DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF AUTOMATIC SATELLITE SIGNAL TRACKING SYSTEM USING MATLAB 2021

DECLARATION
This is to certify that the project reported entitled design and simulation of automatic satellite
signal tracking system with MATLAB is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the semester project in Electrical and computer engineering specialization in Communication
Engineering. We declare that the work contained in this project is our own, except where
explicitly stated otherwise.
In doing so, we assure that we agree with all written above with our signature as follows.

Name ID Signature

1. Adane Demissie 1000365 ………………………………….

2. Bethlehem Tuji 1000620 ………………………………...

3. Andenet Abebe 1000401 ………………………………….

4. Mesfin Belayneh 1001375 ………………………………….

5. Dano Olani 1000735 ………………………………….

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APPROVAL SHEET
This is to certify that the project titled design and simulation of automatic satellite signal tracking
system with MATLAB.
I have read this project and that in my opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a
semester project
……………………………………. ………………………………………………

Name of Advisor Signature

……………………………… …………………………………………

Name of Department Head Signature

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our project advisor Miss Chaliti Fikadu.For
being our project supervisor and constant source of help and inspiration throughout the work.
Her timely advice and guidelines have assisted us to get through a lot of difficult situations.
Next, we would like to express our deep gratitude towards Mr. Yohannes Bekuma Head of
Electrical and computer Engineering Department, who motivated us at one or another stage of
the project work. Finally, we express our gratitude to the staff members of Electrical and
computer Engineering Department, who directly and indirectly helped us.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................. i
APPROVAL SHEET ...................................................................................................................... ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................. iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................... iv
ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................................... vi
LIST OF FIGURE......................................................................................................................... vii
LIST OF ACRONOMY ............................................................................................................... viii
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................. 1
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Statement of the problem ...................................................................................................... 2
1.2 Objective ............................................................................................................................... 2
1.2.1 General objective ............................................................................................................ 2
1.2.2 Specific objectives .......................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Significance of the study ....................................................................................................... 2
1.4 Limitation of the project ........................................................................................................ 3
1.5 Scope of project ..................................................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................ 4
LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER THREE ........................................................................................................................ 7
METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................................................... 7
3.1 System block diagram ........................................................................................................... 7
3.2 Components used in this project ........................................................................................... 8
3.2.1 AT89C51 Microcontroller .............................................................................................. 8
3.2.1.1 Features of the 8951 Microcontroller ...................................................................... 9
3.2.1.2 Description of AT89C51 Microcontroller ............................................................... 9
3.2.2 Stepper Motor ................................................................................................................. 9
3.2.2.1 Applications Stepper Motor ................................................................................... 11
3.2.3 Motor Driver (L293D) (H-bridge) ................................................................................ 11
3.2.3.1 Description Motor Driver ...................................................................................... 11
3.2.3.2 Working principle of L293D and interface with motor ......................................... 12

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3.2.4 The Light Dependent Resistor ...................................................................................... 13

3.2.5 Single Supply Quad Comparator-LM339..................................................................... 13
3.2.5.1 Features of Single Supply Quad Comparator-LM339 ........................................... 14
3.2.6 Step Angle .................................................................................................................... 15
3.3 Simulation Circuit Diagram ................................................................................................ 16
CHAPTER FOUR ......................................................................................................................... 17
RESULT AND DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................... 17
CHAPTER FIVE .......................................................................................................................... 18
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ............................................................................ 18
5.1 Conclusion........................................................................................................................... 18
5.2 Recommendation................................................................................................................. 18
References ..................................................................................................................................... 19
Appendix ....................................................................................................................................... 20

