shrinkage effects of casting the cantilever after the main deck has cured.
Restrained Section Length L = 38000 mm
Restrained Section Thickness T = 500 mm
2
Reinforcement Strength fy = 500 N/mm
2
Concrete Strength fcu = 50 N/mm
BS 8500 -1 Cantilever concrete : C40/50 for exposure condition XD3
3
Table A.5 Cement content = 350 kg/m
BD 28/87 Assume 18mm ply formwork is used and deck is poured in Summer
Cl. 5.8 Short term fall in temperature T1 = 35o
2
Ac for outer 250mm of section for 1m length of section = 500000 mm
Tensile strength of immature concrete fct = 0.12*fcu0.7= 1.8555 N/mm
2

Using the prediction method (Section 5.1)

Minimum area of reinforcement = fct*Ac/fy = 1855.5 mm2/m……..(2)
For crack control:
BS 5400-Pt4 fct/fb = 0.67 for type 2 deformed bars
Table 1 Crack width = 0.25 mm
Ultimate tensile strain of concrete εult= 200 microstrains
Shrinkage strain of concrete εsh= 0.5*εult = 100 microstrains

Cl. 5.7 Thermal strain:

Coefficient of thermal expansion = α = 12 x 10-6
Long-term fall in temperature T2 = 0 (restraint exposed to same climatic exposure)
Thermal strain of concrete eth= 0.8*α*(T1+T2) = 0.00034
Restraint Factor = 0.8 (Edge element cast onto slab)

Try 16 mm φ bars then:

As = (fct/fb)*Ac*φ*[R*(εsh+εth)-0.5*εult]/(2*w) = 2667.14 mm2/m……………....(3)
Hence minimum area from equation (3) governs = 2667.14 mm2/m
Min As in each face = 2667.14 / 2 = 1333.6 mm2/m
Transverse
B16 @ 150 c/c As = 1340 > 1333.6 Hence OK Cantilever bars
B16 @ 150 c/c
Check that 60mm cover can be achieved for exposure condition XD3:
Cover to main bars = 90mm hence cover to anti-cracking steel = 90 - 16 = 74 > 60mm Hence OK

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 DAVID CHILDS Date: March 2009 Issue: 1003
B.Sc.,C.Eng.,MICE
Two Span Reinforced Concrete Bridge Deck Example to BS5400
Cl. 5.4.4 Shear Resistance
3 2
Cl. 5.4.4.1 Shear stress = v = V/bd = 121.7 x 10 / (1000 x 400) = 0.30 N/mm
Table 9 ξs = (500/d)1/4 = (500 / 400)1/4 = 1.057
vc = (0.27/γm)(100As/bwd)1/3(fcu)1/3
vc = (0.27/1.25)(100x1571/1000/400)1/3(40)1/3
2
= 0.54 N/mm

Max allowable shear stress without shear reinforcement = 1.057x0.54 = 0.57

0.30 < 0.57 Hence shear links not required.

Cl 5.3.3.1 Max allowable shear stress =0.75(fcu)1/2 or 4.75 N/mm2 i.e. 4.75 N/mm2
0.30 < 4.75 Hence shear links not required.

Cl. 5.3.3.2 Additional Longitudinal reinforcement to enable truss action to develop:

Asa > V/2(0.87fy)
V/2(0.87fy) = 121.7 x 103 / (2 x 0.87 x 500)
2
= 140 mm
Ast provided = 1571 mm2
Ast req'd for Design Moment = 1571 x (160 / 260) = 967 mm2
Ast available for truss action = 1571 - 967 = 604 mm2 > 140 Hence OK

Secondary Reinforcement
Cl. 5.8.4.2 Minimum area of secondary reinforcement = 0.12% of btd
0.12% x 1000 x 400 = 480 mm2/m Use B12 @ 200 c/c (As=565)

TD 19/06 Parapet Edge Beam

Cl.4.46 The member supporting the parapet must be designed for a parapet impact
loading in accordance with Departmental Standard BD 37.
Cl. 4.48 The supporting structure shall be designed to resist, without damage, all loads
that the parapet is capable of transmitting.

The standard of parapet to be used is obtained by carrying out the Road

Restraint Risk Assessment Process (RRRAP). An Excel spreadsheet is available
from the Highways Agency to enable the assessment to be made.