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ABSTRACT
The Main objective of the project is to control the Satellite Dish Antenna movement according to
the orbit of Satellite by using automatic satellite tracking system. It is useful to produce the
maximum signal strength from the Satellite. For the purpose of practical demonstration we have
constructed Antenna by using LDR’s and substituted satellite with a laser light so that signal
strength will be measured in terms of light intensity. The project is designed with Micro
Controller AT89C51 and stepper motor, motor driven circuit, LDR’s and voltage comparators.
The Antenna attached to the stepper motor rotating towards the forward direction and reverse
direction. Initially the program written in micro controller scans for the maximum light intensity
(maximum signal strength) focused on the Antenna then stops rotation. When the light intensity
is decreased again it looks for maximum light intensity and moving in incrementing direction.
Again it stops rotation at maximum value. The rotating direction may be clockwise or
anticlockwise. All LDR’s, limit switches are connected to the input port, motor is connected to
output port of Micro Controller. It is useful project to rotate the Antenna in the direction of
satellite.

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LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 1: Satellite communication system ...................................................................................... 2
Figure 2 System Block Diagram ..................................................................................................... 7
Figure 3 Pin Diagram of AT89C51 ................................................................................................ 8
Figure 4 Circuit Diagram for L293D ............................................................................................ 12
Figure 5 Connection of a DC motor with H-Bridge ..................................................................... 12
Figure 6 pin connection of single Supply Quad Comparator - LM339 ........................................ 15
Figure 7 System Circuit Diagram ................................................................................................. 16
Figure 8 Simulation result when maximum signal is get at the top LDR ..................................... 17

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LIST OF ACRONOMY
Analog to Digital Convertor ADCs
Automatic Generation Control AGC
Brushless Direct Current :BLDC
Centeral processing unit :CPU
Complementary Metal Oxide semiconductor : CMOS
Computer numerical control :CNC
Diode Transistor Logic :DTL
direct broadcasting satellite : DBS
Direct Current :DC
Energy Spectral Desnity ESD
Ground : GND
High Voltage Output :VOH
Input Output :I/O
Light Dependent resistor LDR
Lead :Pb
Low Voltage Output :VOL
Microcontroller unit :MCU
Multi Channel communication system :MCS
Proportional integral drivate :PID
Random Access Memory :RAM
Transistor-transistor logic :TTL

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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
The use of satellite in communication systems is very much a fact of everyday life, as is
evidenced by the many homes which are equipped with antennas or dishes used for reception of
satellite television. Satellite form an essential part of telecommunication systems worldwide,
carrying large amounts of data and telephone traffic of data in addition to television signals[1].
A satellite communications system uses satellites to relay radio transmissions between earth
terminals. The two types of communications satellites are ACTIVE and PASSIVE. A passive
satellite only reflects received radio signals back to earth. An active satellite acts as a
REPEATER; it amplifies signals received and then retransmits them back to earth. This increases
signal strength at the receiving terminal to a higher level than would be available from a passive
satellite [2].
Satellite communications offer a number of features not readily available with other means of
communications. The areas of the earth are very large to the satellite, because of that, the satellite
can form the star point of a communications net linking together many users simultaneously,
user who may be widely separated geographically. The same feature enables satellite to provide
communications links to remote communities in sparsely populated area which are difficult to
access by other means [2].
A satellite dish is a type of parabolic antenna that receives or transmits electromagnetic signals to
and from another location typically a satellite. A satellite dish is a type of microwave antenna.
Satellite dishes come in varying sizes and designs, and are commonly used to receive satellite
television.
The use of satellite in communication systems is very much a fact of everyday life, as is
evidenced by the many homes which are equipped with antennas or dishes used for reception of
satellite television. Satellite form an essential part of telecommunication systems worldwide,
carrying large amounts of data and telephone traffic of data in addition to television signals[3].

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Figure 1: Satellite communication system

1.1 Statement of the problem

There are many types of tracking system designed in the market today, but several of them are
operated in manual way
y (e.g. Dish Buggy Base stand). Especially in our country we use to rotate
the dish antenna manually at the earth station to the point where maximum signal is obtained
which is a time taking and long process. But we design and stimulate more efficient automatic
auto
satellite signal trucking system to decrease the cost. We try to control satellite dish antenna
movement using microcontroller and other device like stepper motor comparator antenna so no.
1.2 Objective
1.2.1 General objective
The Main objective of our
ur project is to improve the present situation of manual control of
satellite dish antenna movement using an automatically control the satellite dish antenna
movement according to the orbit of satellite.
1.2.2 Specific objectives
 To design more efficient model of Automatic Satellite Signal tracking System.
 To control the rotation of dish antenna on the satellite by using microcontroller.
 To improve the quality of signal
1.3 Significance of the study
The importance of this study is primarily to provide eeasy
asy access to satellite signals and to create
an environment in which we can obtain high quality image and sound quality
quality. Itt is also a project
that anyone can easily use because it is convenient and easy to use
use.. On the other hand, this
Project does not use complicated circuits, so it can be produced in bulk and with a little training
other can produce it.

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1.4 Limitation of the project

The fact that most items are expensive and rarely available on the market makes it difficult. Due
to the shortage of foreign exchange, the price of electronic goods has risen sharply in the market
in addition, since this project is mainly focused on parabolic antennas (Dish Antenna), it has not
been confirmed whether it will be implemented on other antennas.
1.5 Scope of project
The scope of our project design and simulate automatic satellite signal trucking system. The
future implications of the project are very great considering the amount of time and resources it
saves. If we will get the hardware material we try to implement it and rotate satellite
automatically by using stepper motor, compare input and output signal and it used to get desired
signal. Our thesis control satellite tracking system design satellite tracking system diagram based
on micro Controller and rotate satellite at 900 as we want to either clock or anti clock wise
direction stop rotation at maximum strength signal steeper motors stops rotation at 180 0 it gets
maximum signal strength and starts receive signals.

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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
Manual satellite signal tracking system is generally employed with all the earth stations so to
have tracking even when other tracking systems fail and to have. Many literatures about satellite
signal tracking system are written by many researchers and project developers using different
techniques. For instance, Manual satellite signal tracking system, is generally employed with all
the earth stations so to have tracking even when other tracking systems fail and to have Antenna
Control System Using Step Tracking Algorithm with H∞ Controller, in this paper, the discrete-
time controller for the quick tracking of a target communication satellite is designed by applying
the sampled data H∞ control theory along with the reference signal generated by an improved
conventional step tracking algorithm. But this system requires additional sensors such as a
position information sensor and a receiving signal level sensor to obtain the stable and fast
tracking performance. These requirements of additional sensors and an accurate controller result
in increased cost for the system in total [4]
Satellite Tracking Control System Using Fuzzy PID Controller, this paper presents the results of
study, design and manufacture of a searching and satellite auto-tracking system used for mobile
receiver .Parabolic Satellite Tracking System, this paper aims to track the precise location of
Parabolic Satellite antenna using the BLDC motor, two-axis (elevation, azimuth), encoders,
digital tuner AGC signal and implements precise position control in the six degrees of freedom
motion system.
The proposed Algorithm applied to satellite tracking antenna system is rather than Step-tracking,
the initial tracking through satellite tracking DBS was able to receive faster, but also by
stabilizing the AGC signal, it were able to confirm that the satellite can be received without
interruption[4].
Satellite communication, in telecommunications, the use of artificial satellites to provide
communication links between various points on Earth. Satellite communications play a vital role
in the global telecommunications system. Approximately 2,000 artificial satellites orbiting Earth
relay analog and digital signals carrying voice, video, and data to and from one or many
locations worldwide.
Satellite communication has two main components: the ground segment, which consists of fixed
or mobile transmission, reception, and ancillary equipment, and the space segment, which