We shall assume for the purpose of the design that the RRRAP indicates that
a parapet is required to be provided at the Normal Containment Level N2.
BS 5400 Pt2
CL. 6.7.1 Parapet is not high containment therefore only local effects need be
considered. For metal parapet the nominal collision load is:
a) The ultimate design moment of resistance (Mult) of the post
and
b) the lesser of:
i) Mult of post divided by the height of the lowest rail
or ii) Ultimate Shear Resistance (Vult) of parapet post

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 DAVID CHILDS Date: March 2009 Issue: 1003
B.Sc.,C.Eng.,MICE
Two Span Reinforced Concrete Bridge Deck Example to BS5400
We now have to refer to parapet manufacturer's data sheets to obtain details
of the post strength and rail layout.
Corus manufacture a Protect 365TM N2 parapet and give the following data:
Post size = 100 x 100mm
Post Ultimate Moment Capacity = 19.8 kNm
Post Ultimate Shear Capacity = 164.9 kN
Height to centre-line of lowest rail = 275mm

So Nominal loads are:

a) Mult = 19.8 kNm
b) (i) Mult / h = 19.8 / 0.275 = 72 kN Hence b) V = 72 kN
b) (ii) Vult = 164.9 kN

Check that the B20@200c/c main bars in the

top of the cantilever can resist the collision
loading on the reduced depth of cantilever
adjacent to the parapet edge beam (389mm)

Assume neutral axis of section is near the

bottom face of the cantilever at Point A.
Section This is an overestimation, but safe.
Mass of edge beam = 8.6 kN/m
Mass of parapet = 1kN/m approx.

Assume collision loads on post disperse

at 45o from the centre of the anchorage
bolts back to the section under
consideration, this gives a length of
990mm of cantilever to support the loads
locally.
Plan

Taking moments at A on 990mm length of cantilever:

SLS Dead Load Mom. = (8.6 + 1) x 0.4 x 0.99 = 3.8 kNm
SLS Live Load Mom. = 1.2 x (19.8 + 0.69 x 72) = 83.4 kNm
Total SLS Moment = 3.8 + 83.4 = 87.2 kNm

ULS Dead Load Mom. = [(1.15 x 8.6) + (1.2 x 1)] x 0.4 x 0.99 = 4.4 kNm
ULS Live Load Mom. = 1.5 x (19.8 + 0.69 x 72) = 104.2 kNm
Total ULS Design Moment = 1.1 (4.4 + 104.2) = 119.5 kNm
BS 8500 Pt 1
Table A5 Cantilever concrete is grade C40/50 with Class designation XD3 requires a
cover to reinforcement of 45 + ∆c = 45 + 15 = 60mm
Cover provided to main bars = 90mm (see before).
d = 389 - 90 - 10 = 289 mm
Mq / Mg = 83.4 / 3.8 = 21.9
Using spreadsheet 'reinfPt4.xls' contained in '303.zip':
B20@200 c/c gives Mult = 184 kNm & Msls = 85 kNm

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31
 DAVID CHILDS Date: March 2009 Issue: 1003
B.Sc.,C.Eng.,MICE
Two Span Reinforced Concrete Bridge Deck Example to BS5400
Although the Msls moment is slightly less than required (85 < 87.2) the analysis
has been simplified. Sloping bars have been provided to the splay, these are
used to prevent cracking in the splay and also to stabilise the reinforcing bars
during concreting. These bars will also assist with the bending and shear Splay bars
capacity of the section. B12 @ 200 c/c

ULS Design Shear (Horizontal) = 1.1 x 1.5 x 72 = 119 kN

Assume load on end post, i.e. shear to be resisted on one side:
BS5400 Pt 4 Assume 12mm φ link bars.
Cl. 5.3.3.1 d = 500 - 60 - 12 - 8 = 420mm (to 16mm φ bars on outside face)
v = 119 x 103 / (700 x 420) = 0.41 N/mm2
Cl. 5.3.3.2 As = Area of longitudinal bars in outside face of edge beam
As = 5 No B16 bars from early thermal expansion calculations Edge Beam
2 2
As = 5 x π x 16 / 4 = 1005 mm B16 @ 150 c/c
1/3 1/3
Table 8 vc = (0.27/γm)(100As/bwd) (fcu)
vc = (0.27/1.25)(100x1005/700/420)1/3(40)1/3
2
= 0.52 N/mm
ξs = (500/d)1/4 = (500 / 420)1/4 = 1.04
Table 7 ξsvc = 0.52 x 1.04 = 0.54 N/mm2 > 0.41
Hence Asv > 0.4bsv/0.87fyv
Using 12mm φ links then As = 2 x π x 122 / 4 = 226mm2
Hence sv < 226 x 0.87 x 500 / (0.4 x 700) = 351mm Edge Beam
Use sv = 200mm to align with bars in cantilever. B12 links @ 200

Asa > V / (2x0.87xfy)

V / (2x0.87xfy) = 119 x 103 / (2 x 0.87 x 500) = 137mm2
Asa = 1005 > 137 Hence OK

Reinforcement Layout

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32