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primarily is the satellite itself. A typical satellite link involves the transmission or up linking of a
signal from an Earth station to a satellite. The satellite then receives and amplifies the signal and
retransmits it back to Earth, where it is received and re amplified by Earth stations and terminals.
Satellite receivers on the ground include direct-to-home (DTH) satellite equipment, mobile
reception equipment in aircraft, satellite telephones, and handheld devices.
The idea of communicating through a satellite first appeared in the short story titled “The Brick
Moon,” written by the American clergyman and author Edward Everett Hale and published in
The Atlantic Monthly in 1869–70. The story describes the construction and launch into Earth
orbit of a satellite 200 feet (60 meters) in diameter and made of bricks. The brick moon aided
mariners in navigation, as people sent Morse code signals back to Earth by jumping up and down
on the satellite’s surface.
The first practical concept of satellite communication was proposed by 27-year-old Royal Air
Force officer Arthur C. Clarke in a paper titled “Extra-Terrestrial Relays: Can Rocket Stations
Give World-wide Radio Coverage?” published in the October 1945 issue of Wireless World.
Clarke, who would later become an accomplished science fiction writer, proposed that a satellite
at an altitude of 35,786 km (22,236 miles) above Earth’s surface would be moving at the same
speed as Earth’s rotation. At this altitude the satellite would remain in a fixed position relative to
a point on Earth. This orbit, now called a “geostationary orbit,” is ideal for satellite
communications, since an antenna on the ground can be pointed to a satellite 24 hours a day
without having to track its position. Clarke calculated in his paper that three satellites spaced
equidistantly in geostationary orbit would be able to provide radio coverage that would be almost
worldwide with the sole exception of some of the Polar Regions.
An antenna tracking system tracks a primary antenna to follow a moving signal source, such as a
communication satellite. A secondary antenna has a greater beam width than the primary antenna
and receives the same tracking signal from the satellite. The primary antenna is tracked
according to a predetermined search pattern which causes a variation in the signal amplitude
depending upon the relative location of the satellite and the antenna position. The signal strength
signals from the two antennas are input to a summation function which takes the difference of
the two signals. The noise and signal variation component of the two signals is substantially the
same and is therefore eliminated from the resulting difference signal. An antenna control unit
utilizes the resulting difference signal to select the optimum signal strength for the particular step

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of the search pattern. This system is particularly applicable to extremely high frequency
communication channels (86 GHz and above) which are subject to atmospheric distortion and
noise.
Satellite communication is the use of man-made earth satellites as relay stations to transmit radio
waves, so as to achieve communication between two or more earth stations. Usually, A Satellite
Network Solutions consists of a number of remote terminals of varying types (flyaway, portable,
maritime, fixed), a Network Operation Center or Hub and the satellite bandwidth.

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CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.1 System block diagram
The block diagram in figure 2 shows the overall system of the project including the components
used in the simulation.

Figure 2 System Block Diagram

Simulate satellite signal is possible to obtain so for the purpose of practical demonstration we
have constructed Antenna by using LDR’s and substituted satellite with a laser light so that
signal strength will be measured in terms of light intensity. The circuit consists of three LDRs
whose output is given to the comparators. These LDRs consists of a potential divider network so
when light intensity increases, the voltage at the junction of LDRs and potential divider network
increases and the voltage coming from these LDRs is compared with a constant voltage by the
th
comparator. The output of the comparator is thus given to the microcontroller [5].
The program code written in the controller controls the working of stepper motor through driver
circuit by taking the inputs from comparator. And thus the movement of the antenna will be
controlled by the microcontroller through stepper motor by Practically satellite signal is not
possible to obtain so for the purpose of practical demonstration we have constructed Antenna by
using LDR ’s and substituted satellite with a las
laser
er light so that signal strength will be measured
measur
in terms of light intensity[5].

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The circuit consists of three LDRs whose output is given to the comparators. These LDRs
consists of a potential divider network so when light intensity increases, the voltage at the
junction of LDRs and potential divider network increases and the voltage coming from these
LDRs is compared with a constant voltage by the comparator. The output of the comparator is
thus given to the microcontroller.
The program code written in the controller controls the working of stepper motor through driver
circuit by taking the inputs from comparator. And thus the movement of the antenna will be
controlled by the microcontroller through stepper motor by taking the inputs from the LDRs.
Thus, the program written in micro controller scans for the maximum light intensity (maximum
signal strength) focused on the Antenna then stop’s rotation. When the light intensity is
decreased again it looks for maximum light intensity and moving in incrementing direction.
Again it stops rotation at maximum value. The rotating direction may be clockwise or
anticlockwise until the maximum signal strength is attained [5].
3.2 Components used in this project
3.2.1 AT89C51 Microcontroller
The microcontroller is of course the central component in any embedded System. It controls the
functions performed by the other system devices. The Microcontroller fetches instructions from
memory. Decodes and executes them. It refers memory and input/output devices for data and
responds to control for external devices. The pin diagram of microcontroller is shown below.

Figure 3 Pin Diagram of AT89C51

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3.2.1.1 Features of the 8951 Microcontroller

The main features of the 8951 microcontroller are listed following
 Compatible with MCS-51 Products
 4 Kbytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory. Endurance 1,000 Write/Erase
Cycles
 Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz
 Three-Level Program Memory Lock
 128 x 8-Bit Internal RAM 32 Programmable I/O Lines
 Two 16-Bit Timer/Counters
 Six Interrupt Sources
 Programmable Serial Channel
 Low Power Idle and Power down Modes
3.2.1.2 Description of AT89C51 Microcontroller
The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4 Kbytes of
Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured
using Atmel’s high density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry
standard MCS-51 instruction set and pin out [6].
The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a
conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash
on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly
flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications.
The AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4Kbytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM,
32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full
duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed
with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable
power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters.
3.2.2 Stepper Motor
Stepper motor is also one of the major blocks in our project which rotates the antenna to the
required direction. A stepper motor transforms electrical pulses into equal increments of rotary
shaft motion called steps. A one-to-one correspondence exists between the electrical pulses and
the motor steps. They work in conjunction with electronic switching devices. The function of

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switching device is to switch the control windings of the stepper motor with a frequency
sequence corresponding to the command issued. It has a wound stator and a non-excited rotor
[6].
Depending on the type of Rotor they are classified as
 Variable reluctance
 Permanent magnet
 Hybrid
Depending on the number of windings called controlled windings on the stator they are also
classified as
 2-phase
 3-phase
 4-phase
The number of teeth or poles on the rotor and the number of poles on the stator determine the
size of the step called the step angle. Step angle of the stepper motor is defined as the angle
traversed by the motor in one step. Step angle can be calculated as…
Step angle = 3600 degrees / the number of steps per revolution [7].
Motors are available with step rates of 200 steps per revolution. Further increase in step rate is
limited by mechanical and physical constraints. This limitation has been overcome by electronic
methods of reducing the step size. Half stepping and micro stepping are techniques of
electronically dividing each into two half steps or from 10 to 125 micro steps. Stepper motors
operate much differently from normal DC motors, which rotate when voltage is applied to their
terminals. Stepper motors, on the other hand, effectively have multiple "toothed" electromagnets
arranged around a central gear-shaped piece of iron [7].
The electromagnets are energized by an external control circuit, such as a microcontroller. To
make the motor shaft turn, first one electromagnet is given power, which makes the gear's teeth
magnetically attracted to the electromagnet's teeth. When the gear's teeth are thus aligned to the
first electromagnet, they are slightly offset from the next electromagnet. So, when the next
electromagnet is turned on and the first is turned off, the gear rotates slightly to align with the
next one, and from there the process is repeated. Each of those slight rotations is called a "step."
In that way, the motor can be turned a precise angle. Stepper motors are constant-power devices.
Power = angular velocity x torque

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As motor speed increases, torque decreases. The torque curve may be extended by using current
limiting drivers and increasing the driving voltage. Steppers exhibit more vibration than other
motor types, as the discrete step tends to snap the rotor from one position to another. This
vibration can become very bad at some speeds and can cause the motor to lose torque. The effect
can be mitigated by accelerating quickly through the problem speed range, physically dampening
the system, or using a micro-stepping driver. Motors with greater number of phases also exhibit
smoother operation than those with fewer phases [8].

3.2.2.1 Applications Stepper Motor

A) Computer-controlled stepper motors are one of the most versatile forms of positioning
systems. They are typically digitally controlled as part of an open loop system, and are simpler
and more rugged than closed loop servo systems [8].
B) Industrial applications are in high speed pick and place equipment and multi-axis machine,
CNC machines often directly driving lead screws or ball screws. In the field of lasers and optics
they are frequently used in precision positioning equipment such as linear actuators, linear
stages, rotation stages, and mirror mounts. Other uses are in packaging machinery, and
positioning of valve pilot stages for fluid control systems. Commercially, in floppy disk drives,
flatbed scanners, printers, plotters and many other devices [8].
3.2.3 Motor Driver (L293D) (H-bridge)
3.2.3.1 Description Motor Driver
The Device is a monolithic integrated high voltage, high current four channel driver designed to
accept standard DTL or TTL logic levels and drive inductive loads (such as relays, solenoids,
DC and stepping motors) and switching power transistors. To simplify use as two bridges each
pair of channels is equipped with an enable input. A separate supply input is provided for the
logic, allowing operation at a lower voltage and internal clamp diodes are included. This device
is suitable for use in switching applications at frequencies up to 5 kHz [8]

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Figure 4 Circuit Diagram for L293D

3.2.3.2 Working principle of L293D and interface with motor

L293D is an electronic circuit that enables a voltage to be applied across a load in either
direction. These circuits are often used in robotics and other applications to allow DC motors to
run forwards and backwards.
ards. The L293D can be modeled in a simple way as of H bridge
connections. A simple connection of a DC motor with H
H-bridge
bridge is shown in figure--:
figure

Figure 5 Connection of a DC motor with H

H-Bridge
An H bridge is built with four switc
switches (solid-state
state or mechanical). When the switches S1 and S4
are closed (and S2 and S3 are open) a positive voltage will be applied across the motor. By
opening S1 and S4 switches & closing S2 and S3 switches, this voltage is reversed, allowing
reverse operation of the motor [88].
The microcontroller chip produces an output voltage not more than 5v which is not enough to
drive a DC motors that have power supply voltage and current rates higher than MCU
(microcontroller
ocontroller unit) can provide. So for the motor to run and for the microcontroller not to

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burn a motor driver, an intermediate device to convert voltage levels and steer high current is
used [8].
3.2.4 The Light Dependent Resistor
LDR block consists of five LDRs. A photo Resistor or LDR is an electronic component whose
resistance decreases with increasing incident light intensity. It is also called as Photo conductor.
A Photo resistor is made of a high resistance semiconductor. If light falling on the device is of
high enough frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electrons enough
energy to jump into the conduction band. The resulting free electron (and its whole partner)
conducts electricity, thereby lowering resistance [9].
A photoelectric device can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. An intrinsic semiconductor has its own
charge carriers and is not an efficient semiconductor, e.g. Silicon, in intrinsic devices, the only
available electrons are in the valence band, and hence the photon must have enough energy to
excite the electron across the entire band gap. Extrinsic devices have impurities added, which
have a ground state energy closer to the conduction band. Since the electrons don’t have as far to
jump, lower energy photons (i.e. longer wavelengths and lower frequencies) are sufficient to
trigger the device [9]. If a sample of silicon has some of its atoms replaced by phosphorus atoms
(impurities), there will be extra electrons available for conduction. This is an example of an
extrinsic semiconductor.

3.2.5 Single Supply Quad Comparator-LM339

A comparator is a device which compares two voltages or currents and switches its output to
indicate which larger A is dedicated voltage comparator will generally be faster than a general-
purpose op-amp pressed into service as a comparator. A dedicated voltage comparator may also
contain additional features such as an accurate, internal voltage reference, an adjustable
hysteresis and a clock gated input [9].
A dedicated voltage comparator chip, such as the LM339, is designed to interface directly to
digital logic (for example TTL or CMOS). The output is a binary state, and it is often used to
interface real world signals to digital circuitry). If one of the voltages is fixed, for example
because a DC adjustment is possible in a device earlier in the signal path, a comparator is just a
cascade of amplifiers. When the voltage is nearly equal the output voltage would not fall into one
of the logic levels, thus analog signals would enter the digital domain with unpredictable results.
To make this range as small as possible the cascade is long and high gain, that is bipolar

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transistors instead of field effect transistors are used, except sometimes for the first stage. For
high speed the input impedance of the stages is made low.
This already reduces the saturation of the slow, large P-N junction of the bipolar transistors,
which would otherwise lead to long recovery times. Fast that is small Schottkey diodes as in
binary logic are applied to improve matters even further [9].
Also like in binary logic the speed is not as high as if the amplifiers would be used for analog
signals. Slew rate has no meaning for these devices. For the application in flash ADCs after each
amplifier the signal can be fanned out over 8 ports matched to the voltage and current gain and
resistors are used as level-shifters. The LM339 accomplishes this with an open collector output.
When the inverting input is at a higher voltage than the non-inverting input, the output of the
comparator is connected to the negative power supply. When the non-inverting input is higher
than the inverting input, the output is floating (has a very high impedance to ground)[9].
3.2.5.1 Features of Single Supply Quad Comparator-LM339
Single or Split Supply Operation
 Low Input Bias Current: 25 nA
 Low Input Offset Current: ±5.0 nA
 Low Input Offset Voltage
 Input Common Mode Voltage Range to GND
 Low Output Saturation Voltage: 130 mV @ 4.0 mA
 TTL and CMOS Compatible
 ESD Clamps on the Inputs Increase Reliability without Affecting Device Operation
 NCV Prefix for Automotive and Other Applications Requiring Site and Control Changes
 Pb − Free Packages are Available

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Figure 6 pin connection of single Supply Quad Comparator - LM339

These quad comparators feature high gain, wide bandwidth characteristics. This gives the device
oscillation tendencies if the outputs are capacitive coupled to the inputs via stray capacitance.
This oscillation manifests itself during output transitions (VOL to VOH). To alleviate this
situation input resistors < 10 k_ should be used. The addition of positive feedback (< 10 mV) is
also recommended. It is good design practice to ground all unused input pins. Differential input
voltages may be larger than supply voltages without damaging the comparator’s inputs. Voltages
more negative than −300 mV should not be used [10].

3.2.6 Step Angle

Step angle of the stepper motor is defined as the angle traversed by the motor in one step. To
calculate step angle, simply divide 360 by number of steps a motor takes to complete one
revolution. As we have seen that in half mode, the number of steps taken by the motor to
complete one revolution gets doubled, so steps angle reduces to half.
For examples, Stepper Motor rotating in full mode takes 4 steps to complete revolution, so steps
angle can be calculated and the formula is shown below:
Step angle = 360˚/4 = 90˚
The step angle for Full mode is 90˚ which means, each step of the motor shaft will traverse 90˚
and to complete a revolution it will do the same process by 4 times. For the Half mode, the step
angle to complete one revolution gets half from the Full mode and the step angle is 90˚/2 = 45˚.
When the motor shaft functions in half mode, it will take 8 steps to complete one revolution by
each step traverse in 45 degree [10].

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3.3 Simulation Circuit Diagram

Figure 7 System Circuit Diagram

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CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
In our project we used three LDRs as a result we assumed as they are putted with difference of
450 electrically. The dish will not rotate fully 360 0 rather it rotates in either direction 1800. The
LDRs are used as starting point for rotation. For example at the start if it rotates clockwise
direction staring from the top LDR the maximum rotation is 1800, during this rotation if it finds a
maximum signal it is fine and it stops, if it doesn’t find any signal it is not going to go
anticlockwise and search on the other side instead it starts from the middle LDR and completes
the cycle, as we can see from the following figures (figure 8, figure 9). As a result we found it
better accuracy and fast in finding signal.

Figure 8 Simulation result when maximum signal is get at the top LDR

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CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion
This chapter has presented and discussed the background of the study. It explained the overview
and the motivations that triggered the project. The study area of this project also was discussed.
Other than that, the statement of the problem was discussed as this study is to design a
compatible controller for satellite tracking system. Every working step of this design and
development can be achieved by following the project objectives and project scope. The
methodology followed which high lighting the activities taken to fulfill the aims of this project.
Finally, the outcomes of this dissertation were presented
In our country we used to rotate the dish antenna manually at the earth station to the point where
maximum signal is obtained which is a time taking and long process. But by using our project
the antenna at the receiving station or at the earth station scans for maximum signal, stops
rotating and obtains the maximum signal again if any disturbances occur then it repeats the
above process. So thus we conclude that by using our project we can obtain maximum signal at
the earth station.

5.2 Recommendation
In our project the dish antennas movement is horizontally (clockwise or anticlockwise) in either
direction 1800 but in future we will design dish antennas movement at any orientation either
vertically (up or down) or horizontally (clockwise or anticlockwise).

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References
1. Dennis Roddy, Satellite Communications, 4th edition, the McGraw-Hill Companies,
2006. 21-27
2. Gerard Maral, Michel Bousquet, Zhili Sun, Satellite Communication Systems: Systems,
techniques and Technology , 6th edition, 2020, 15-19.
3. Dharma Raj Cheruku, Satellite Communication, 11th edition, New delhi, 2010, 35-43.
4. Chang-Ho Cho, Sang-Hyo Lee, Tea-Yong Kwon, Cheol Lee, Antenna Control System
Using Step Tracking Algorithm with H∞ Controller Vol 1 March 2003, 105-111.
5. Tran Van Hoi, Nguyen XuanTrung, Bch Gia Duong, Satellite Tracking Control System
Using Fuzzy PID Controller, 2015
6. Mr.SunkaraboinaSreenuAsst.Prof, Embedded C Laboratory Manual, 2 nd Edition, 2018.
7. Mohammad Aizad, Bin Mohammad Idris, Automatic Satellite Signal Tracking System,
3rd Edition, 2008/2009
8. . Jinso Kim, Myeongkyun Kim, Oh Yang, Parabolic Satellite Tracking System
9. Bruce R. Elbert, Introduction to Satellite Communication, 3rd edition, Boston London
2008.
10. Joseph N. Pelton, Satellite Communication, 4 th edition, Arlington USA

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Appendix
/*The Program Code For AUTOMATIC SATILLATE SIGNAL TRACKING SYSTEM.*/
#include<reg51.h>
#define stepper P2 //define port 2 for the output to the stepper motor
#define test P1 //define port 1 for the input to the controller
voiddelay()
{
unsigned char i,j,k;
for(i=0;i<6;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<255;j++)
for(k=0;k<255;k++);
}
}
voidmain()
{

P1=0XFF;//define port1 as input

P2=0X00;//define port2 as output
P3=0XFF;//define port1 as input
while(1)
{
stepper = 0x03;
delay();
stepper = 0x01;
delay();
while(1)
{
if(test!=0xf3)
break;
}
stepper = 0x09;
delay();

while(1)
{
if(test!=0xf5)
break;
}
stepper = 0x08;
delay();
while(1)
{
if (test!=0xf9)
break;
}

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stepper = 0x09;
delay();
while(1)

{
if(test!=0xf5)
break;
}
stepper = 0x01;
delay();
while(1)
{
if(test!=0xf3)
break;
}
stepper = 0x03;
delay();
}
}

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